七水硫酸亚铁和液氨体系还原叠氮
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TETRAHEDRONLETTERSTetrahedronLetters41(2000)7743–7746Pergamon
Anefficientreductionofazidestoamines:synthesisofDNAinteractivepyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines†
AhmedKamal,*E.LaxmanandM.ArifuddinDivisionofOrganicChemistry-I,IndianInstituteofChemicalTechnology,Hyderabad500007,IndiaReceived15May2000;revised24July2000;accepted1August2000AbstractReactionofavarietyofazidocompoundswithFeSO4·7H2O/NH3resultsinquantitativeyieldsofthecorrespondingaminocompounds.Thisreductivemethodologyhasbeenextendedtowardsthesynthesisofpyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepineantibiotics.©2000ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:azides;amines;reductivecyclization;pyrrolobenzodiazepines.
Azidechemistryhasattractedsignificantattentioninviewofitsapplicationinorganicsynthesis.Azidescanbepreparedwithgoodregio-,stereo-andenantioselectivityandtheirtransformationintoaminofunctionalityprovidesalargeamountofapplicationsinorganicsynthesis1suchasnitrogencontainingheterocycles,2carbohydrate3andnucleosidechemistry.Anumberofreagentshavebeenreportedintheliterature4forthisreductiveprocessincludingtheborohydrides,5triphenylphosphine,6benzyltriethylammoniumtetrathiomolybdate,7hexamethyldisilathiane8andsamariumiodide,9etc.Mostofthesemethodshavesomedisadvantagesinrelationtothegeneralapplicability,selectivity,reactionconditionsorcommercialavailability.Therefore,thereisconsiderableinterestinexploringmoreefficientandselectivemethodolo-gies.10Inourcontinuingresearchprogrammeonthesynthesisofnaturalproducts,wehavebeenconfrontedwiththechallengeofexploringnewversatilemethodsforthereductionoftheazidofunctionality.Inthisendeavor,wehaverecentlyreportedafacilereductionofazidestoaminesemployingiodotrimethylsilane.11Incontinuationoftheseefforts,wewishtoreportanewandconvenientmethodforthereductionofazides(1)tothecorrespondingamines(2)with
Scheme1.(i)FeSO4·7H2O/NH3,MeOH,rt.
*Correspondingauthor.†IICTCommun.No.4543.0040-4039/00/$-seefrontmatter©2000ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.PII:S0040-4039(00)01319-87744
Table1Reductionofazidestoamines
FeSO4·7H2O/NH3inexcellentyields(Scheme1).AlthoughintheliteratureFeSO4inaqueousNH3hasbeenreportedforthereductionofnitroarenes,12thisreagentsystemhasnotbeeninvestigatedforthereductionofazidogroups.AsseenfromtheresultsdescribedinTable1,thismethodisapplicableforthereductionof4b-azidopodophyllotoxinstoits4b-aminoanalogue(f).4b-Aminopodophyllotoxinsareimpor-tantbuildingblocksfortheDNA-topoisomeraseIIinhibitingpodophyllotoxincongeners.ItisinterestingtonotethatthesereductionstakeplaceinthepresenceofCH3NH2(40%aqueoussolution)insteadofaqueousammonia.Thisobservationeliminatesthepossibilityofasubstitu-tionreaction,particularlyforthesubstratese,gandh,whichhavebeenreducedtotheir7745
correspondingamineswithouttheformationofN-methylsubstitutedamino/amidocompounds.Further,duringthisreactionprocessadditionofthebase(ammoniaormethylamine)tothereactionmixtureproducesadarkbrowncolour,probablyduetotheformationofacomplex.Atypicalprocedure:toastirredsolutionof4a(244mg,1mmol)indichloromethane(10ml),FeSO4·7H2O(1.4g,5mmol)and25%ammoniasolution(1ml)wereadded.Thisreactionmixturewasstirredcontinuouslyatroomtemperaturefor4h.OnthecompletionofreactionasindicatedbyTLC,themixturewasdilutedwithdichloromethaneandfilteredthroughacelitebed.Thisfiltratewaswashedwithwater.TheorganiclayerwasdriedoverMgSO4andevaporatedunderreducedpressure.Theresiduewaspurifiedbycolumnchromatographyonsilicagel(ethylacetate–hexane9:1)toaffordtheimine(6a)in70%yield(Scheme2).
TheusefulnessofthismethodhasalsobeenextendedtopreparationoftheDNA-bindingpyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine(PBD)ringsystem.ThesecompoundsinteractwithDNAinasequenceselectivemannerandassuchhavepotentialasantitumouragentsandgenetargetingdrugs.13Manyapproacheshavebeeninvestigatedforthepreparationofthesecompoundsandhavemetwithvaryingdegreesofsuccesshavingdifferentlimitations,particularlyfortheintroductionofiminefunctionality.14Hence,developmentofthisnewreductivecyclizationmethodaffordsanalternateroutetowardsthesynthesisofthesebiologicallyimportantPBDs(asillustratedinScheme2).ThePBDdilactams(5a–d)havebeenobtainedin90–95%yields,whilePBDimines(6a–d)havebeenobtainedin68–72%yields.15Inconclusion,wehaveprovidedanewpractical,cost-effectiveapproachforthereductionofazidestothecorrespondingaminesbyemployingFeSO4·7H2O/NH3.Thisprotocolhasalsobeenappliedtothepreparationof4b-aminopodophyllotoxin(precursorsofDNAtopoiso-meraseIIinhibitors)andDNAinteractivepyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines.
Acknowledgements
Twooftheauthors(E.L.,M.A.)arethankfultoCSIR(NewDelhi)fortheawardofSeniorResearchFellowships.Scheme2.(i)DIBAL-H,CH2Cl2,−78°C,45min,72–75%;(ii)FeSO4·7H2O/NH3,CH2Cl2,4h,rt.7746