生物技术原理学生总结01
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革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁结构的区别。（革兰氏染色的机理）
革兰氏阳性菌：肽聚糖（基本结构），包括聚糖骨架，四肽侧链，五肽交联桥 磷壁酸（特殊成份），包括膜磷壁酸，壁磷壁酸 表面蛋白（特殊成分），包括SPA,M蛋白
革兰氏阴性菌:肽聚糖（基本结构），包括聚糖骨架，四肽侧链 外膜（特殊成分），包括脂蛋白，脂质双层，脂多糖
1.Prokaryotes are small and simple in structure when compared with eukaryotes , yet they often
have characteristic shape and size
与真核细胞相比原核细胞较小并且结构简单，但他们通常含有独特的形状和大小。
2.Prokaryotic genetic material is located in an area called the nucleoid and is not enclosed by a
membrane.
原核细胞的遗传信息位于无核膜包围的拟核区。
3.The prokaryotic cell wall almost always has peptidoglycan and is chemically and morphologically
complex.
原核细胞的细胞壁通常含有肽聚糖，化学结构和形态复杂。
4. Most bacteria have a cell wall outside the plasma membrane to give them shape and protect
them from osmotic lysis.
大部分细菌在细胞膜的外面有细胞壁来维持细胞形状并且能保护细胞免受渗透压溶解作用。
5.Bacterial walls are chemically complex and usually contain peptidoglycan or murein.
细菌细胞壁化学结构复杂通常含有肽聚糖和胞壁质。
6.Gram-positive walls have thick,homogeneous layers of peptidoglycan and teichoid acid. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by a complex outer membrane
containing lipopolysaccharides and other components
革兰氏阳性菌有厚的均匀的肽聚糖层和磷壁酸层，革兰氏阴性菌肽聚糖层薄，外部被复杂的结构包围，含有脂多糖和其它组分。
7.Bacteria normally reproduce by binary fission. The inward growth of the septum divides the parent cell to produce two equal-sized progeny cells.
细菌通常用二分裂的方式繁殖，母细胞通过隔膜的内部生长来产生两个大小相同的子细胞。
8. Fungi differ from bacteria in certain environmental requirements and in the
following nutritional characteristics（真菌与细菌在生长和繁殖中对营养的基本要求）：
1） Fungi usually grow better in an acidic pH (5.0), which is too acidic for the growth of most
common bacteria. 真菌通常在一个酸性pH值（5.0）生长更好，这种pH对于细菌来说过酸而不能使其生长。
2）Most molds are aerobic, so they grow on surfaces rather than throughout a substrate.
Yeasts are facultative anaerobes . 大多数霉菌是需氧型的，因此他们生长于培养基的表面而不是内部。酵母菌是兼性厌氧的。
3）Most fungi are more resistant to osmotic pressures than bacteria are; most fungi are
therefore able to grow in high sugar or salt concentrations. 大多数真菌比细菌更耐渗透压，所以大多数真菌都能生长在高糖或高盐的浓度下。
4）Fungi are capable of growing on substances with a very low moisture content, generally too
low to support the growth of bacteria. 真菌能够生长于水分含量很低的物质上，这种湿度对于细菌来说太低而不能支持其的生长。
5）Fungi require somewhat less nitrogen for growth than bacteria.真菌生长比细菌需要更多的氮源。
6） Fungi are capable of using complex carbohydrates, such as lignin (wood), that most bacteria
cannot metabolize. 真菌能够利用复杂的碳水化合物，如木质素，然而对于多数细菌不能利用其生长。
1）.The four main classes of polymeric cell compounds are the fats or lipids, the
polysaccharides, the information-encoded polydeoxyribonucleic and
polyribonucleic acids (DNA, RNA), and proteins.
多聚体细胞复合物主要有四类：脂肪或脂质，多糖，编码信息的多聚脱氧核糖核苷酸和多聚核苷酸（DNA,RNA），和蛋白质。
2).Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides that have a sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate.
核酸由核苷酸组成，其有糖，含氮碱基，和磷酸。
3).The two DNA strands are separated, and double helices are constructed from each
strand following the base-pairing rules, the end products are two new mo1ecules，each identical to the original double-stranded DNA and each containing one new
strand and one old strand.
DNA的两条链是分开的（每条链根据碱基互补配对原则形成双链），最终产物是两个新的分子，新的DNA分子和原始链有一条相同的，每个含一个新的链和一个老链。
5).Amino acids can be linked together by peptide bonds to form oligopeptides (up to 25
amino acid residues) and polypeptides (> 25 residues).
氨基酸可以由肽键连接在一起形成寡肽(最多25个氨基酸残基)和多肽(> 25残基)。
6).The polypeptide chain folds up to form a specific shape (conformation构象) in the
protein
在蛋白质中，多肽链折叠形成一个特定的形状(conformation构象)。
1.Respiration is a process in which molecular oxygen or some other oxidant serves as the
terminal electron acceptor。
在呼吸过程中，分子氧或其它的氧化剂作为电子最终受体。
2.Nutrient molecules frequently cannot cross selectively permeable plasma membranes
through passive diffusion and must be transported by one of three major mechanisms
involving the use of membrane carrier protein.
营养分子一般不能以被动运输的方式有选择性地穿过质膜，而须借助膜转运蛋白的涉及的三种机制之一来运送。
4.A common biochemical pathway for the fermentation of glucose is glycolysis，also
named the Embden-Meyerhof pathway for its major discoverers。
一个葡萄糖发酵的共同生化途径是糖酵解，该过程也因纪念其发现者而命名为Embden-Meyerhof途径。
3. Electron transport systems are composed of membrane associated electron carrier.
电子传递系统是由与的膜结合的电子载体蛋白组成。
7. The monomer unit of polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acid and lipid is sugar, amino acid,
nucleotide and fatty acid respectively.
多糖、蛋白质、核酸和脂类的单体分别是糖、氨基酸、核苷酸和脂肪酸。
8.The condensation product of two monosaccharides is a disaccharide. There are three
common disaccharides, namely, sucrose, maltose and lactose.两个单糖缩合形成双糖。有三种常见的双糖，即蔗糖、 麦芽糖和乳糖。
9.Most bacterial cell walls contain a large,complex peptidoglycan molecule consisting of
long polysaccharide chains made of alternating NAM and NAG residues.
