英语词汇学基本概念汇总

英语词汇学基本概念汇总

《英语词汇学》重要术语

One:

1. Native words 本族词 Words of

Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are

native words.

2. Loan words 借词 Words borrowed from

other languages are loan words or borrowed

words.

3. Slang words 俚语 Slang words are those

words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or

taboo nature, invented for specific occasions,

or uses, or derived from the unconventional

use of the standard vocabulary.

4. Function words 功能词 Function words

are often short words such as determiners,

conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that

serve grammatically more than anything else.

5. Content words 实义词 Content words are

used to name objects, qualities, actions,

processes or states, and have independent

lexical meaning.

6. Free forms 自由形式 Forms which occur

as sentences are free forms.

Two:

1. Morphemes 语素 Morphemes are the

smallest meaningful linguistic units of English

language, not divisible or analyzable into

smaller forms.

2. Allomorphs 语素变体 Allomorphs are any

of the variant forms of a morpheme as

conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.

3. Free morpheme 自由语素 Free

morpheme is one that can be uttered alone

with meaning.

4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素 Bound

morpheme cannot stand by itself as a

complete utterance and must appear with at

least one other morpheme, free or bound.

5. Root 词根 Root is the basic unchangeable

part of a word and it conveys the main lexical

meaning of the word.

6. Affix 词缀 Affix is a collective term for the

type of formative that can be used only when

added to another morpheme.

7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Inflectional

affix serves to express such meanings as

plurality, tense, and the comparative or

superlative degree.

8. Derivational affix 派生词缀 Derivational

affix is the kind of affixes that has specific

lexical meaning hand can derive a word when

it is added to another morpheme.

9. Prefixes 前缀 Prefixes are affixes added

before words.

10. Suffixes 后缀 Suffixes are affixes added

after words.

Three

1. Word-formation rules 构词规则

Word-formation rules define the scope and

methods whereby speakers of a language

may create new words.

2. Stem 词干 Stem is the part of the

word-form which remains when all

inflectional affixes have been removed.

3. Base 词基 Base is any form to which

affixes of any kind can be added.

4. Compounding 合成法 Compounding is a

word-formation process consisting of joining

two or more bases to form a new unit.

5. Derivation 派生法 Derivation or affixation

is a word-formation process by which new

words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix,

or both, to the base.

6. Conversion 转化法 Conversion is a

word-formation process whereby a word of a

certain word-class is shifted into a word of

another word-class without the addition of

an affix.

7. Prefixation 前缀法 Prefixation is the

addition of a prefix to the base.

8. Suffixation 后缀法 Suffixation refers to

the addition of a suffix to the base.

Four:

1. Initialism 首字母连写词 Initialism is a type

of shortening, using the first letters of words

to form a proper name, a technical term or a

phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.

2. Acronyms首字母拼音词 Acronyms are

word formed from the initial letters of the

name of an organization or a scientific term,

and they are pronounced as words rather

than as sequences of letters.

3. Clipping 截短法 The process of clipping

involves the deletion of one or more syllables

from a word (usually a noun), which is also

available in its full form.

4. Blending 拼缀法 Blending is a process of

word-formation in which a new word is

formed by combining the meanings and

sounds of two words, one of which is not in

its full form or both of which are not in their

full forms.

5. Back-formation 逆成法 Back-formation

is a type of word-formation by which a

shorter word is coined by the deletion of a

supposed affix from a longer form already

present in the language.

6. Reduplication 重叠法 Reduplication is a

minor type of word-formation by which a

compound word is created by therepetition

of one word or of two almost identical words

with a change in the vowels or of two almost

identical words with a change in the initial

consonants.

7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法

Neoclassical formation is the process by

which new words are formed from elements

derived from Latin and Greek.

Five:

1. Conventionality 约定俗成 It is the

characteristics of relation between the

sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way

to explain why this or that sound-symbol has

this or that meaning beyond the fact that the

people of a given community have agreed to