阅读专题一：文章结构之总分总结构
2017朝阳期末C
Brilliant Autumn Colors
As trees across the northern areas turn gold and deep red, you can find autumn colors in parks and woodlands, in the cities, countryside, and mountains. People are wondering what these colors are for. For years, scientists have worked to understand the changes that happen to trees in the autumn. Up to now there have been different explanations for why natural selection makes autumn colors so widespread.
Dr. Hamilton from Oxford University proposed that bright autumn leaves contained a message: they warn insects to leave them alone. In autumn, insects choose trees where they will lay eggs. When the larvae (幼虫) come out the next spring, they feed on the trees, often with a result of destruction of the trees. Dr. Hamilton suggested that trees could ward off these insects with poisons. They could have strong defenses by letting egg-laying insects know what was in store for their eggs.
Dr. Hamilton and his students turned the theory into a mathematical model, which showed that warning signals could indeed drive the evolution (进化) of bright leaves. It was a first attempt to see what was out there.
A research team from the University of Wisconsin gave a quite different explanation. “If you are up here in Wisconsin, by the time the leaves change, all the insects that feed on leaves are gone,” Dr. Hoch said. He believed that autumn colors served mainly as protection.
According to Dr. Hoch and his team, autumn colors might be able to protect the leaves from sun damage or frost (冰冻) injury —in other words, they actually act as a sunscreen to avoid the destruction to the leaves. Besides, autumn colors might protect the leaves from water loss. If the cells in the leaves become dry, the connections between the cells will be weakened and the leaves will break off.
Although there are different explanations about autumn colors, it has really given them a deeper concern for this time of year. “People sometimes say that science makes the world less interesting by just explaining things away,” one famous biologist said. “But with autumn leaves, the more you know about them, the more amazed you are.”
63. According to Dr. Hamilton, there is a connection between ______.
A. the size of leaves and the survival of insects
B. the size of leaves and the behavior of insects
C. the color of leaves and the quality of insects
D. the color of leaves and the number of insects
64. Dr. Hoch and his team give the explanation that ______.
A. climate has an influence on the color of the leaves
B. sun damage and frost injury drive the insects away
C. the color of autumn leaves has a protective function
D. autumn colors bring great destruction to the leaves
65. The underlined phrase “ward off” in Paragraph 2 probably means ______.
A. catch
B. attract
C. ignore
D. prevent
66. Which of the following shows the organization of the passage?
A ．
B ．
C D
CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion DCDB
P Sp Sp C P C P C Sp Sp C P P C C
P P P C S C S S P S
Role-Playing in Child Development
Playing is a key component in the learning process for virtually all of the children. There are various ways in which children play, but one of the most important is role-playing. This involves a child engaging in an activity during which he or she pretends to be another person. Experts on child development believe that role-playing can increase the connections in children’s brains that help them learn. Language skills are some of the most important aspects of learning. When children role-play, they must work out steps that need to be taken to complete a task, and create plans to act out a story. These activities enable children to develop their oral language skills. They become able to organize others and to give directions. Children’s social skills can also be developed. When engaged in group activities, children have different roles. Some are leaders while others are followers. At times, the children will disagree, so they must learn to negotiate and compromise with one another, and they must learn to apologize when they have strong arguments or disagreements as well. Children further learn about coo peration and sharing and, hopefully, begin to understand things from another person’s point of view.
Besides helping children learn some kinds of skills, role-playing fosters children’s imaginations and can therefore assume a number of forms. For example, boys may pretend to shave like their fathers or perform various tasks around their homes. Girls, meanwhile, often pretend to be mothers to do some daily tasks, particularly if it involves caring for young babies. Sometimes children may imagine belonging to a group of superheroes or imitate(模仿)real-life situations. They might dress up and assume different roles. Another example is the performing of stories they read in books, which is also very common when they role-play.
Another beneficial aspect of role-playing is that it can help children deal with certain actions that may cause them emotional(情感的) pain, such as the fear they face when going to school for the first time or making a visit to the doctor. If children role-play situations like these beforehand, the fear that they experience when doing these actions in reality frequently lessens. For this reason, experts encourage parents to allow their children to role-play and even to take part in these activities to help their children master their fears.
Role-playing can benefit children in many ways. There is no activity for which young children are better prepared than fantasy play. Nothing is more dependable and risk-free, and the dangers are only pretend.
67. From the author’s description in Paragraph 4, we learn that children often .
A. involve daily-life activities in groups
B. act out the activities that their parents do
C. perform daily tasks instead of their parents
D. change real-life situation when role-playing
68. The author believes that role-playing may help children .
A. develop a better awareness of grammar
B. receive benefits from their emotional pain
C. improve creativity by using their imaginations
D. understand how to be both leaders and followers
69. The underlined word “master” in Paragraph 5 probably means .
A. ignore
B. confirm
C. overcome
D. predict
70. Which of the following shows the organization of the passage?
A B C D
I: Introduction P:Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion
BDCA
Benefits of Cross-Country Skiing
Cross-country skiing can be enjoyed by a wide range of students, from the youngest kindergartners to those secondary students. It is really a fun activity, providing students a gentle workout outside in winter. While having fun, students can gain physical and mental benefits .
The physical benefits of cross-country skiing are well known. If we look at Olympic cross- country skiers, we can see the positive effects on the body that result from training for cross-country skiing. The average best female cross-country skier carries 11 percent body fat, and best male skiers carry 5 percent. These percentages are well below the average for people who are considered to be athletic-17 percent for females and 10 percent for males. The high number of calories burned while skiing helps to keep skiers slim in a healthy and attractive way.
Cross-country skiing is also an efficient way to exercise a large number of muscles at once. Because skiers use ski poles as a means of propulsion, the force that drives skiers forward, the upper body gets much more of workout. Of course, the leg muscles also do their fair share. People who use cross-country skiing as a workout over several weeks will discover that the muscles of their entire body increase in strength.
Cross-country skiing on a regular basis has a tremendous effect on a person’s cardiovascular system. In addition to gaining strength in the muscles of the upper and lower body, people who use cross-country skiing as a workout method over several weeks will also discover that their heart is stronger. A strong heart pumps more efficiently, sending out more blood to the muscles with each contraction(收缩). Through weeks of skiing, people often discover that their resting heart rate has decreased. Highly trained Olympic cross-country skiers have resting heart rates between 28 and 40 beats per minute. Compare that to the resting heart rate of the average person, which is 60 to 80 beats per minute!
The benefits of cross-country skiing extend beyond overall general health. A lot of evidence exists indicating that regular physical activity increases the release of mood-lifting endorphins (内啡肽) in the body. After one of the energetic and fun skiing lessons, students will be smiling and laughing; they will be relaxed and in a better mood than when they started class. Students will leave class with a sense of accomplishment, knowing that they have developed new skills in a fun activity.
Cross-country skiing is a great way to work the total body. Now more and more students are taking part in this exercise outside during the winter months. They are enjoying it and benefiting from it!
63. The underlined word “workout” means_______.
A. manner
B. exercise
C. application
D. opportunity
64. According to the passage, we can learn that cross-country skiing ______.
A. requires the use of most muscle groups
B. offers students a unique way to keep fit
C. can increase the athletes’ resting heart rates
D. can balance out the skiers’ increased calories
65. How does the author prove the benefits of skiing in the fifth paragraph?
A. By making comments.
B. By giving examples.
C. By making comparisons.
D. By giving explanations.
66．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
A B C D
CP: Central point P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion
BADC 2012朝阳二模C
Why texting harms your IQ
The regular use of text messages and e-mails can lower the IQ more than twice as much as smoking marijuana (大麻). That is the statement of researchers who have found that tapping away on a mobile phone or computer keypad or checking for electronic messages temporarily knocks up to 10 points off the user’s IQ. This rate of decline in intelligence compares unfavorably with the four-point drop in IQ associated with smoking marijuana, according to British researchers, who have described the phenomenon of improve d stupidity as “infomania”. The research conducted by Hewlett Packard, the technology company, has concluded that it is mainly a problem for adult workers, especially men.
It is concluded that too much use of modern technology can damage a person’s mind. It can cause a constant distraction of “always on” technology when employees should be concentrating on what they are paid to do. Infomania means that they lose concentration as their minds remain fixed in an almost permanent state of readiness to react to technology instead of focusing on the task in hand. The report also added that, in a long term, the brain will be considerably shaped by what we do to it and by the experience of daily life. At a microcellular level, the complex networks of nerve cells that make up parts of the brain actually change in response to certain experiences.
Too much use of modern technology can be damaging not only to a person’s mind, but to their social relationship. 1100 adults were interviewed during the research. More than 62 per cent of them admitted that they were addicted to checking their e-mails and text messages so often that they scrutinized work-related ones even when at home or on holiday. Half said that they always responded immediately to an email and will even interrupt a meeting to do so. It is concluded that infomania is increasing stress and anxiety and affecting one’s characteristics. Nine out of ten thought that colleagues who answered e-mails or messages during a face-to-face meeting were extremely rude.
The effects on IQ were studied by Dr Glenn Wilson, a psychologist at University of London. “This is a very real and widespread phenomenon,” he said. “We have found that infomania will damage a worker’s performance by reducing their mental sharpness and chan ging their social life. Companies should encourage a more balanced and appropriate way of working.”
63. We can learn from the passage that “infomania” ______.
A. has a positive influence on one’s IQ
B. results in the change of part of the brain
C. lies in the problem of lack of concentration
D. is caused by too much use of modern technology
64. The research mentioned in the passage is most probably about ______.
A. the important function of advanced technology
B. the damage to one’s brain done by unhealthy habits
C. the relevance between IQ and use of modern technology
D. the relationship between intelligence and working effectiveness
65. The underlined word “scrutinized” probably means “______”.
A. examined carefully
B. copied patiently
C. corrected quickly
D. admitted freely
66. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion
DCAB
2012朝阳期末C
Retirement Age
Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely．The " standard" retirement age varies from country to country, but it is generally between 50 and 70, according to the latest statistics, 2011．However, for a long time, people have got into an argument about whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries．There are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able．Many people think that older employees have a large amount of knowledge and experience which can be lost to a business or organization if they are made to retire．Besides, older employees are often extremely faithful employees and are more willing to implement company policies than the young．A more important point is regarding the attitudes in society to old people．To force someone to resign or retire at 60 or 65 indicates that the society does not value the input of these people and that effectively their useful life is over．Allowing old people to work indefinitely （无限地）, however, is not always a good policy．Some people took the strong view that age alone is no guarantee of ability．Many young employees have more experience or skills than older staff, who may have been stuck in one area for most of their working lives．Having compulsory retirement allows new ideas in an organization．On the other hand, older people should be rewarded by society for their life' s labor by being given generous pensions and the freedom to enjoy leisure．They can have time to do whatever they like, that is, they can have their own plans or roles and achieve their retirement goals．
With many young people unemployed or frustrated in low-level positions, there are often calls to compulsorily retire older workers．However, this can affect the older individual' s freedom—and right—to work．In my opinion, giving workers more choices over their retirement age will benefit society and the individual．
63．According to the passage, older people should go on with work because ____.
A．they will help the business not to fail quickly
B．they have grasped much practical experience
C．they need to have a sense of achievement
D．they want to learn more knowledge
64．The underlined word "implement" in Paragraph 2 probably means "______".
A．take over
B．work on
C．get rid of
D．carry out
65．The third paragraph is mainly to tell us that ______．
A．older people can' t do their work well
B．young people usually have new ideas
C．it is better for older people to retire on time
D．older people would like to do something else
66．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
BDCA
2013朝阳二模C
It often happens that a number of applicants with almost identical qualifications and experience all apply for the same position. In their educational background, special skills and work experience, there is little, if anything, to choose between half a dozen candidates. How then does the employer make a choice? Usually on the basis of an interview.
There are many arguments about the interview as a selection procedure. The main argument against it is that it results in a wholly subjective decision. As often as not, employers do not choose the best candidate, but the one who makes a good first impression on them. Some employers, of course, reply to this argument by saying that they have become so experienced in interviewing staff that they are able to make a sound assessment of each candidate’s likely performance. Unfortunately, both for the employers and applicants, there are many people of great ability who simply do not interview well. There are also, of course, people who interview extremely well, but are later found to be very unsatisfactory employees.
Those in favour of the interview insist that the well-structured procedure is valid in assessing a candidate’s ability, an essential guarantee for the future job. They also argue that an employer is concerned not only with a candidate’s ability, but with the suitability of his or her personality for the particular work situation. Many employers, for example, will overlook occasional inefficiencies from their secretary so long as she has a pleasant personality. Perhaps the real purpose of an interview is not to assess the assessable aspects of each candidate but to make a guess at the more intangible things, such as personality, character and social ability.
Today, interview is still the key section of the entire selection procedure, though different employers have different standards for competence. Generally speaking, candidates who interview well tend to be quietly confident, but never boastful; direct and straight-forward in their questions and answers; cheerful and friendly, but never over-familiar; and sincerely enthusiastic and optimistic. Candidates who interview badly tend to be at either end of the spectrum of human behaviour. They are either very shy or over-confident. They show either a lack of enthusiasm or an excess of it. They either talk too little or never stop talking. They are either over-polite or rudely abrupt.
63.We can infer from the passage that an employer might tolerate his secretary’s occasional mistakes if the latter is _____.
A. direct
B. shy
C. cheerful
D. competent
64.What is the author’s attitude towards the interview as a selection proced ure?
A. Supportive.
B. Negative.
C. Objective.
D. Unconcerned.
65.The last paragraph indicates _____.
A. a link between success in interview and personality
B. connections between work abilities and personality
C. differences in interview experience
D. differences in personal behaviour
66.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion
CCAB
2011朝阳二模C
Nuclear energy is a controversial topic．There has been widespread public debate over it．It seems that the nuclear energy is either a gigantic disaster waiting to happen or the all-powerful way of the future.
It is often believed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society with a huge demand for commercial products of all kinds. Besides, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase assumes an abundant and cheap energy supply. Many people believe nuclear energy provides an endless and economical source of power and that it is therefore fundamental for an industrially developing society. Among other advantages is that nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff. The nuclear reactor represents a great step in our scientific evolution and, whatever the anti-nuclear group says, it is wrong to expect a return to more primitive sources of fuel.
However, opponents(people who oppose something)of nuclear energy point out that nuclear power stations bring a direct danger not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Environmentalists argue in the long run nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the destruction of the human race. Furthermore, it is questionable whether nuclear power is a cheap source of energy when everything is considered. There have, for example, been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in Russia. The possibility of increases in the cost of uranium（铀）in addition to the cost of greater safety provisions could price nuclear power out of the market.
In spite of the case against nuclear energy above, nuclear energy programmes are expanding, which assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments in both sides, it seems that there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.
63．What’s the writer’s attitude towa rd nuclear energy?
A．Objective. B．Negative. C．Tolerant. D．Apprectiative.
64．According to the opponents, which of the following is true of nuclear energy?
A．Primitive. B．Endless C．Cheap. D．Unsafe.
65．Some people believe that nuclear energy is the most important because .
A．nuclear power stations can be run and maintained by relatively few staff.
B．it can meet the growing demand of an industrially developing society.
C．it represents a huge step forward in our scientific evolution..
D．it provides a perfect way out to increase employment
66．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point（次要点）C: Conclusion
BDBA
2011海淀期末D
The Celebration Experiment
In the 1960s, Walt Disney pictured in the mind a future utopian city with underground roads and a climate-controlled round roof. The real community of Celebration, Florida, built in 1999, applies the social and environmental goals of both Disney and the New Urbanism movement.
Disney and the New Urbanism have imagined communities that promote social and local communication. Celebration has a central Market Street district to reduce traffic and encourage social contacts. The idea is that if the downtown area is neatly and closely ranked, people will walk and meet their neighbors. Downtown events like art festivals also bring citizens together. Narrow, tree-lined streets are “traffic calm”—with slower speed limits—to encourage bicycling and walking.
Moreover, housing in Celebration includes both single- and multi-family houses that encourages socialization. Apartment buildings are located close to downtown, and houses are built close together with small yards. They feature entrance halls to encourage citizens to socialize.
“Many aspects of that kind of design are really aimed at maximizing social communication between citizens, not just on the streets but also in community institutions that are very much a part of public life there,” says Andrew Ross, a New York University professor who lived in Celebration for one year.
Utopian communities such as Celebration are also designed with environmental protection in mind. The town itself is built on 4,900 acres surrounded by a 4,700 acre protected greenbelt. The greenbelt parks, and common areas accommodate native wildlife and animals.
High-rise office and apartment buildings provide close office and living space in a small geographic area in order to reduce urban sprawl, the spread of today’s cities onto nat ure areas. Buildings also minimize environmental influence by using cooling and electric systems with insulated（绝缘的;隔热的）glass, cooling towers, and energy-saving lamps.
“The town more or less borrows very heavily from New Urbanist principles … to create environmentally friendly alternatives to sprawl and to create communities around people rather than vehicles,” Ross said.
67. Celebration mentioned in the passage is a __________.
A. city offering living spaces
B. community promoting socialization
C. special occasion in the market
D. downtown area with high buildings
68. The purpose of holding Art festivals mentioned in Paragraph 2 is to __________.
A. exhibit art works
B. attract artists for profits
C. encourage communication
D. reduce downtown traffic
69. The underlined word “sprawl” in Paragraph 6 may be replaced by “ ________”.
A. expansion
B. organization
C. restriction
D. exploration
70. Which of the following shows the organization of the passage?
CP: Central Point P: Point SP: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion
BCAB
There is a boy called Bill in my gym class who has unbearably yellow teeth that almost make everyone feel unpleasant．Recently another boy told Bill that he should "go Ajax" his teeth．Bill was crushed．If the other boy had been thinking, he would have realized that there is a better way to handle such a situation．He could have dealt with it with tact．He could have showed this hurtful truth in a more careful, sensitive way—that's "tact"．
If a person isn't sensitive to another's feelings, there is no way he or she can be tactful．Yesterday, my 5-year-old brother proudly announced that he had cleaned the screen on our television set．Unfortunately, he used furniture polish, which produced an oily film on the television screen．My mother smiled arid thanked him for his efforts—and then showed how to clean the screen properly．Her sensitivity enables my brother to keep his self-respect．Yet, sensitivity alone does not make tact．
"Tactfulness" also requires "truthfulness"．Doctors, for example must be truthful．If a patient has just been disabled in an accident, a tactful doctor will tell the truth—but express it with sensitivity．The doctor may try to give the patient hope by telling them curing techniques under study or about advanced equipment now available．Doctors must use tact with patients' relatives as well．Instead of bluntly saying, "Your husband is disabled," a doctor might say, "I'm sorry, but your husband has lost feeling in his legs and．．．"
Tact should not be confused with trickery．Trickery occurs when a nurse is about to give a patient an injection（注射）and says, "This won't hurt a bit．" Instead of trickery, the nurse might guarantee the patient that the discomfort of the injection is a small thing compared to the benefits of it．It would also be thoughtful for the nurse to tell the patients about some of these benefits．
Tact is a wonderful skill to have, and tactful people are usually admired and respected．Without tact our society would become an intolerable place to live in．68．The underlined word "crushed" in the first paragraph probably means____．A．surprised
B．cheated
C．regretful
D．painful
69．According to the author, his mother's praise for the brother is ____．
A．sensitive and tactful
B．sensitive but not tactful enough
C．truthful but not tactful enough
D．sensitive but trickish
70．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
（The numbers stand for the paragraphs）
CDBC
The Loss of Innocence
Innocence is such a precious gift. It’s explained as freedom from guilt or wrong doing. Just imagine never having to worry about anything and having a guilt free mind. Some people wish to save this kind of innocence from being lost from childhood to adulthood.
What would the world be like if innocence were never lost? One way it would benefit humanity is the lack of hatred （仇恨）among the world. During youth, there may be an occasional argument, even a little physical fight, but nothing like firing a handgun at a fellow human being. And children are blind towards the racial differences of others. A kid will hang out with any other kid. It is the lack of innocence and the ignorance we learn from adults that influence children otherwise. Another benefit is the constant desire for fun and adventure. With very little if any time at all for fun，the adventurous mind is lost in time with the responsibilities placed upon adults. If innocence were kept alive, these ambitions would never depart from our lives.
However, other people actually hate the idea of innocence lasting for ever. They feel that the lack of organization and mental power of those with innocence would cause extremely destructive consequences to society in general. A large number of individuals would never have the urge to learn, work, and act upon the necessary needs for humanity to survive. Without a proper education which is usually provided by those who no longer live in a world of innocence, people would not have the desire to succeed, get a good job in life, or provide income for their families, which would hurt the lives of children.
The lack of a good education and career would also harm the economy. As long as innocence is kept alive, no one would be terribly angered at the lack of effort people put out in the workplace, resulting in a strong decline in production and quality of needed goods.
Maybe it is wrong in wanting to save innocence. It sure is a nice thought, though. Perhaps inn ocence was meant to be lost. It was god’s will to make things the way they are, and there is a good purpose for everything.
All that remains to be said about innocence is to enjoy it while it lasts.
63.The author believes that the loss of innocence in adulthood should be _______.
A. avoided
B. condemned
C. accepted
D. encouraged
64. Lifelong innocence would be beneficial to society in that _______.
A. proper education would be provided
B. there would be no racial discrimination
C. more happy families would be guaranteed
D. people would realize their childhood dreams
65. According to the author, people with innocence can hurt the economy with their lack of _____.
A. motivational will
B. mental ability
C. adventurous ambitions
D. needed goods
P: Point 次要点
CBAA。
