中考英语阅读理解知识点总结经典
一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析）
1．阅读理解
Wonder what it is like to be a chef（厨师）? This weekend you will have your chance to find out. Two local chefs, Monica Sallier and Andrew Gleason, will hold an "open kitchen" at their restaurants this Saturday.
Monica's restaurant, The Blue Hen, is small but comfortable. Wooden tables and chairs cover the dining area, and sweet music is always on. "I like to laugh and always tell jokes while I cook," Monica said. "Cooking brings people together. The cooks who work with me have become my best friends."
At Monica's "open kitchen", she plans to teach her guests how to prepare country-style fried chicken. For it, she will use her family's secret spice（香料）. She learned how to make it from her father. Monica seldom uses a measuring cup（量杯）when cooking. By doing so, she hopes to offer her guests a special dining experience. "If you come to my restaurant, you'll never get the same dish twice, "she said.
Also opening his kitchen this Saturday in Shreveport is Andrew Gleason. He is the head chef at Quarter Bistro. "I am not the most talkative chef in the business," Andrew said. "Mostly because I prefer to give my full attention to the food. Every ingredient（食材）must be carefully measured. "
Andrew's food also makes the dining experience special. He makes every dish look like a piece of art. At his "open kitchen", Andrew plans to teach his visitors how to prepare blackened catfish, a dish of his that has won much praise throughout the city.
（1）While Monica is cooking, she ____.
A. is never quiet
B. seldom uses spice
C. sometimes sits on a wooden chair
D. always listens to her favorite songs
（2）At Andrew's "open kitchen", he will ____.
A. invite Monica to try his dish
B. work with another head chef
C. tell lots of jokes while cooking
D. cook one much-praised dish
（3）What do Monica and Andrew have in common?
A. They work in the same restaurant.
B. They both like using measuring cups.
C. They graduated from the same cooking school.
D. They both let guests have a special dining experience.
（4）The passage is probably from ____.
A. a city newspaper
B. a restaurant notice
C. a cookbook
D. a chef's diary
【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）D
（4）A
【解析】【分析】本文讲述本周六，两位当地厨师莫妮卡·萨利尔和安德鲁·格里森将在他们
的餐厅举行开放式厨房活动。
（1）推理题。根据I like to laugh and always tell jokes while I cook我喜欢笑，做饭时总是讲笑话可知莫妮卡做饭时，她从不安静，故选A。
（2）细节题。根据Andrew plans to teach his visitors how to prepare blackened catfish, a dish of his that has won much praise throughout the city安德鲁计划教他的游客如何准备熏制鲶鱼，这是他的一道菜，在全城广受好评可知在安德鲁的“开放式厨房”，他会做一道备受称赞的菜，故选D。
（3）推理题。根据 she hopes to offer her guests a special dining experience她希望为客人提供一种特殊的用餐体验和Andrew's food also makes the dining experience special安德鲁的食物也让用餐体验与众不同可知，莫妮卡和安德鲁的共同点是他们都让客人有一个特殊的用餐体验，故选D。
（4）推理题。根据本文讲述本周六，两位当地厨师莫妮卡·萨利尔和安德鲁·格里森将在他们的餐厅举行开放式厨房活动，可知这是新闻报道，故本文来自城市报纸，故选A。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题，细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息。
2．阅读理解
Denies Walme in Texas, USA, now 14 years old, published his best-seller Unbending Gisula eight years ago. The book is about a little whale named Gisul.
One day, Gisula did not take his mother's words and went up the beach. Then he got lost and had to learn to live by himself. The colour pictures were drawn by Denies himself. Denies published the books at the age of six He is said to be the youngest writer and picture artist.
Another surprising thing about the book is that it became a best seller immediately after it was published and brought him a lot of money. Because he spent much time writing the books, his study was not very good and he had to learn the year's work again but his gift of writing is highly praised by the teachers and student. And he was even invited to give talks on writing.
But Denies does not want to be a writer. He said, 'I like planes most. I dream of becoming a pilot someday.'
（1）From the story we can learn that Denies__________.
A. published his Unbending Gisula at the age of 14
B. wants to be a writer when he grows up
C. drew the pictures for his own book
D. does not go to school anymore
（2）What Denies liked most is________.
A. writing stories
B. drawing pictures
C. whales
D. planes
（3）When did Denies publish the books?
A. At the age of six
B. At the age of eight
C. At the age of sixteen
D. I don't know.
【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）A
【解析】【分析】大意：本文主要介绍作者丹尼斯个人的一些基本情况以及他的最畅销的书，他虽然学习怎么好，但是他善于写作，他梦想将来能成为一名飞行员，他的书主要介绍一只小鲸鱼，有一天小鲸鱼Gisula不听妈妈的话，爬上了海滩。然后迷路不得不独自生活的故事。
（1）细节题。根据The colour pictures were drawn by Denies himself.可知，通过这个故事我们知道丹尼斯为自己的书画画，故选C。
（2）细节题。根据I like planes most.可知，丹尼斯最喜欢飞机，故选D。
（3）细节题。根据now 14 years old, published his best-seller Unbending Gisula eight years ago. 丹尼斯现在14岁，他的最畅销的书是8年前出版的，可知，他那是才6岁，故选A。【点评】考查阅读理解。细节题是阅读理解题中常考题型。细节题需要从文中寻找答案。
3．根据短文理解，选择正确答案。
B
People all have problems. If we don't deal with these problems, we can easily become unhappy. Worrying about our problems can affect how we do at school. It can also influence the way we behave with our families. So how do we deal with our problems? There are many ways and here is one of them
Most of us have probably been angry with our friends, parents or teachers. Perhaps they said something you didn't like, or you felt they were unfair. Sometimes people can stay angry for years about a small problem. Time goes by, and good friendship may be lost.
When we are angry, however, we are usually the ones affected. Perhaps we have seen young children playing together. Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other. However, this usually does not last for long. This is an important lesson for us to learn.（1）What is the writer?
A. A shopkeeper.
B. A doctor.
C. A student.
D. A dentist.
（2）What is the main idea of the passage?
A. How to deal with problems.
B. How to do at school.
C. How to behave with families.
D. How to talk to each other.
（3）What will happen if people stay angry for long according to the text?
A. They feel unfair.
B. They may get sick.
C. Good friendship may be lost.
D. They may miss each other.
（4）Children decide not to talk to each other probably because_______.
A. they become unhappy
B. they have different ideas
C. they worry about a small problem
D. they want disagreements
（5）From the passage, we know an important lesson for us is
A. playing together
B. learning to forget
C. staying angry
D. feeling unfair
【答案】（1）C
（2）A
（3）C
（4）B
（5）B
【解析】【分析】人与人之间难免会有磕磕碰碰，相处的时候出现了问题怎么办？本文告诉我们怎样处理与人相处时的问题。
⑴推理判断l.根据第一段Worrying about our problems can affect how we do at school. 可知作者是一个学生。不是店主、医生或牙医。故选C。
⑵主旨大意。根据文章第一段People all have problems. If we don't deal with these problems, we can easily become unhappy. 可知问题讨论如何处理问题，故选A。
⑶根据Sometimes people can stay angry for years about a small problem. Time goes by, and good friendship may be lost可知为小事长时间生气会失去好朋友。故选C。
⑷根据 Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other.可知小孩不说话是因为他们有分歧。故选B。
⑸归纳总结。根据最后一句话This is an important lesson for us to learn. 可知长时间生气不好，所以要学会遗忘。故选B。
【点评】阅读理解考查对篇章的把握和对细节的识别能力，答题时注意紧扣问题中的关键词，在文章中寻找答案。
4．阅读理解
Humans have learnt many things from nature. These things have helped us in our daily life. The latest thing is self-repairing clothing.
Scientists have developed a special way for clothing to repair rips and tears by itself, without the need for sewing. It works with materials such as cotton, linen and wool. The scientists are from the Naval Research Office and Pennsylvania State University in the USA. Scientists Dr Walter Dressick and Dr Melik Demirel looked at how a squid can cling on to things so well. The research team found a protein in the rings of teeth that cover the suckers on a squid. The protein is similar to the one found in the silk that spiders use to make spider webs. It is very strong and elastic.
The new protein has been developed as part of a coating, which is put on clothes. When the coating is dipped in water, the area around the rip or tear joins together in less than a minute. This could help clothes last longer and save money for us. It could also be useful for military and survival clothes. People like soldiers and mountaineers would be safer if they had clothes that could be repaired quickly and easily. Professor Demirel spoke about the invention. He said," The coatings are thin, less than a micron, so they wouldn't be noticed in everyday wear." Then he added, "Even thin, they increase the overall strength of the material. For the first time, we are making self-healing textiles."
（1）From what have humans learnt a lot？
A. Books.
B. Nature.
C. Scientists.
D. Clothing.
（2）What is NOT needed for the self-repairing clothes to fix themselves？
A. Tears.
B. Cotton.
C. Sewing.
D. Glue.
（3）What's the Chinese meaning of the underlined words "is similar to"？
A. 与……相同
B. 与……不同
C. 与……相似
D. 与……一样（4）The passage is about .
A. the new protein
B. the coating
C. humans
D. the spider
【答案】（1）B
（2）C
（3）C
（4）A
【解析】【分析】主要讲了最新的发明——自我修复衣服。
（1）细节题。根据Humans have learnt many things from nature.人类已经从大自然里学了许多东西，故选B。
（2）细节题。根据Scientists have developed a special way for clothing to repair rips and tears by itself, without the need for sewing.可知是不需要缝，故选C。
（3）细节题。根据句子可知这种蛋白质与蜘蛛用来制作蜘蛛网的丝中的蛋白质相似。be similar to，和……相似，故选C。
（4）细节题。根据The new protein has been developed as part of a coating，可知主要讲了新型蛋白质，故选A。
【点评】考查阅读理解，主要考查细节题，注意从文中仔细寻找答案。
5．阅读理解
My family has had a great influence on me. When I was a kid, I learnt how to work from my family. My mum would never let me get away when there was something to be done. I learnt the importance of education. My parents would give me 50 dollars if I got As in school. They taught me how to use and save money. My mum taught me how to cook, how to clean, and basically everything I needed to know to live on my own. My dad taught me how to garden, how to do home improvement, how to treat women and girls with respect, and how to put other people's needs above my own. My brothers and sisters taught me how to make a decision in conflict（矛盾）. I'm 22now, and I'll get married next year. I learn things from my parents' marriage by examples. For example, I've never seen my parents really fight. They had disagreements, but they were always in control and never let anger get the best of them. I think that's great, and I'm going to work towards that in my marriage.
I have a great family. I'm grateful that my parents chose to make it a great family.
（1）Who taught the writer to do some housework?
A. The mother.
B. The father.
C. The sisters.
D. The brothers.（2）When will the writer have a new family?
A. At the age of 22.
B. At the age of 24.
C. At the age of 23.
D. At the age of 21.
（3）Which of the following is NOT true?
A. The writer's family influence the writer a lot.
B. The writer learns to save money.
C. The writer is a girl in the family.
D. The writer's parents never fight with each other.
（4）How will the writer's new family be according to the passage?
A. It will be a large family.
B. It will be a great family.
C. The family members will be different.
D. The family members will never get angry.
【答案】（1）A
（2）C
（3）C
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文介绍了作者的家庭对作者有很大的影响。
（1）推理题。根据My mum taught me how to cook, how to clean, and basically everything I needed to know to live on my own.我妈妈教我如何做饭，如何打扫卫生，以及基本上我需要知道的独立生活所需的一切可知，作者的妈妈教他做家务，故选A。（2）推理题。根据I'm 22now, and I'll get married next year可知，作者23岁时会有一个新家庭，故选C。
（3）推理题。根据My dad taught me how to garden, how to do home improvement, how to treat women and girls with respect,我爸爸教我如何园艺，如何改善家庭，如何尊重妇女和女孩可知作者是男孩，作者是家里的一个女孩是错的，故选C。
（4）细节题。根据I have a great family. I'm grateful that my parents chose to make it a great family.我有一个大家庭。我很感激我的父母选择让它成为一个伟大的家庭可知，作者的新家庭会是一个伟大的家庭故选B。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题，细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息。
6．阅读理解
There are few families in the United States that do not have either a radio or a television set. Both of them have become necessary parts of our daily life, keeping us Americans filled with the news of the day, teaching us in many fields of interest, and making us happy with singing, dancing and acting.
Marconi, the Italian inventor, who gave us the radio, probably didn't know how much his great invention would have done for the world in the years to come. Radio had, perhaps done as much as any other communication tool. Things of the world can be reported to people everywhere a few seconds after they happen. Travellers in out-of-the-way places, ships at sea and even astronauts around the Earth are able to keep in touch with each other by radio.
Television is another important invention. It lets us see as well as hear the actor. Since its appearance, TV has done a great deal in the daily life of people everywhere. Many programmes are now televised in colour.
Perhaps the most modern invention is "Telstar", a "star" moving around the Earth. It makes it possible for people all over the world to be closer than ever before. Now a family in Chicago can watch a motorcar race in Italy, a table tennis competition in Beijing or a volleyball match in Japan on TV as these events are actually happening!
（1）The passage tells us that in the USA have no radios or television sets.
A. a large number of homes
B. all the families
C. a small number of families
D. quite a few homes
（2）Why does the passage say radio and TV have become necessary parts of our daily life?
A. Because they have included nearly everything in our life.
B. Because man would not live happily without them.
C. Because they are the only ways to spread information.
D. Because no communication means no life.
（3）What is the use of a "Telstar" according to the passage?
A. To receive and store information only.
B. To move around the Earth just like the Moon.
C. To give light onto the Earth at night.
D. To help broadcast radio or TV information to the world.
（4）Who do you think the writer of the passage is？
A. An Italian.
B. A Japanese.
C. An American.
D. A Chinese reporter.
【答案】（1）C
（2）A
（3）D
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文介绍了电视在美国生活中的重要性。
（1）细节题。根据There are few families in the United States that do not have either a radio or a television set，可知在美国少数家庭没有收音机或电视机，故选C。
（2）推理题。根据Both of them have become necessary parts of our daily life可知，因为它们几乎包含了我们生活中的一切所以广播和电视已经成为我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，故选A。
（3）推理题。根据It makes it possible for people all over the world to be closer than ever before这使得全世界的人比以往任何时候都更亲近可知T elstar帮助向世界广播电台或电视信息，故选D。
（4）推理题。根据keeping us Americans filled with the news of the day使我们美国人充满了一天中的新闻可知作者是美国人，故选C。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题，细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息。
7．阅读理解
Nowadays lots of kids are at home alone after school. Are you one of them? Kids who regularly take care of themselves are called "latchkey kids".
This nickname got its start in the 1940s. Many men fought in the Second World War and women had to take jobs in factories to keep the country going. With both parents away, lots of kids went back to empty houses after school. Latchkey kids wore house keys around their necks and they used the keys to open doors.
Today, it's common for both parents to work. As a result, a new generation of kids are spending some time alone after school. It becomes necessary for both parents and kids to make some rules. There are a lot of questions to talk about:
Should you call your mum, or dad as soon as you get home?
Should you do your homework first?
Can you watch TV or play computer games? If so, how long?
What can you eat if you want a snack?
Can friends come over? If so, how many?
……
As latchkey kids, knowing how to stay safe is just as important as following the family rules. Talk about the following questions with your parents:
What should you do when the phone rings?
What should you do if someone knocks at the door?
What should you do if someone breaks into the house?
What should you do if you cut yourself while cooking?
……
You may feel when you are at home alone. Don't worry. Keeping yourself busy is helpful. There are many things which can make you feel that time goes by quickly:
●Read a magazine. ●Write an email. ●Phone a friend.
（1）Latchkey kids _________________.
A. like collecting keys
B. live with their grandparents
C. have part-time jobs in factories
D. regularly stay at home alone after school
（2）How many pieces of advice does the writer give to latchkey kids?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
（3）Which of the following can be put in " "?
A. Can you have your hair cut?
B. Should you go to school on foot?
C. Can you go out? If so, where?
D. Can you ask teachers for help at school?
（4）Which of the following can be put in " "?
A. bored
B. excited
C. relaxed
D. pleased
（5）The writer probably agrees that __________.
A. there's no need to make family rules
B. latchkey kids should learn to protect themselves
C. time passes slowly when latchkey kids are busy
D. parents should never leave their kids alone at home
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）C
（4）A
（5）B
【解析】【分析】本文介绍了独自在家的孩子，在家时应该怎么做。
（1）细节题。根据 Nowadays lots of kids are at home alone after school. Are you one of them? Kids who regularly take care of themselves are called "latchkey kids 现在许多孩子放学后独自在家。你是他们中的一员吗？经常照顾自己的孩子被称为“钥匙孩子” 可知, 钥匙儿童放学后经常独自呆在家里，故选D。
（2）细节题。根据 Read a magazine. ●Write an email. ●Phone a friend 阅读杂志。●写一封电子邮件。●给朋友打电话知, 作者给了钥匙儿童3个建议，故选B。
（3）推理题。根据 Can friends come over? If so, how many? ，可知你能出去吗？如果是，在哪里 Can you go out? If so, where? 适合放在横线处，都是条件状语从句的省略形式，故选C。
（4）细节题。根据 Don't worry. Keeping yourself busy is helpful. 别担心。让自己忙碌是有帮助的可知,此处是个负面情绪的形容词，A无聊的，B激动的，C放松的，D高兴的，bored 适合放在横线处，故选A。
（5）细节题。根据 As latchkey kids, knowing how to stay safe is just as important as following the family rules 作为钥匙儿童，知道如何保持安全和遵守家庭规则一样重要可知，钥匙儿童应该学会保护自己，故选B。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题，词义猜测题和主旨题四种常考题型，细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息，词义猜测题需要根据上下文提炼相关信息锁定词意，主旨题需要通读全文，了解大意之后找出中心思想。
8．阅读理解
Australia at last! The flight was tiring, but here I am at last, in Sydney! Look! Here we are at last! The Sydney Opera House! It looks like shells!
It's wonderful and amazing! And I'm taking the plane to New Zealand on Tuesday. I'll post again from there.
Coffee and Paris! Paris is beautiful! We went on a great city tour. We also took a boat ride on the River Seine. And it's nicer to just sit at a street care and watch the world go by. But, to tell you a secret. Frank's disappointed because no one can understand his French!
Don't come here! We're staying at a farm in Utah. There is nearly nothing! It's too quiet. Every morning, we get up really early, and we ride the horses. Then it's breakfast and more riding--not my idea of fun! So, today I walked to a little town near the farm where they actually have Internet! Next week, we're shopping in New York. I can't wait!
（1）Where is Jessy writing from?
A. Sydney.
B. New Zealand.
C. Paris.
D. Utah.
（2）What did Donna and Frank do during their travelling?
A. They visited museums.
B. They took a boat ride.
C. They sat at a street park.
D. They watched movies in the cinema.
（3）Which of the following is TRUE according to Anna's Moments（朋友圈） ?
A. It is too noisy around the farm.
B. Her idea of fun is horse riding.
C. She is going to London next week.
D. She cannot use Internet at the farm.
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）D
【解析】【分析】短文大意：这篇短文讲的是Jessy,Donna,Anna几个人参观不同的城市的感受。
（1）细节理解题。根据Australia at last! The flight was tiring, but here I am at last, in Sydney! 澳大利亚是最后一站。这次飞行很令人厌烦，但是在悉尼这里是我最后一站。故选A。
（2）细节理解题。根据 We also took a boat ride on the River Seine. 我们还乘船游览了塞纳河。故选B。
（3）细节理解题。根据So, today I walked to a little town near the farm where they actually have Internet! 因此，今天我步行到农场附近的一个小镇在那里他们实际上是有网络的。可知农场没有网络，她不能在农场使用网络，故选D。
【点评】此题考查阅读理解。我们先分析问题，弄清题意，然后带着问题阅读短文，从短文的细节中找出和问题相关的细节，选出正确答案。
9．阅读理解
The Big Wheel
New ride opens on May at Adventure Park
See all the city from it
Tickets on said at the par k entrance Adults: $ 3.50
Under 16 s: 2.50Future World
The amazing new computer game
On sale from next week in computer shops and supermarkets
For 2~4 players
Only $ 35!
Jeep Rides
In the desert
Tuesday and Saturday
2:00 p. m till 6:00 p. m.
$17.50 per person
Children must be ever 12 years old Tel: 321703
Competition Young singer of the Year York Concert Hall
May 29
Win a guitar!
Singers must be under 16
Want to know more? Call or text 998456
Teen Voice
The new magazine for teenagers $ 2 Interesting stories and pages of fashion and music
On sale every week
Go to www.teenvoice. com Top Two Books this Month
Forest Street by Alan Banks and Best Bike Ride by
Kim Jams
Order before April 10 for a special price for both
books — $ 20
www. booksalot. com
A. go to www.teenvoice. com
B. go to www.booksalot. com
C. call them at 321703
D. call or text 998456
（2）Tom wants to play computer games with his friends, what wilt he choose?
A. Then Voice.
B. Future World.
C. Best Bike Ride
D. Forest Street.（3）Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Best Bike Ride is written by Kim Jams.
B. The new magazine for teenagers is on sale every week.
C. Eleven-year-old David is allowed to drive a jeep in the desert on Tuesday.
D. Paul and Tina are going to the Big Wheel with theirs 4-year-old son, they should pay $ 9.50 for the tickets.
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）C
【解析】【分析】文章大意：主要介绍了六则广告的一些信息。
（1）细节理解题。根据表格四句子Competition Young singer of the Year，York Concert Hall，May 29，Win a guitar!，Singers must be under 16，Want to know more？Call or text 998456．年轻歌手比赛，纽约音乐厅，5月29日，赢得一个吉他，歌手必须在16岁以下，想知道更多？打电话或者发短信998456。可知可以打电话或者发短信998456。故选D。
（2）细节理解题。根据表格二句子Future World，The amazing new computer game未来的世界，神奇的新电脑游戏。可知汤姆想和他的朋友们玩电脑游戏。应该买未来的世界。故选B。
（3）细节判断题。根据表格三句子Children must be over 12 years old．儿童必须超过12岁。可知11岁的大卫被允许驾驶一辆吉普车在沙漠中行驶是错误的。故选C。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文主要考查细节理解题，首先仔细阅读文后的问题，弄清问题的大意；然后带着问题阅读短文，抓住关键信息，选择正确答案。
10．阅读理解
School is a good place for us to study. Yet sometimes, it's easy for us to have accidents there. Experts suggest that right safety training could avoid 80% of these accidents. Here are parts of safety rules in some countries.
In China, fire training at school is common to teach students to deal with emergencies （紧急情况）. During the training，students hurry to the playground with a wet cloth covering their mouth. Fire training is held each term.
In Japan, public elementary schools hold earthquake training once a month. They teach students how to escape during an earthquake without pushing.
Most US school buildings have fire escapes on each floor. A fire escape has platforms（露台） with ladders（梯子）.
In many middle schools in the UK, students can choose to take a bicycle course. There, they learn how to ride to school safely.
A. it is easy
B. it could avoid most of these accidents
C. it is interesting
D. it is accepted by the teachers
（2）If there is a fire, Chinese students should go to the playground hurriedly _______. A. with a wet cloth covering their mouth B. by using ladders
C. by bike
D. by pushing each other
（3）This passage mainly talks about _______.
A. how to escape from earthquakes
B. how to put out the fire
C. some school safety rules in some countries
D. a bicycle course
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）B
【解析】【分析】文章大意：校园是学习的地方，也是事故高发地，短文介绍了几个国家有关学校的安全规则。
（1）细节理解题，根据Experts suggest that right safety training could avoid 80% of these accidents.可知接受正确的安全训练，可以避免大部分的事故。故答案是B。
（2）细节理解题，根据fire training at school is common to teach students to deal with emergencies （紧急情况）. During the training，students hurry to the playground with a
wet cloth covering their mouth. Fire training is held each term.可知，在中国，火灾发生的时候，学生应该用湿毛巾捂住嘴迅速跑到操场，故答案是A。
（3）主旨大意题，根据文章内容可知，短文主要介绍了介个国家的学校安全规则，故答案是C。
【点评】考查阅读理解，本文涉及到了细节理解题和主旨大意题，细节理解题一般可直接从文中找到答案，主旨大意题需要在充分理解文章的基础上归纳文章的中心，选出正确答案。
11．阅读理解
SAFETY RULES ON THE MTR TRAINS
At the station:
?Be patient. Line up on the platform（站台） and wait for the train.
?Be polite. Let passengers get off first.
?Do not rush onto the train. It is dangerous.
?When you hear a "beep" sound, do not get on the train. The door is closing. Wait for another train.
On the train:
?Do not eat or drink on the train. It makes the train dirty.
?Do not run on the train.
?Give your seat to old men or women, the disabled or women carrying babies.
A. be a careful driver
B. buy MTR tickets
C. be a good passenger
D. keep safe at home
（2）People who will get on the train should __________.
A. wait in line
B. open the door
C. ask for help
D. leave the seats （3）When you hear a "beep" sound, ____________.
A. close the door
B. rush onto the train
C. get off the train at once
D. stop and wait for the next train
（4）The text is probably a __________.
A. report
B. notice
C. diary
D. poem
【答案】（1）C
（2）A
（3）D
（4）B
【解析】【分析】文章介绍了地铁站的一些应遵守的规则。
（1）细节理解题。根据SAFETY RULES ON THE MTR TRAINS可知，本文主要告诉读者如何成为一名乘客，故答案是C。
（2）细节理解题。根据Be patient. Line up on the platform（站台）and wait for the train.可知，上火车应该排队等候，故答案是A。
（3）细节理解题。根据When you hear a "beep" sound, do not get on the train.The door is closing. Wait for another train.可知，当你听到了警示声音，不能上车，要等下一趟车，故答案是D。
（4）主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，这是一则通告或者告示，告诉乘客有关乘车安全事宜，故答案是B。
【点评】考查阅读理解题，本文涉及到了细节理解题和和主旨大意题。细节理解题比较简单，可知直接从文章中找到答案，主旨大意题则需要根据结合文章的主要内容确定中心意思。
12．阅读理解
A. Its head was broken off.
B. It was taken by soldiers.
C. It was broken by Joe.
D. It was lost in the war.
（2）The best word for the blank is .
A. slow
B. hard
C. fast
D. quick
（3）What is the song mainly about ?
A. Dangerous war.
B. Interesting games.
C. Pleasant summer.
D. Valuable friendship.【答案】（1）A
（2）C
（3）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一首诗歌，讲述了两个从小一起玩的小男孩，他们小时候一起玩木头马，Jack的马坏了，Joe就让他一起玩他的玩具马；长大了他们当了士兵去打仗，Jack 受伤了，Joe骑着马把Jack带走了。
（1）细节题。根据短文中Then Jack broke off his horse's head可知Jack的玩具马的头断了，故选A。
（2）推理题。根据诗歌的第二节Long years past很多年过去了，战争来了，这个空与上句话在词尾是押韵的，past的结尾是/st/，因此这个空应填fast，它的结尾音也是/st/，故选C。
（3）主旨题。这篇短文讲述了两个从小一起玩的小男孩，他们小时候一起玩木头马，Jack 的马坏了，Joe就让他一起玩他的玩具马；长大了他们当了士兵去打仗，Jack受伤了，Joe 骑着马来把Jack带走了。从这首诗歌中，我们可以看到两个人珍贵的友谊，故选D。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题，和主旨题3种常考题型，细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息，主旨题需要通读全文，了解大意之后找出中心思想。
13．阅读理解
Some people bring out the best in you in a way that you might never have fully realized on your own. My mother was one of those people.
My father died when I was one year-old. While I was growing up, we led a very hard life, but my mom gave me a lot of love. Bach night, she seated me on her lap and, spoke the words that would change my life," Kemmons, you are sure to be a great man and you can do anything in life if you work hard enough to get it."
At fourteen, I was hit by a car and the doctors said that I would never walk again. Every might my mother spoke to me in her gentle, loving voice, telling me whatever those doctors said, I could walk again if I wanted to. She drove that message so deep into my heart that I finally believed her. A year later, I walked on my own to school!
When the Great Depression broke out, my mother lost her job. Then I left school to support the two of us. At that moment I decided never to be poor again.
Over the years, I experienced a lot of business success. But the real turning point happened on a vacation I took with my wife and five kids in 1951. I was dissatisfied with the second-class hotels available for families and was very angry, that they charged an extra $2 for each child. That was too expensive for an ordinary American family. I told my wife that I was going to open a motel
（汽车旅馆） for families that would never charge extra money for children. Many people did not believe me at that time.
Not surprisingly, mom was my strongest supporter. As in any business, I experienced a lot of difficulties. But with my mom's words in my heart, I never doubted I would succeed. Fifteen years later, I had the largest hotel system in the world- Holiday Inn. In 1979 my company had 1,759 inns in more than fifty countries with an income of $I billion a year.
You may not have started out life in the best situations. But if you find a task in life worth working for and believe in yourself, nothing can stop you.
（1）What Kemmons's mom often told him during his childhood was .
A. boring
B. tiring
C. encouraging
D. interesting
（2）What caused Kemmons to start a motel by himself?
A. His mom's support.
B. His wife's suggestion.
C. The poor condition of his family.
D. His terrible experience in the hotel.
（3）Which of the following best describes Kemmons's mother?
A. Serious and hard- working.
B. Loving and supportive.
C. Strict and humorous.
D. Careful and strong-willed.
（4）What led to Kemmons's success according to the passage? Why?（请用约40词回答）. 【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）B
（4）His mom's encouragement, clear goals, self-confidence and hard work. Because his mom's encouragement made him believe in himself. And if you find a task in life worth working for and believe in yourself, nothing can stop you.
【解析】【分析】本文主要介绍了作者的母亲是如何对自己进行教导和鼓励的。
（1）细节理解题。根据第二段"Kemmons, you are sure to be a great man and you can do anything in life if you work hard enough to get it."Kemmons，你一定会成为一个伟大的人，如果你努力工作，你可以做到任何事情，可知妈妈的话是鼓舞人的，encouraging鼓舞人的，故选C。
（2）细节理解题。根据第五段I was dissatisfied with the second-class hotels available for families and was very angry, that they charged an extra $2 for each child.I told my wife that I was going to open a motel for families that would never charge extra money for children，我对家庭可住的二级旅馆不满意，而且很生气，因为一个孩子多收两美元，我告诉我妻子，我要开一家不给孩子额外收费的家庭住的汽车旅馆，可知是由于在旅馆的糟糕的经历导致他决定自己开汽车旅馆，故选D。
（3）推理判断题。通过通读全文可知作者的妈妈是深爱孩子的，并且根据第六段mom was my strongest supporter，妈妈是我最强大的支持者，可知作者的妈妈一直都在鼓励、支持他，故选B。
（4）综合分析题。通过通读全文可知作者讲述了妈妈的鼓励对自己成功的影响；根据文章第四段At that moment I decided never to be poor again，在那时我就决定绝不要再贫穷了，可知他是有明确目标的人；最后一句话But if you find a task in life worth working for and
believe in yourself, nothing can stop you，可知作者的成功也有自己的自信和努力；原因是第六段But with my mom's words in my heart, I never doubted I would succeed但我心里有妈妈的话，我从不怀疑我会成功，和第七段But if you find a task in life worth working for and believe in yourself, nothing can stop you但如果你在生活中找到了一个值得为之工作的任务，并相信自己，没有什么能阻止你，故答案为His mom's encouragement, clear goals, self-confidence and hard work. Because his mom's encouragement made him believe in himself. And if you find a task in life worth working for and believe in yourself, nothing can stop you.
【点评】考查阅读理解，注意理解文章大意，读懂题目，去文章寻找关键词。
14．阅读理解
Bike-sharing has swept across China, with an increasing number of people choosing bike riding instead of driving. The bike that the service company provides has GPS or Bluetooth on it, and those bikes can be easily unlocked with a smartphone and left anywhere in public. Bike-sharing allows people to borrow a bike from one place and return it at another place easily.
In some cities, we can see more and more people riding this kind of sharing-bikes. It's very convenient to use the bikes if you have a smartphone. First, you have to download such an app on your smartphone. Then what you need to do is find a nearest hike through the app, scan the QR code on the bike or connect your phone with the bike over a Bluetooth wireless connection. You will find the bike can be unlocked itself. Then you can enjoy your trip. What's more, the greatest advantage of hike- sharing is that you can easily find one and never worry about where to park it. The cost of riding depends on the time that you spend. Normally, every hour you ride, you need to pay one yuan. It doesn't cost so much, does it?
At the same time, some people park the hikes in their own homes. Besides, some people don't value the bikes. Now service companies are trying to solve the problems like being stolen.
Technology and science have changed our social lifestyles. We have to say bike- sharing brings us more convenience without doubt. And we also hope that people can not only enjoy it but also put it to good use.
（1）From the first paragraph, we know ______.
A. bike-sharing is invented in China
B. sharing-bikes are used by some people
C. most people in cities don t drive
D. sharing-bikes can be borrowed anywhere
（2）II you want to use a sharing-bike, you must _________ first.
A. have a smartphone and download an app
B. download an app and pay for the trip
C. unlock the bike and download an app
D. find a nearest bike and borrow it from anyone
（3）Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this passage?
A. Bike-sharing is very cheap.
B. Sharing-bikes may be stolen.
C. Sharing-bikes are easy to unlock.
D. Bike-sharing is a kind of green transport.
（4）The passage probably comes from a ________.
A. science textbook
B. tourist guide
C. website news report
D. restaurant menu
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是讲述了共享单车在中国越来越受欢迎。如果想使用共享单车，必须要有一个智能手机并下载一个应用程序。它使用起来非常方便，而且价格也很便宜。但是现在有的人不爱惜自行车，到处乱放，还有自行车被偷盗现象，服务公司正试图解决这个问题。毫无疑问自行车共享给我们的出行带来了更多的便利，我们要很好地利用它。（1）推理题。根据Bike-sharing allows people to borrow a bike from one place and return it at another place easily自行车共享让人们可以很容易地从一个地方借自行车，然后在另一个地方归还，可知一些人使用共享自行车，故选B。
（2）细节题。根据文中句子“It's very conv enient to use the bikes if you have a smart phone. First, you have to download such an APP on your smart phone.”（如果你有智能手机，使用自行车非常方便。首先，你必须在智能手机上下载这样的应用程序。）可知，如果你想使用共享单车，你必须先有一个智能手机并下载一个应用程序，故选A。
（3）细节题。根据文中句子“The bike that the service company provides has GPS or Bluetooth on it. And those bikes can be easily unlocked with a smart phone and left anywhere in public.”可知，共享单车很容易解锁；根据“Now service companies are trying to solve the problem like being stolen.”可知，共享自行车可能会被盗；根据“The cost of riding depends on the time that you spend. Normally, every hour you ride, you need to pay one yuan. It doesn't cost so much, does it?”可知，使用共享单车比较便宜；Bike-sharing is a kind of green transport ，自行车共享是一种绿色交通工具，文章没有提及，故选D。
（4）推理题。A 科学教科，B旅游指南，C网站新闻报道，D餐馆菜单，根据本文是讲述了共享单车在中国越来越受欢迎。如果想使用共享单车，必须要有一个智能手机并下载一个应用程序，可知短文来自网站新闻报道，故选C。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题，细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息。
15．阅读理解
On Miriam's 9th birthday two years ago, her aunt, who lives in Kenya（肯尼亚）, gave money to a group that cares for elephants to celebrate Miriam's birthday. Then Miriam and her mother visited Africa to learn how the group was helping elephants. Later, Miriam fell in love with the animals and wanted to help save them.
A few months after visiting Africa, Miriam watched How I Became an Elephant, a film about the mistreatment of elephants in Thailand, and a young girl's effort to save them. Miriam decided she wanted to raise money to save elephants.
Last year, Miriam created a program called They Deserve（应得） to Be Free after seeing how young elephants are abused in Thailand. She learned how people take a baby elephant, don't give it food or water for days and beat it hard. "It made me really sad. I need to do something useful." Miriam said.
Miriam is working to make money for Elephant Nature Park in Thailand. She asked her friends to give money to the park rather than giving her birthday gifts.
She recently joined about 12 other students in an art center. They made elephants from clay and decorated（装饰） them. Then she created a plan to sell clay elephants.
Kate, Miriam's art teacher, opened her art studio（工作室）to Miriam and her friends on weekends so they could make clay elephants. She even gave them the clay." It's great to see a young student wanting to spend her time on something meaningful. This is what we should all work towards," Kate said.
Miriam says she has sold 180 clay elephants worth 2, 000 dollars, and all of that money has been sent to Elephant Nature Park in Thailand.
（1）Miriam went to Africa to ________.
A. join a group
B. visit her aunt
C. help save elephants
D. learn about the group （2）The underlined word "abused" in Paragraph 3 means .
A. 虐待
B. 杀害
C. 训练
D. 饲养（3）Which of the following is TRUE about Kate from the passage?
A. She was probably very proud of Miriam.
B. She taught Miriam to make clay elephants.
C. She spent time selling clay elephants with Miriam.
D. She was worried that Miriam's plan wouldn't work.
（4）The best title for the passage is probably .
A. Elephants Are in Great Danger
B. Care for Animals, Care for Earth
C. 11-year-old Fights to Save Elephants
D. Protect Animals-Duty of Everyone
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）A
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文介绍了一个有爱心，为了大象做了很多事情的女孩。
（1）细节题。根据 Then Miriam and her mother visited Africa to learn how the group was helping elephants 可知米里亚姆访问了非洲，为了了解该组织，故选D。
（2）词义猜测题。根据 Miriam created a program called They Deserve（应得） to Be Free after seeing how young elephants are abused in Thailand. She learned how people take a baby elephant, don't give it food or water for days and beat it hard 可知abused，虐待，故选A。（3）推理题。根据 She even gave them the clay." It's great to see a young student wanting to
spend her time on something meaningful. This is what we should all work towards," Kate said 可知Kate为，Miriam感到骄傲，故选A。
（4）主旨题。根据本文介绍了一个有爱心，为了大象做了很多事情的女孩，可知标题适合是11-year-old Fights to Save Elephants 11岁的孩子为了拯救大象而战斗，故选C。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题，词义猜测题和主旨题四种常考题型，细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息，词义猜测题需要根据上下文提炼相关信息锁定词意，主旨题需要通读全文，了解大意之后找出中心思想。
最新中考英语知识点汇总中考英语知识点：名词所有格 【速记口诀】 名词所有格，表物是"谁的"。 若为生命词，加"‘s"即可行。 词尾有s，仅把逗号择。 并列名词后，各自和共有。 前者分别加，后者最后加。 若为无生命词，of所有格。 前后须倒置，此是硬规则。 【妙语诠释】
①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加"‘"; ②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加"‘s"，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加"’s"; ③如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格，这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同，A of B要翻译为B的A. 中考英语知识点：宾语从句用法巧记口诀 【速记口诀】 宾语从句须注意，几点事项应牢记。 一是关键引导词，不同句子词相异。 陈述句子用that;一般疑问是否(if，whether)替; 特殊问句更好办，引导还用疑问词。 二是时态常变化，主句不同从句异。
主句若为现在时，从句时态应看意; 主句若为过去时，从句时态向前移。 三是语序要记清，从句永保陈述序。 【妙语诠释】 宾语从句应注意三点： ①引导词，陈述句一般由that引导，这时的that可以省略;一般疑问句则由if或whe-ther引导;而特殊疑问句则由特殊疑问词引导。 ②时态，主句是现在时态，从句可用所需要的任何时态;但如果主句是过去时态，从句时态所表示时间一般往前移一个时间段。 ③语序，宾语从句永远要用陈述句顺序。 中考英语知识点：语法学习口诀 1、最初的简单动词的学习。
来是come，去是go.点头yes，摇头no.再见要用goodbye，谢谢要说thankyou. 2、关于Be的用法：BTH 我用am，你用are，is用在他、她、它，凡是复数都用are.不能错来，不能差。 3、关于冠词的使用：BTH 不见原因(元音)，别施恩(n)。 4、不用冠词的部分情况：BTH 季节、月份、节假日，三餐、球类和星期。 5、以-fe结尾变复数只加s的单词： gulf roof chief serf belief proof handkerchief 海湾边，屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望，谁说他们无信仰，证据写在
avoid 可表示“避开”或“躲避”(keep oneself from)某人或某物；也可表示“防止”(prevent... from...)某事的发生。如： I think she is avoiding me. 我想她在躲我。 avoid+sth./doing sth.（2次）可接名词或动名词作宾语，但是不能接不定式作宾语。如： Try to avoid accidents.尽量防止发生事故。 He avoided answering my questions.他对我的问题避而不答。 happen 指偶然发生，具有不可预测性，主语一 般是某物/某事。表示“某人发生了什么事” 时用sth. happen(s) to sb.; happen 还可以表示“碰巧”，常用于“sb. happen(s) to do sth.”和“It happens+that 从句”两种结构。 注意：happen 和take place 都没有被动语态。
suggest sth. (to sb. ) （向某人）建议某事。 suggest doing sth. 建议做某事。 suggest sb. (宾格)/one’s doing sth.建议某人做某事 suggest 意为“ 暗示；表明”时，用于suggest+that从句(表示此意思的时候，一般只考查这一个用法)，此时，其宾语从句不能使用虚拟语气，而是使用陈述语气，即该用什么时态就用什么时态，只是要注意和主句suggest的时态对应即可。 suggest + that从句，表示建议……。此时that从句 要使用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语由“(should) + 动词 原形”构成，且should可以省略。 。 ①regret＋n./pron. 意为“后悔,对……表示歉意”。 如: If you don’t do it now, you’ll regret later. 如果你现在不做,以后一定会后悔的。 ②regret ＋that/wh-从句,意为“后悔,遗憾……”。如: I have deeply regretted what I said.我非常后悔说了那些话。 ③regret＋to do sth.意为“对做某事感到遗憾”。如: We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.我们很遗憾地通
初中化学知识点总结归 纳 集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#
化学知识点的归纳总结。 一、初中化学常见物质的颜色 （一）、固体的颜色 1、红色固体：铜，氧化铁 2、绿色固体：碱式碳酸铜 3、蓝色固体：氢氧化铜，硫酸铜晶体 4、紫黑色固体：高锰酸钾 5、淡黄色固体：硫磺 6、无色固体：冰，干冰，金刚石 7、银白色固体：银，铁，镁，铝，汞等金属 8、黑色固体：铁粉，木炭，氧化铜，二氧化锰，四氧化三铁，（碳黑，活性炭） 9、红褐色固体：氢氧化铁 10、白色固体：氯化钠，碳酸钠，氢氧化钠，氢氧化钙，碳酸钙，氧化钙，硫酸铜，五氧化二磷，氧化镁 （二）、液体的颜色 11、无色液体：水，双氧水 12、蓝色溶液：硫酸铜溶液，氯化铜溶液，硝酸铜溶液 13、浅绿色溶液：硫酸亚铁溶液，氯化亚铁溶液，硝酸亚铁溶液 14、黄色溶液：硫酸铁溶液，氯化铁溶液，硝酸铁溶液 15、紫红色溶液：高锰酸钾溶液 16、紫色溶液：石蕊溶液 （三）、气体的颜色 17、红棕色气体：二氧化氮 18、黄绿色气体：氯气 19、无色气体：氧气，氮气，氢气，二氧化碳，一氧化碳，二氧化硫，氯化氢气体等大多数气体。 二、初中化学之三 1、我国古代三大化学工艺：造纸，制火药，烧瓷器。 2、氧化反应的三种类型：爆炸，燃烧，缓慢氧化。 3、构成物质的三种微粒：分子，原子，离子。 4、不带电的三种微粒：分子，原子，中子。 5、物质组成与构成的三种说法： （1）、二氧化碳是由碳元素和氧元素组成的； （2）、二氧化碳是由二氧化碳分子构成的； （3）、一个二氧化碳分子是由一个碳原子和一个氧原子构成的。 6、构成原子的三种微粒：质子，中子，电子。 7、造成水污染的三种原因： （1）工业“三废”任意排放， （2）生活污水任意排放 （3）农药化肥任意施放 8、收集气体的三种方法：排水法（不容于水的气体），向上排空气法（密度比空气大的气体），向下排空气法（密度比空气小的气体）。 9、质量守恒定律的三个不改变：原子种类不变，原子数目不变，原子质量不变。 10、不饱和溶液变成饱和溶液的三种方法：增加溶质，减少溶剂，改变温度（升高或降低）。 11、复分解反应能否发生的三个条件：生成水、气体或者沉淀 12、三大化学肥料：N、P、K
电极气体的量检验方法及现象结论 正极负极气体体积是负极的 1/2 气体体积是正极的2 倍 气体能使带火星的困 气体能在空气中阖,产生便靠灭祐 正极产生的气体是 屈］产生的气体是 八年级上《科学》第一章生活中的水复习提纲 第一节水在哪里 1.海洋水：海水约占地球水总量的96 53% 2.陆地淡水：地球上最大的豚水主体|是|冰川团,目前，人类利用的淡水资源主要是河流水、淡水湖泊水、浅层地下水，仅占地球上淡水总量的匹 3.水何|固、液、气|三种状态，水的三态变化属于物理变化 4.水与生命：一个健康成年人，平均每天需2. 5升水，人体重量的2/3以上是水分 「小循」秆①陆上内循环：陆地一一大气 5.水的循环彳L②海上内循环：海洋一一大气 L大循环—海陆间水循环：海洋—陆地—大气 （1）海陆间大循环的5个环节： a蒸发、植物的蒸腾和冰川的升华b水汽输送c降水d地表径流e下渗（地 下径流） （2）地球于水体的昨?更新周期最堆的是大气水 6.每年的|3月22百|为| “世界水百” 第二节水的组成 1.水的电解（正氧负氢，氢2氧1） 实验结论：水*:氢气+氧气，说明水是由国和园组成的（水的电解是化学变化） 2.、水的重要性质 第三节.水的密度 1、密度定义：.|单位体定义某种物质的质量|叫做该物质的西。. ?密度是物质的固有属性，与物体的形状、体积、质量无关，即对于同一物质而言, 密度值是不变的。（如：一杯水和一桶水的密度是一样的；） ?不同的物质，密度不同； 1、密度的公式： m P= ------- （公式变形：m=pv v=m / P ） P表示密度，m表示质量（单位：千克或克），v表示体积（单位：米3或厘米？ ? 水的密度为lo 0X103千克/米3,它所表示的意义是1米3的水的质量是1000千克, 3、.密度的单位： （1）密度的单位：千克/米3或克/厘米： （2）两者的关系：1克/厘米3=1000千克/米3 lkg/m3=lX10 -g/cm3
圆的知识点总结 （一）圆的有关性质 ［知识归纳］ 1. 圆的有关概念： 圆、圆心、半径、圆的内部、圆的外部、同心圆、等圆； 弦、直径、弦心距、弧、半圆、优弧、劣弧、等弧、弓形、弓形的高； 圆的内接三角形、三角形的外接圆、三角形的外心、圆内接多边形、多边形的外接圆；圆心角、圆周角、圆内接四边形的外角。 2. 圆的对称性 圆是轴对称图形，经过圆心的每一条直线都是它的对称轴，圆有无数条对称轴； 圆是以圆心为对称中心的中心对称图形； 圆具有旋转不变性。 3. 圆的确定 不在同一条直线上的三点确定一个圆。 4. 垂直于弦的直径 垂径定理垂直于弦的直径平分这条弦，并且平分弦所对的两条弧； 推论1 （1）平分弦（不是直径）的直径垂直于弦，并且平分弦所对的两条弧； （2）弦的垂直平分线经过圆心，并且平分弦所对的两条弧； （3）平分弦所对的一条弧的直径垂直平分弦，并且平分弦所对的另一条弧。 垂径定理及推论1 可理解为一个圆和一条直线具备下面五个条件中的任意两个，就 可推出另外三个：①过圆心；②垂直于弦；③平分弦（不是直径）； ④平分弦所对的优弧；⑤平分弦所对的劣弧。 1
推论2圆的两条平行弦所夹的弧相等。 5. 圆心角、弧、弦、弦心距之间的关系 定理在同圆或等圆中，相等的圆心角所对的弧相等，所对的弦相等；所对的弦的弦心距相等。 推论在同圆或等圆中，如果两个圆心角、两条弧、两条弦或两条弦的弦心距中有一组量相等，那么它们所对应的其余各组量都分别相等。 此定理和推论可以理解成：在同圆或等圆中，满足下面四个条件中的任何一个就能推出另外三个：①两个圆心角相等；②两个圆心角所对的弧相等；③两个圆 心角或两条弧所对的弦相等；④两条弦的弦心距相等。 圆心角的度数等于它所对的弧的度数。 6. 圆周角 定理一条弧所对的圆周角等于它所对的圆心角的一半； 推论1同弧或等弧所对的圆周角相等；在同圆或等圆中，相等的圆周角所对的弧也相等； 推论2半圆（或直径）所对的圆周角是直角；90°的圆周角所对的弦是直径； 推论3如果三角形一边上的中线等于这边的一半，那么这个三角形是直角三角形。 圆周角的度数等于它所对的弧的度数的一半。 7. 圆内接四边形的性质 圆内接四边形的对角互补，并且任何一个外角都等于它的内对角。 ※8. 轨迹 轨迹符合某一条件的所有的点组成的图形，叫做符合这个条件的点的轨迹。 （1）平面内，到一定点的距离等于定长的点的轨迹，是以这个定点为圆心，定长为半径的圆； （2）平面内，和已知线段两个端点的距离相等的点的轨迹，是这条线段的垂直平分线； （3）平面内，到已知角两边的距离相等的点的轨迹，是这个角的平分线。 ［例题分析］ 例1. 已知：如图1，在⊙O中，半径OM⊥弦AB于点N。 图1 ①若AB ＝，ON＝1，求MN的长； ②若半径OM＝R，∠AOB＝120°，求MN的长。 解：①∵AB ＝，半径OM⊥AB，∴AN＝BN ＝ ∵ON＝1，由勾股定理得OA＝2 ∴MN＝OM－ON＝OA－ON＝1 ②∵半径OM⊥AB，且∠AOB＝120°∴∠AOM＝60° 2
中考英语知识点归纳汇总-详细 第一课时名词 一、概述 1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。 2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。（运用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。（专有名词的第一个字母要大写） 二、可数名词与不可数名词 1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glass-----glasses; book---- books 2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。 如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。 3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。 Light travels faster than sound; (light：光线，不可数) The lights are on. (light：灯，可数)
4、不可数名词的量的表示 不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数量，它的量往往借助于容器来表示。 如：a glass of milk ------ four glasses of milk a piece of paper------two pieces of paper a bag of rice------three bags of rice 三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用） 1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化 情况 变化形式 例词 一般情况 加-s girls; books; 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词
初中化学知识点总结 1、常见元素、原子图化合价口诀 正一氢锂钠钾银铵根；负一氟氯溴碘氢氧根；二价氧钙镁钡锌;三铝四硅五价磷;二三铁、二四碳,二四六硫都齐全;锰有二四六和七，铜汞二价最常见,单质为0永不变;酸根负，一价硝酸根,二价硫酸碳酸根，三价就是磷酸根。 一些常见元素、原子团(根）的化合价 2、初中常见物质的化学式
) 白色沉淀:CａCO3、BaCO3、Mg（OH)2、Al(OH)3、Zn(OH)2、AgＣl、BaSO４(其中仅ＢaＳO４、AｇＣl是不溶于HNO3的白色沉淀)微溶于水：Cａ（OH)２、CａSO４、Aｇ2SO4 3、物质的学名、俗名及化学式 (1）金刚石、石墨:C （2)水银、汞:Hｇ (3)生石灰、氧化钙:CaO （4）干冰（固体二氧化碳）:CO2 （5)）盐酸、氢氯酸:HCｌ (6）亚硫酸：H２SO3 S （７)氢硫酸:H ２ （８）熟石灰、消石灰：Ca（ＯH）2 （９)苛性钠、火碱、烧碱：ＮaOＨ (1０)纯碱、苏打:Nａ2ＣO３碳酸钠晶体、纯碱晶体：Na2ＣO3?10H２O (11)碳酸氢钠、酸式碳酸钠、小苏打：NaＨCＯ３ （１２)胆矾、蓝矾、硫酸铜晶体：CuSO４?5Ｈ2O (13）铜绿、孔雀石:Cｕ２(OH)2CO3(分解生成三种氧化物的物质） (14)甲醇(有毒、误食造成失明甚至死亡):CＨ3OH (15)酒精、乙醇：Ｃ2H5OH (1６)醋酸、乙酸(具有酸的通性）ＣH3COOＨ(CＨ3CＯＯ—醋酸根离子） (17)氨气：NH3(碱性气体) （１8)氨水、一水合氨：NH3?H2Ｏ（为常见的碱，具有碱的通性,是一种不含金 属离子的碱） (１９)亚硝酸钠:NaNO2 (工业用盐、有毒) ４、常见物质的颜色 （1）固体物质颜色 A 、白色固体：氧化钙、氢氧化钙、碳酸钠、碳酸钙、氢氧化钠、五 氧化二磷、白磷、氧化镁、氯酸钾、氯化钾、氯化钠、 Ｂ、黄色固体：硫粉(S） C、红色固体：红磷（P）、氧化铁、铜（Ｃu）、氧化汞(ＨｇＯ) ．５H2O Ｄ、蓝色固体：胆矾CuSＯ ４ E、黑色固体：木炭、石墨、氧化铜、二氧化锰、四氧化三铁、铁粉、 F 、绿色固体:碱式碳酸铜Cu2(OＨ)2CＯ3、锰酸钾K2MnO4 G、紫黑色固体：高锰酸钾 H、无色固体：冰，干冰，金刚石 I 、银白色固体:银、铁、镁、铝、锌等金属。
圆知识点学案 考点一、圆的相关概念 1、圆的定义 在一个平面，线段OA绕它固定的一个端点O旋转一周，另一个端点A随之旋转所形成的图形叫做圆，固定的端点O叫做圆心，线段OA叫做半径。 2、圆的几何表示 以点O为圆心的圆记作“⊙O”，读作“圆O” 考点二、弦、弧等与圆有关的定义 （1）弦 连接圆上任意两点的线段叫做弦。（如图中的AB） （2）直径 经过圆心的弦叫做直径。（如途中的CD） 直径等于半径的2倍。 （3）半圆 圆的任意一条直径的两个端点分圆成两条弧，每一条弧都叫做半圆。 （4）弧、优弧、劣弧 圆上任意两点间的部分叫做圆弧，简称弧。 弧用符号“⌒”表示，以A，B为端点的弧记作“”，读作“圆弧AB”或“弧AB”。 大于半圆的弧叫做优弧（多用三个字母表示）；小于半圆的弧叫做劣弧（多用两个字母表示） 考点三、垂径定理及其推论 垂径定理：垂直于弦的直径平分这条弦，并且平分弦所对的弧。 推论1：（1）平分弦（不是直径）的直径垂直于弦，并且平分弦所对的两条弧。（2）弦的垂直平分线经过圆心，并且平分弦所对的两条弧。 （3）平分弦所对的一条弧的直径垂直平分弦，并且平分弦所对的另一条弧。 推论2：圆的两条平行弦所夹的弧相等。 垂径定理及其推论可概括为： 过圆心 垂直于弦 直径平分弦知二推三 平分弦所对的优弧 平分弦所对的劣弧 考点四、圆的对称性 1、圆的轴对称性 圆是轴对称图形，经过圆心的每一条直线都是它的对称轴。 2、圆的中心对称性 圆是以圆心为对称中心的中心对称图形。 考点五、弧、弦、弦心距、圆心角之间的关系定理
1、圆心角 顶点在圆心的角叫做圆心角。 2、弦心距 从圆心到弦的距离叫做弦心距。 3、弧、弦、弦心距、圆心角之间的关系定理 在同圆或等圆中，相等的圆心角所对的弧相等，所对的弦想等，所对的弦的弦心距相等。 推论：在同圆或等圆中，如果两个圆的圆心角、两条弧、两条弦或两条弦的弦心距中有一组量相等，那么它们所对应的其余各组量都分别相等。 考点六、圆周角定理及其推论 1、圆周角 顶点在圆上，并且两边都和圆相交的角叫做圆周角。 2、圆周角定理 一条弧所对的圆周角等于它所对的圆心角的一半。 推论1：同弧或等弧所对的圆周角相等；同圆或等圆中，相等的圆周角所对的弧也相等。 推论2：半圆（或直径）所对的圆周角是直角；90°的圆周角所对的弦是直径。推论3：如果三角形一边上的中线等于这边的一半，那么这个三角形是直角三角形。 考点七、点和圆的位置关系 设⊙O的半径是r，点P到圆心O的距离为d，则有： d
初中英语中考考点大汇总 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+ do eg :I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）补：a place of interest 名胜 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with 同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you 我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候补：at least 至少 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test
初中科学知识点总结宇宙空间1 第一章地球在宇宙中的位置 第一节四季的星空 1．星图上的方位判断 星图上的方位：上北下南，左东右西。 3．阳历和地球公转的关系 (1)地球公转产生四季更替的周期为365．2422天。 (2)阳历日、月时间的依据 阳历月份天数是依据四季更替的周期和地球绕日公转的速度安排的。由于四季更替周期为365．2422天，故采用大小月，大月为31天，小月为30天；2月平年为28天，闰年为29天。 (3)阳历闰年的安排 阳历在每400年中设97个366日的年(闰年)，其余的303年为365天(平年)。公元年能被4整除的是闰年，世纪年必须能被400整除才是闰年。 4．农历与月相的关系 (1)月相的含义月球的各种圆缺形态叫月相。 (2)月相变化的成因 ①月球是一个不透明、不发光的球体。 ②太阳、地球、月球三者相对位置在一个月中有规律地变化。 (3)月相名称及其出现时间的判断
①当日、月、地在同一直线上时，月球居中时为新月(朔)，时间为农历初一，地球居中时为满月(望)，时间为农历十五、十六。 ②当日、月、地三者相互垂直时，月球向日、地另一侧运动时为上弦月，时间为农历初七、八；月球向日、地中间运动时为下弦月，时间为农历二十二、二十三。 ③月相 ④月相变化的周期29.53天。 (4)农历月天数的安排农历月中。大月为30天，小月为29天，大小月相间分布，所以要安排闰月的方式与公历保持一致。 第二节太阳系与星际航行 1．太阳和月球 (1)太阳的基本概况 太阳是离地球最近的恒星。它是一颗能发光发热的气体星球，直径约为140万千米，表面温度约6000℃，中心温度高达l500万℃，日地距离约1.5亿千米。地球在自转的同时围绕着太阳运动，绕着太阳旋转一周需要一年时间。 (2)月球的基本概况 月球是地球惟一的天然卫星。月地平均距离约为38.44万千米，月球直径约为3476千米，月球本身不发光。月面的阴暗部分是月球表面的平原、低地地区，月面的明亮部分属于月球表面的高原、山地地区。月面有众多的环形山。月球绕地球公转的周期大约为一个月，它同时也在不停地自转，周期恰好也是一个月，所以在地球上所看到的月球都是同一副面孔。 2．太阳活动对人类的影响 (1)常见的太阳活动的类型：太阳黑子、日珥和耀斑。太阳黑子发生于光球层，
历年英语中考考点归纳 必考内容之一：被动语态 考查形式：单项，完形，完成句子题型出现，尤其是完成句子。 考察难度：考查的动词都是比较简单、拼写不会超过5个字母的单词，过去分词一般都是直接+ed出现，出题不难，要求掌握被动语态的判断、被动语态的结构和动词过去分词的正确拼写。 要点归纳： 1、结构：be+过去分词+（by+动作执行者） 2、掌握的几种形式： 一般现在时的被动语态： 一般过去时的被动语态： 现在完成时的被动语态：（理解要求） 一般将来时的被动语态： 含有情态动词的被动语态： 3、感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的不定式，主动语态中不带to，但北纬被动语态时，须 加上to Feel, hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch observe, notice, look at, help 口诀：十二个动词真正怪 To去to 归让人烦 主动语态时不在 被动语态却回来 例：make sb do sth = sb +be+made + to do sth 4、被动语态常考的固定搭配： Be made of Be made from Be made in Be used for Be used to do 注意下列短语和动词有“被动形式”，但没有被动的意思： be used to doing Used to do sth Be made up of Be dressed Be well-known for 5、无被动语态的不及物动词常考的有：happen, take place, begin, start, end, belong to, come true. 6、含双宾语的被动语态： 和to搭配的：give, show, pass, hand, tell, lend, bring ,ect. 和for搭配的：buy, pay, sing, wake, get, do, ect. 7、主动表被动的动词：sell, wash, write, 和五个起来：feel, smell, look, taste, sound e.g.: The pen writes well. He looks strong.
初中科学知识点归纳整理 一、科学在我们身边 作为科学的入门，本节内容从自然界的一些奇妙现象入手，通过对这些自然现象的疑问，引发学生的探究兴趣，从而理解科学的本质——科学是一门研究各种自然现象，并寻找相应答案的学科。 观察、实验、思考是科学探究的重要方法。 科学技术的不断发展改变着世界，但是我们要辩证地来看待这个问题。它对我们的生活既带来了正面的影响，也带来了负面的影响，从而理解学习科学知识的重要性，并使之更好地为人类服务。 二、实验和观察 观察和实验是学习科学的基础，实验又是进行科学研究最重要的环节。要进行实验，就要了解一些常用的仪器及其用途和实验室的 操作规程。 试管：是少量试剂的反应容器，可以加热，用途十分广泛。试管加热时要用试管夹(长 柄向内，短柄向外，手握长柄)。给试管内的液体加热时，液体 体积不能超过试管容积的1/3，试管夹应夹在距离试管口1/3处。 加热时试管要倾斜45度。，并先均匀预热，再在液体集中部位加热。热的试管不能骤冷，以免试管破裂。 停表：用来测量时间，主要是测定时间间隔。 天平和砝码：配套使用，测量物体的质量。 电流表：测定电流的大小。 电压表：测定电压的大小。 显微镜：用来观察细胞等肉眼无法观察的微观世界的物质及变化。
酒精灯：是常用的加热仪器，实验室的主要热源。使用时用它的外焰加热。 烧杯：能用于较多试剂的反应容器，并能配制、稀释溶液等。 表面皿：可暂时盛放少量的固体和液体。 药匙：用来取用少量固体。 玻璃棒：主要用于搅拌、引流、转移固体药品。 认识自然界的事物要从观察开始。首先要有正确的观察态度，不能为了观察而观察，要明确观察目的，全面、细致地观察实验现象，通过比较、分析，正确地描述、记录实验现象。 由于人体感官具有局限性，所以运用感觉器官的观察——直接观察往往不能对事物做出可靠的判断。为了能正确地进行观察，做出 准确的判断，我们可以借助工具，扩大观察的范围和进行数据的测量。 三、长度和体积的测量 测量和观察是我们进行科学探究的基本技能。所谓测量是指将一个待测的量和一个公认的标准量进行比较的过程。根据不同的测量 要求，测量对象，我们应能选用合适的测量工具和测量方法，尽可 能使用国际公认的主单位——即公认的标准量。 1、长度的测量。 国际公认的长度主单位是米，单位符号是m。了解一些常用的长 度单位，并掌握它们之间的换算关系。 l千米(km)=1000米(m) 1米(m)=10分米(dm)=100厘米(cm)=1000毫米(mm)=106微米(m)=109纳米(nm) 测量长度使用的基本工具是刻度尺。正确使用刻度尺的方法是本节的重点和难点。
中考英语核心知识点汇总 中考英语核心知识点汇总英语语法重点与难点 1、as…as…结构：你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。 You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom. 2、(1)too…to与so…that sb. can’t…的句型转换：前者为简单句，主语只有一个，而后者为复合句，主语有两个，试比较：The man was too angry to be able to speak. The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak. (2) too…to…与 not enough to句型的转换： He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married. The book is too difficult for me to read.= The book is not easy enough for me to read. 3、形容词原级表示比较级含义： 约翰不象迈克那么苯。 John is not so stupid as Mike. John is less stupid than Mike. John is cleverer than Mike. 4、用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。 John is taller than any other boy in the class. John is the tallest boy in the class. 5、the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”: The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is. The more food you eat, the fatter you are. 6、more and more….表示“越来……越……”:
第一章科学入门 一、科学在我们身边 作为科学的入门，本节内容从自然界的一些奇妙现象入手，通过对这些自然现象的疑问，引发学生的探究兴趣，从而理解科学的本质——科学是一门研究各种自然现象，并寻找相应答案的学科。 观察、实验、思考是科学探究的重要方法。 科学技术的不断发展改变着世界，但是我们要辩证地来看待这个问题。它对我们的生活既带来了正面的影响，也带来了负面的影响，从而理解学习科学知识的重要性，并使之更好地为人类服务。 二、实验和观察 观察和实验是学习科学的基础，实验又是进行科学研究最重要的环节。要进行实验，就要了解一些常用的仪器及其用途和实验室的操作规程。 试管：是少量试剂的反应容器，可以加热，用途十分广泛。试管加热时要用试管夹（长 柄向内，短柄向外，手握长柄）。给试管内的液体加热时，液体体积不能超过试管容积的1/3，试管夹应夹在距离试管口1/3处。加热时试管要倾斜45度，并先均匀预热，再在液体集中部位加热。热的试管不能骤冷，以免试管破裂。 停表：用来测量时间，主要是测定时间间隔。 天平和砝码：配套使用，测量物体的质量。 电流表：测定电流的大小。 电压表：测定电压的大小。 显微镜：用来观察细胞等肉眼无法观察的微观世界的物质及变化。 酒精灯：是常用的加热仪器，实验室的主要热源。使用时用它的外焰加热。 烧杯：能用于较多试剂的反应容器，并能配制、稀释溶液等。 表面皿：可暂时盛放少量的固体和液体。 药匙：用来取用少量固体。 玻璃棒：主要用于搅拌、引流、转移固体药品。 认识自然界的事物要从观察开始。首先要有正确的观察态度，不能为了观察而观察，要明确观察目的，全面、细致地观察实验现象，通过比较、分析，正确地描述、记录实验现象。 由于人体感官具有局限性，所以运用感觉器官的观察——直接观察往往不能对事物做出可靠的判断。为了能正确地进行观察，做出准确的判断，我们可以借助工具，扩大观察的范围和进行数据的测量。 三、长度和体积的测量 测量和观察是我们进行科学探究的基本技能。所谓测量是指将一个待测的量和一个公认
《圆》题型分类资料 一．圆的有关概念： 1.下列说法：①直径是弦②弦是直径③半圆是弧，但弧不一定是半圆④长度相等的两条弧是等弧，正确的命题有（） A. 1个 B.2个 C.3个 D.4个 2．下列命题是假命题的是（） A．直径是圆最长的弦B．长度相等的弧是等弧 C．在同圆或等圆中，相等的圆心角所对的弧也相等 D．如果三角形一边的中线等于这条边的一半，那么这个三角形是直角三角形。 3.下列命题正确的是（） A．三点确定一个圆B．长度相等的两条弧是等弧 C．一个三角形有且只有一个外接圆D.一个圆只有一个外接三角形 4.下列说法正确的是( ) A．相等的圆周角所对的弧相等B．圆周角等于圆心角的一半 C．长度相等的弧所对的圆周角相等D．直径所对的圆周角等于90° 5.下面四个图中的角，为圆心角的是( ) A．B．C．D． 二．和圆有关的角： 1. 如图1，点O是△ABC的内心，∠A=50 ，则∠BOC=_________ 图1 图2 2.如图2，若AB是⊙O的直径，CD是⊙O的弦，∠ABD=58°，则∠BCD的度数为( ) A.116° B.64° C. 58° D.32° 3. 如图3，点O为优弧AB所在圆的圆心，∠AOC=108°，点D在AB的延长线上，BD=BC，则∠D的度数为
A 图3 图4 4. 如图4，AB、AC是⊙O的两条切线，切点分别为B、C，D是优弧BC上的一点，已知∠BAC＝80°， 那么∠BDC＝_________度． 5. 如图5，在⊙O中，BC是直径，弦BA，CD的延长线相交于点P，若∠P＝50°，则∠AOD＝． A 图5 图6 6. 如图6，A，B，C，是⊙O上的三个点，若∠AOC＝110°，则∠ABC＝°． 7.圆的内接四边形ABCD中，∠A：∠B：∠C=2：3：7，则∠D的度数为。 8. 若⊙O的弦AB所对的劣弧是优弧的 1 3 ，则∠AOB＝ . 9.如图7，AB是⊙O的直径，C、D、E都是⊙O上的点，则∠1＋∠2=________ A 图7 图8 10.如图8，△ABC是O的内接三角形，点C是优弧AB上一点（点C不与A，B重合），设OABα ∠=，Cβ ∠=（1）当35 α=时，求β的度数； （2）猜想α与β之间的关系为 11.已知：如图1，四边形ABCD内接于⊙O，延长BC至E，求证：∠A+∠B C D=180°，∠DCE=∠A； 如图2，若点C在⊙O外，且A、C两点分别在直线BD的两侧，试确定∠A+∠BCD与180°的大小关系；
中考英语重点知识归纳 一.常使用动词不定式的短语 1. It’s time to do sth.\ It’s time for sth 该作某事的时候了. 2. can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待要作某事 3. Ask /tell sb. (not ) to do sth. 要求/告诉某人(不)作某事 4. Allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人作某事 5. Be supposed to do sth. 应该作某事 6. Would like /want (sb.) to do sth. 想要作某事 7. Have sth/nothing to do 有…时要做/与…无关 8. Find it +adj. to do sth. 发觉作某事… 9. Prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿作某事,而不愿作某事 10. It’s +adj. for/of sb. to do sth. 作某事对某人来说… 11. It’s better /best to do sth. 最好做某事 12. It takes sb. st. to do sth. 某人做某事用了一些时间 二.常用动名词的短语 13. Enjoy /like /love/hate /be fond of doing sth. 喜欢做某事 14. Keep /keep on /carry on / go on doing sth. 继续做某事 15. Feel like doing sth. 想要做某事
16. Practice doing sth. 练习作某事 17. Give up doing sth. =stop doing Sth. 放弃作某事 18. Be good at/ do well in doing sth. 擅长作某事 19. Pay attention to doing sth. 注意作某事 20. What about/ how about doing sth. ….怎么样(好吗) 21. Thank you for doing sth. 为…感谢某人 22. Mind doing sth. 介意作某事 23. Be used for doing sth./ be used to do sth. 被用来作某事 24. Spend …(in) doing sth. 花时间作某时 25. Be busy doing/ with sth. 忙于作某事 26. Finish doing sth. 作完某时 27. Make a contribution to doing sth. 在…做贡献 28. Look forward to doing Sth. 29. Prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢…胜过… 30. Be/get used to doing sth. 习惯作某事 31. Keep / stop/ prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人作某事 32. have problems/ difficulty (in) doing sth.做某事有….麻烦 三.省略动词不定式的短语 33. 一感二听三使役四看半帮助 34. See/ hear/ feel/ notice/ look at /listen to sb. do sth. 看见/听见/感觉/注意某人作某事
初中化学知识归纳总结（打印版） 一、基本概念： 1、化学变化：生成了其它物质的变 2、物理变化：没有生成其它物质的变化 3、物理性质：不需要发生化学变化就表现出来的性质 (如:颜色、状态、密度、气味、熔点、沸点、硬度、水溶性等) 4、化学性质：物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质 (如:可燃性、助燃性、氧化性、还原性、酸碱性、稳定性等) 5、纯净物：由一种物质组成 6、混合物：由两种或两种以上纯净物组成,各物质都保持原来的性质 7、元素：具有相同核电荷数(即质子数)的一类原子的总称 8、原子：是在化学变化中的最小粒子，在化学变化中不可再分 9、分子：是保持物质化学性质的最小粒子，在化学变化中可以再分 10、单质：由同种元素组成的纯净物 11、化合物：由不同种元素组成的纯净物 12、氧化物：由两种元素组成的化合物中,其中有一种元素是氧元素 13、化学式：用元素符号来表示物质组成的式子 14、相对原子质量：以一种碳原子的质量的1/12作为标准,其它原子的质量跟它比较所得的值 某原子的相对原子质量= 相对原子质量≈ 质子数 + 中子数 (因为原子的质量主要集中在原子核) 15、相对分子质量：化学式中各原子的相对原子质量的总和 16、离子：带有电荷的原子或原子团 17、原子的结构： 原子、离子的关系： 注：在离子里，核电荷数 = 质子数≠ 核外电子数 18、四种化学反应基本类型：（见文末具体总结） ①化合反应：由两种或两种以上物质生成一种物质的反应 如：A + B = AB ②分解反应：由一种物质生成两种或两种以上其它物质的反应 如：AB = A + B ③置换反应：由一种单质和一种化合物起反应，生成另一种单质和另一种化合物的反应如：A + BC = AC + B
人教版英语中考分册复习知识点 Unit 1-Unit 2 重点句型 1. —My name’s Jenny. —I’m Gina. Nice to meet you. 2. —What’s your/his/her name? —My/His/Her name is … . 3. What’s your/his/her family/first name? 4. —What’s your telephone number? —It’s 218-9176. 5. What’s his/ her telephone number? 6. —What’s this/that in English? —It’s a ruler. 7. —Is this/that your pencil? —Yes, it is./No, it isn’t. 8. How do you spell pencil?/Spell pencil./Can you spell pencil? 9. Is that your computer game in the lost and found case? 10. Call Alan at 495-3539. 重点语法 be在一般现在时中的基本用法：I用am, you 用are，is跟着他她它。He ,she ,it用is，we, you they都用are。单数名词用is，复数名词都用are。 be的几种形式：is, am, are —being —was, were —been 主谓一致： 主谓一致的15种常考情况： 1．表示时间，重量，数目，价格，长度，数学运算等的词或短语作主语时，尽管他们是复数形式，但如果把这些复数形式的词或短语看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 Two months is quite a long time. Twenty dollars is enough. 2．动词不定式，动名词，从句或不可数名 词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 To see is to believe. It is not easy to master a foreign language. 3．由and连接两个成分作主语时，要根据 其表示的意义来决定谓语动词的形式。如果 其表示的是一个整体的概念或指的是同一 事物，谓语动词用单数，如果其表示的是两 个不同的对象时，谓语动词用复数。 The writer and the teacher are coming. The poet and teacher is one of my friends. 4．集合名词people，police一般看作复数 意义，其谓语动词用复数。另外一些集合名 词family，enemy，class，army等作主语时， 谓语动词是用单数还是复数，要根据这些词 在句中的实际含义而定。当他们表示的是整 体意义时，谓语用单数；当他们强调个体成 员时，谓语动词用复数形式。 In England, people eat fish and chips. The Chinese people（民族）is a great people. 5．名词性物主代词mine，yours，his，hers， its，ours，theirs等作主语时，谓语动词的 数取决于该代词所表示的意义是单数还是 复数。 His parents are young, but mine are old. 6．以s结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义时， 谓语动词通常用单数形式，如news，physics， politics，maths等。 No news is good news. Physics is the most difficult subject for him. 7．由or，either…or…，neither…nor…， not only…but also…等词连接名词或代词作 主语时，谓语动词的数和最接近的主语一致。 Neither you nor Li Hua has been to Shanghai before. 8．以there，here开头的句子，若主语不 止一个，其谓语动词的形式和邻近的那个主 语一致。 There is a table and four chairs in the room. Here are some books and paper for you. 9．trousers，clothes，glasses，compasses， chopsticks等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 但如果前面有a pair of短语时，谓语动词用 单数。 Jim’s trousers are brown. The pair of glasses is Mr. Green’s. 10．由“a lot of/lots of/plenty of+名词”或“分 数+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据 名词的单复数而定。 A lot of people have been to London. Three-fifths of the water is dirty. 11．“a number of +复数名词”作主语时，谓 语动词用复数；“the number of+复数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 A great number of birds fly to the south in winter. The number of lions does not change much if people leave things as they are. 12．代词something，anything，nothing， everyone，anybody，nobody，each，neither， either，little，much，one等作主语时，