剑桥雅思9阅读解析test2

今天雅思给大家带来了剑桥雅思9Test2雅思写作Task1模板，更多解析请点击：剑桥雅思9解析 !The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995- 2002. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.a)题目分析，包括写作中需要涉及的要点以及考生可能对题目产生的错误理解。

要点1.市内(固定)电话拨打的分钟数先增加后减少，并一直处于最高位。

2.国内和国际(固定)电话拨打的分钟数每年增加，并一直处于第二位。

3.移动电话拨打的分钟数每年增加，但一直处于最低位。

考生可能出现的理解错误和问题1.数字包括横轴上的八个年份以及三种电话(市内固定电话、国内和国际固定电话、移动电话)分别拨打的分钟数。

2.数字是电话拨打的分钟数，而不是打了多少个电话。

3.不需要提到每一个数字。

b)建议的写作结构，对比此结构与考生有可能采用的不恰当结构。

介绍部分应该用自己的话改写题目。

正文应该一个段落写一种电话(共三段)。

可以按年份来讨论三种电话类别，但这可能让人搞混。

需要写一个结论或者总结，包含之前提到的三个要点。

c)参考范文The bar chart shows three types of telephone calls made in the UK between 1995 and 2002, according to how many minutes they lasted in total. Local fixed line calls lasted 72 billion minutes in 1995, rising gradually to 90 billion in 1998. The following year, the number peaked at 91 billion. Thereafter, it gradually declined to 73 billion in 2002. National and international fixed line calls lasted 37 billion minutes in 1995. The figure then rose slowly to 50 billion in 1999. There was a bigger increase in 2000 to 57 billion followed by smaller rises to 60 billion and 61 billion in 2001 and 2002 respectively. Mobile calls lasted 3 billion minutes in 1995, increasing to 10 billion in 1998. Thereafter, the increases were larger, to 15 billion in 1999, 27 billion in 2000 and 38 billion in 2001. In 2002 there was another rise to 44 billion.Overall, the number of minutes for local fixed line calls rose then fell and was always the highest. The number for national and international fixed line calls increased every year and was always the second highest, whilst the number for mobiles rose every year, especially after 1999, but was always the lowest.(202 words)这个图表显示了1995至2002年间在英国拨打的三种电话分钟总数的情况。

剑桥雅思真题9Test 1 Task 2考官范文英译汉剑桥雅思真题9test1task2考官范文英译汉1.传统上，孩子们开始学习外语2.thispolicyhasbeenadoptedbysomeeducationalauthoritiesorindividual3.这一明显的论据避免了孩子们的接送languagesmuchmoreeasilythanteenagers.4.他们的大脑被编程来获取他们的母语facilitateslearninganotherlanguage,andunlikeadolescents,theyarenotinhabitedbys elf-consciousness.5.原时刻表的更大灵活性使其更加频繁，shortersessionsandforaplay-centredapproach,thusmaintaininglearners’enthusiasmandprogress.在学习其他语言的同时，接触也会对他们有利。

7.theymayalsogainabetterunderstandingofothercultures.8.然而，也有一些缺点。

9.primaryschoolteachersaregeneralists,andmaynothavethenecessary语言技能是自己的。

10.ifspecialistshavetobebroughtintodeliverthesesessions,theflexibility指的是“未完成”。

11.ifprimarylanguageteachingisnotstandardised,secondaryschoolscould在他们的课堂上，不同语言的水平差异很大，这就产生了课堂经验，而这些经验会让他们获得更早期的收获。

assoonastheychangeschools.13.然而，这些问题可以在政策中策略性地解决adopted.14.任何能从社会文化角度带来语言学习益处的东西andeconomically,andearlyexposuretolanguagelearningcontributestothis.15.幼儿的自然能力应符合这些要求benefitsmoreachievable.。

剑桥雅思真题9Test 1 Task 2考官范文英译汉1. Traditionally，children have begun studying foreign languages atsecondary school, but introducing them earlier is recommended by some educationalists.2. This policy has been adopted by some educational authorities or individualschools, with both positive and negative outcomes.3. The obvious argument in its favour is that young children pick uplanguages much more easily than teenagers.4. Their brains are still programmed to acquire their mother tongue, whichfacilitates learning another language, and unlike adolescents, they are not inhabited by self-consciousness.5. The greater flexibility of the primary timetable allows for more frequent,shorter sessions and for a play-centred approach, thus maintaining learners’ enthusiasm and progress.6. Their command of the language in later life will benefit from this earlyexposure, while learning other languages subsequently will be easier for them.7. They may also gain a better understanding of other cultures.8. There are, however, some disadvantages.9. Primary school teachers are generalists, and may not have the necessarylanguage skills themselves.10. If specialists have to be brought in to deliver these sessions, the flexibilityreferred to above is diminished.11. If primary language teaching is not standardised, secondary schools couldbe faced with a great variety of levels in different languages within their intake, resulting in a classroom experience which undoes the earlier gains.12. There is no advantage if enthusiastic primary pupils become demotivatedas soon as they change schools.13. However, these issues can be addressed strategically within the policyadopted.14. Anything which encourages language learning benefits societyculturallyand economically, and early exposure to language learning contributes to this.15. Young children’s innate abilities should be harnessed to make thesebenefits more achievable.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

1. The river builds them up, the sea wears them down; their out-lines are always changing.2. Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind /body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.3. During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health.4. One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two `behaviour segments' in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal.5. It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanisation, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions.6. British industry, in particular, has in recent decades often been criticised for its linguistic insularity - for its assumption that foreign buyers will be happy to communicate in English, and that awareness of other lan-guages is not therefore a priorty.7. Within the established wage and salary system it was not possible to use hospital funds to sup-port this strategy. However, it was possible to secure incentives from local businesses, in-cluding free passes to entertainment parks, theatres, restaurants, etc.8. The non-financial incentive scheme did appear to assist in controlling absenteeism in the short term. As the scheme progressed it became harder to secure prizes and this contributed to the program's losing momentum and finally ceasing. 9. One solution that has been put forward is the long-term solution of designing cities and neighbourhoods so that car journeys are not necessary - all essential services being located within walking distance or easily accessible by public transport.10. Good local government is already bringing this about in some places. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision - and the capital - to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles.11. All of these are applications of biometrics, a little-known but fast-growing technology that in-volves the use of physical or biological characteristics to identify individuals.12. Research in Britain has shown that `green consumers' continue to flourish as a signifi-cant group amongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday's issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood. 13. The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of the saying `They can't see the wood for the trees'. When teachers use picture books, they are simply continuing a long-established tradition that is accepted without ques-tion.。

剑桥雅思9解析摘要：一、引言1.剑桥雅思考试的重要性2.剑桥雅思9 的出版背景二、剑桥雅思9 的内容概述1.听力部分2.阅读部分3.写作部分4.口语部分三、剑桥雅思9 的难度分析1.听力难度2.阅读难度3.写作难度4.口语难度四、如何备考剑桥雅思91.制定合理的学习计划2.注重基础知识和技能的培养3.模拟真实考试环境进行练习4.及时总结和调整学习策略五、总结1.剑桥雅思9 对于备考雅思的重要性2.全面提高自己的英语能力是应对雅思考试的关键正文：一、引言剑桥雅思考试作为全球范围内最受欢迎的英语能力测试之一，以其权威性和实用性受到了广大考生和教育工作者的认可。

而剑桥雅思官方教材，特别是最新出版的剑桥雅思9，更是考生们备考雅思的重要参考资料。

本文将对剑桥雅思9 进行详细解析，以帮助考生更好地理解和利用这部教材。

二、剑桥雅思9 的内容概述1.听力部分：剑桥雅思9 的听力部分共有四个单元，涵盖了各种生活、学术和职业场景，旨在帮助考生熟悉各种题型，提高听力技能。

2.阅读部分：剑桥雅思9 的阅读部分共有六个单元，题材丰富，包括自然科学、社会科学和人文科学等，让考生在提高阅读速度的同时，也能拓宽知识面。

3.写作部分：剑桥雅思9 的写作部分共有两个单元，分别针对图表作文和议论文进行训练，帮助考生掌握写作技巧，提高写作得分。

4.口语部分：剑桥雅思9 的口语部分共有十二个单元，涵盖了各种话题，考生可通过模仿和跟读，提高口语表达能力。

三、剑桥雅思9 的难度分析1.听力难度：剑桥雅思9 的听力难度相较于之前的版本有所提升，尤其是对于细节信息的捕捉和理解能力要求更高。

2.阅读难度：剑桥雅思9 的阅读难度同样有所增加，文章篇幅较长，涉及的知识点较为深入，需要考生具备较强的阅读和理解能力。

3.写作难度：剑桥雅思9 的写作难度主要体现在对考生论证能力和逻辑思维的考查上，要求考生能够清晰、有条理地表达自己的观点。

4.口语难度：剑桥雅思9 的口语难度主要体现在话题的多样性和回答的深度上，考生需要在有限的时间内，给出有见解、有说服力的回答。

剑桥雅思9 口语Test2 参考答案－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－答案编辑者：上海环球雅思口语名师：李宁（英国剑桥国际考试委员会IGCSE & A Level 口语考官）PART 1The examiner asks the candidates about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies and other familiar topics.SAMPLEGiving giftsWhen do people give gifts or presents in your country?In the UK, there are many occasions to give gifts. Most gifts are exchanged on Christmas Day, on December 25th, which is a Christian festival celebrating the birth of Jesus. But we also give gifts on birthdays, weddings, house warmings, graduation days, wedding anniversaries, and Valentine's Day. Another Christian tradition is to exchange chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday.Do you ever take a gift when you visit someone in their home/[why/why not?]If they are having a house warming party, then it is common to buy a gift, usually a decoration for their new home. Or if they invite you for dinner, it is usual for the guest to bring a bottle of wine to drink with the meal.When did you last receive a gift?[what was it]My parents came to visit me during the Chinese Spring Festival, and they brought me some of my favourite foods and drinks over from the UK which I cannot buy in China. Although these gifts were not expensive, they were very special!Do you enjoy looking for gifts for people?[why/ why not?]Yes, I really enjoy looking for gifts for people, especially my close friends and family. There is a saying in my country; 'there is far more joy in giving a gift than receiving one'.PART 2Describe something you did that was new or excitingYou should say:What you didWhere and when you did thisWho you shared the activity withAnd explain why this activity was new and exciting for you.You will have to talk about this topic for one to two minutes.You have one minute to think about what you are going to say.You can make some notes to help you if you wish.I have always been afraid of heights, ever since I was young. I don't even like standing too close to the railings of a high balcony! Many of my friends would find this amusing, and laugh and joke about it. I wanted to try and overcome this fear, so I agreed to go skydiving with my university friends!Skydiving involves jumping out of a plane, free-falling 10,000 feet, and then parachuting 3,000feet to the ground, all in about 5 minutes! In short, this was my idea of hell! But I had to do it.So my friends and I joined the university skydiving team and took the bus to Camberwell Bay in the Lake District.We spent all day training on the Saturday. We learnt all about how to jump out of the plane, the position we should adopt while we are free-falling, how to use the radio, and most importantly how to release the emergency parachute if things went wrong!Obviously, I would need to train a lot longer than one day to obtain a skydiving license and jump solo. But I was allowed to jump by myself from 4,000 feet on a static line, which means I didn't need to pull the parachute out by myself.I enjoyed it so much that I immediately signed up to do it again, but this time to do a tandem dive from 14,000 feet, where I would be attached to a professional diver!It was incredible; the feeling of falling through the sky, eyes watering from the wind, the tiny cars and buildings below which were so small they looked like ants on the ground. It was the most exhilarating and exciting thing I've ever done!Part 3Doing new thingsExample questions:Why do you think some people like doing new things?Trying new things is a great way to break away from daily routine. Many people get bored by doing the same things everyday. Trying new activities is exciting, and can also help people meet new friends!What problems can people have when they try new activities for the first time? There are a few problems which arise from trying things for the first time. Firstly, if the activity is dangerous, then extra care must be taken to ensure an accident doesn't happen. For example, skiing can be dangerous, so you must take care and go slowly until you are more competent on the slopes! Sometimes, new activities can be challenging and difficult, especially if the activity is technical. Subsequently many people may be turned off the idea of trying it again because it is "too hard". Take playing the violin for example. I used to play the violin, and it took about six months for my sister to stop complaining that it sounded more like a screeching cat than a musical instrument! But with persistence and hard work, I eventually learnt to play it very well. Many people might just give up if something is too difficult, but they should be reminded that such things take time, and the rewards later will be worth it.Do you think it’s best to do new things on you own or with other people?why?In general, I think its better to do new things in groups, so that you can all learn and have fun together!However, if some people are naturally very good at the activity, it can make others feel inadequate, so in these situations it might be useful to try it on your own, or in small groups of similar ability. Either way, you should not compare yourself to others, but just have fun!Learning new thingsSample questions:What kinds of things do children learn to do when they are very young? How important are these things?Children are like sponges when they are young; they are constantly learning, and it is probably the most important part of their development. They are learning essential skills, such as how to communicate and interact with others. However, it is also a very delicate period of their life, as they are also learning about morals standards; what is right and what is wrong. Subsequently, care must be taken to ensure they are developing and learning properly.Do you think children and adults learn to do new things in the same way? How is their learning style different?Definitely not. I think children and adults learn in very different ways. Children learn much more through experiences. Their brains are more flexible and fluid. As such, they can learn new languages much more quickly. Adult brains are more rigid, and as such find it harder to just pick up new languages. However, adult brains are more developed to analyse and make judgements. If they are told something new, they are far more likely to question what they are learning, whereas children are more likely to just accept it.Some people say that it is more important to be able to learn new things now than it was in the past. Do you agree or disagree with that? Why?I largely agree with this statement, because the world is changing much more rapidly now than ever before. Technology is constantly improving and becoming more advanced. The way we go about our daily lives is ever changing, so we must be willing to changewith it. For example, only 20 years ago, many companies didn't have computers or the internet. Nowadays, almost every company will use a computer and the internet in some way. It is very important to learn these new skills to keep up with society.感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。

When do you give gifts or presents in your country?在你们国家，人们一般何时赠送礼物？名师点题剑9口语“礼物”话题是一直循环出现的，旧题库中多出现于Part 1部分。

与birthday话题联系考查。

在近期的考题中怕向于出现在Part 2中.如"A gift you gave to a friend".对于这种话题，回答思路可来用“总分式”结构。

高分示例1 When it comes to some special festivals and special occasions, people usually give gifts, such as birthdays, weddings, Christmas, Valentine's Day, Mother's Day and Father's Day.当一些特殊的节日来临时或在一些特殊场合.人们通常都会赠送礼物，比如生日、婚札、圣诞节、情人节、母亲节和父亲节。

高分示例2 In our country, there are many occasions to give gifts. We usually send gifts to each as a kind of sincere blessing. And there are some conventional rules for giving gills. For example, you shouldn't give a clock to somebody, because "sending a clock" has the same pronunciation as "the end of life" in Chinese.在我们国家，很多场合下都会赠送礼物。

剑桥真题9test4passage2阅读翻译段落AA sense of self develops in young children by degrees.The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features:the self as a subject,and the self as an object.William James introduced the distinction in 1892,and contemporaries of his,such as Charles Cooley,added to the developing debate.Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory.幼儿会逐步发展出自我意识。

我们可以从两个某种程度上相互独立的特征的逐渐出现来考虑这一过程：作为主体的自我和作为客体的自我。

威廉詹姆斯(William James)在1892年引入这一区分，他同时代的人，例如查尔斯库利(Charles Cooley)，也加入这一场不断发展的辩论。

从那时起，心理学家一直在持续构建该理论。

段落BAccording to James,a child’s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists.This is an aspect of the self that he la belled countersubject,and he gave it various elements.These included an awareness of one’s own agency(i.e.one’s power to act),and an awareness of one’s distinctiveness from other people.Thesefeatures gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers.Cooley(1902)suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power.He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to control physical objects,such as toys or his or her own limbs.This is followed by attempts to affect the behavior of other people.For example,infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them.詹姆斯认为，孩子迈向自我认知的第一步可以看作是对自己存在的认可。

本次，小编为大家带来的是剑桥雅思9Test2雅思写作task2范文。

剑9下载，请点击：WRITING TASK 2Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programmes (for example working for a charity, improving the neighbourhood or teaching sports to younger children). To what extent do you agree or disagree?a) 题目分析，包括写作中需要涉及的要点以及考生可能对题目产生的错误理解。

1. 题目问的无报酬的强制性社区服务，不是自愿的或者可选择的服务。

2. 题目说的是在高中阶段进行这种社区服务。

b) 建议的写作结构，对比此结构与考生有可能采用的不恰当结构。

这篇作文需要一个简短介绍和一个简要结论。

正文应该有两到三个段落，每段阐述一个要点。

考生可以选择写两个段落分别阐述两个论点，或者用一个段落同时阐述两个论点。

二者皆可。

c) 两篇观点不同的参考译文(250 字——300 字)剑桥雅思9Test2雅思写作task2范文参考译文1——无偿社区服务应该是强制性的In this essay, I shall explain why I think that it is a good idea for secondary school students to do compulsory community service.The main reason that I believe this is that it provides secondary school students with wider knowledge about, and experience of, their community and society in general. Some types of community service involve working with sick or disabled people, giving students the opportunity to help those who are less fortunate. Other kinds of community service give students the chance to work with children or work on projects to improve the community. All of these broaden horizons and demonstrate to students what their place in society is.Another key advantage of community service for secondary school students is that it can provide them with some work experience. This is particularly true in some sectors, such as health care, but I think that community service generally provides people with a work ethic which will obviously be helpful throughout their lives. The fact that the work is unpaid might inspire some students to continue with community service even when it is not a compulsory part of their secondary school curriculum.In addition, many community services suffer from a lack of volunteers, so using secondary school students in this way provides enough people to meet this shortfall. The supply of students is very likely to continue as older students leave school but new ones enter, so the provision of these community services is almost guaranteed.To conclude, I think having secondary school students do community service is anexcellent idea.(260 words)在这篇文章里，我会阐述为什么我认为高中生进行强制性的社区服务是一个好主意。

剑桥雅思9写作Test2Task1真题解析智课网IELTS备考资料剑桥雅思9写作Test2Task1真题+解析摘要：剑桥雅思9是很多考生都在学习的教材，在口语和写作的学习中，很多地方考生不是很了解，为此，小编下面为大家带来其详细解析，就请大家跟随小编一起来看下吧！剑桥雅思是雅思的权威教材，每个考生都会学习，尤其是剑桥雅思8、9、10，很多考生从中受益很多。

下面，小编就为大家带来了剑桥雅思9写作Test2Task1真题+解析，感兴趣的同学赶快来看下吧!雅思写作名师点题：柱状图主要有两个考点要考查;一是对于数据间的比较要详细描述;二是对于横轴的趋势变化要进行归纳和总结性说明，这样才能达到总体描述的效果。

雅思写作高分范文：The bar chart reveals the time spent in the UK for different types of telephone calls from 1995 to 2002Generally, among three categories including "local一fixed line", "national and international一fixed line" and "mobiles (all calls)", local phone calls accounted for the largest proportion ofall usage, ranging from 70 to 90 billion minutes. Next to it, national and international ones took the second position standing at 38 to 60 million minutes. obviously, the mobiles took up thesmallest part (3 to 40 billion minutes).The trends of the telephone usage changed during the 8 years. The local phone calls peaked at 90 billion minutes in 1999, and then started to decline to the 1995 figure in 2002 (70 billion).However, the trends of the other two kept increasing.National and international calls rose。

雅思ogtest2答案【篇一：雅思og题目转换test 2】teningsection 1 questions 1-10questions 1-6complete the notes below.write no more than two words and/or a number for each answerquestions 7-10complete the sentences below.section 2 questions 11-20questions 11-17answer the questions below.write no more than three words for each answer.sea life centre - information11 what was the sea life centre previously called? ...........12 what is the newest attraction called? ...............13 when is the main feeding time? ..................14 what can you do with a vip ticket? ................15 what special event will the sea life centre arrange foryou? ...........116 where will the petition for animal conservation be sentto? ...........17 what can you use to test what you have learnt? ............questions 18-20what does the guide say about each attraction?choose three answers from the box and write the correct letter, a-e, next to questions 18-20.181920 must not miss ...... ……………… temporarily closed………large queues ..... ………………section 3 questions 21 -30questions 21-22choose two letters, a-e.which two subjects did martina like best before going to university?questions 23-26complete the summary below.write no more than two words for each answer.george’s experience of universitygeorge is studying mechanical engineering which involves several disciplines. he is finding 23…………………the most difficult. at the moment, his course is mainly 24………………he wil l soon have an assignment which involves a study of and would like less of them. 25…………………………he thinks there are too many 26……………………………questions 27-30choose the correct letter, a, b or c.27 martina thinks the students at her university area sociableb intelligentc energetic28 george hopes that his tutor will help hima lose his shyness.b settle into university.c get to know his subject better.29 what does martina know about her first assignment?a the topicb the lengthc the deadline30 george would like to livea in a hall of residence.b in a flat on his own.c with a host family.section 4 questions 31-40complete the notes below.write no more than two words for each answer.3readingreading passage 1you should spend about 20 minutes on questions 1-13, which are based on reading passage 1 below.no matter how much we talk about tasting our favorite flavors, relishing them really depends on a combined input from our senses that we experience through mouth, tongue and nose. the taste, texture, and feel of food are what we tend to focus on, but most important are the slight puffs of air as we chew our food - what scientists call retronasal smell’.certainly, our mouths and tongues have taste buds, which are receptors for the five basic flavors: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, or what is more commonly referred to as savory. but our tongues are inaccurate instruments as far as flavor is concerned.they evolved to recognize only a few basic tastes in order to quickly identify toxins, which in nature are often quite bitter or acidly sour.all the complexity, nuance, and pleasure of flavor come from the sense of smell operating in the back of the nose. it is there that a kind of alchemy occurs when we breathe up and out the passing whiffs of our chewed food. unlike a hounds skull with its extra long nose, which evolved specifically to detect external smells, our noses have evolved to detect internal scents. primates specialize in savoring the many millions of flavor combinations that they can create for their mouths.taste without retronasal smell is not much help in recognizing flavor. smell has been the most poorly understood of our senses, and only recently has neuroscience, led by yale universitys gordon shepherd, begun to shed light on its workings. shepherd has come up with the term neurogastronomy’ to link the disciplines of food science, neurology, psychology, and anthropology with the savory elements of eating, one of the most enjoyed of human experiences.in many ways, he is discovering that smell is rather like face recognition. the visual system detects patterns of light and dark and. building on experience, the brain creates a spatial map. it uses this to interpret the interrelationship of the patterns and draw conclusions that allow us to identify people and places. in the same way, we use5【篇二：雅思og test 2 passage 1】ading passage 1 (35 points)you should spend about 20 minutes on questions 1-13 which are based on reading passage 1 below.the flavor of pleasurewhen it comes to celebrating the flavor of food, our mouth gets all the credit. but in truth, it is the nose that knows.no matter how much we talk about tasting our favorite flavors, relishing them really depends on a combined input from our senses that we experience through mouth, tongue and nose. the taste, texture, and feel of food are what we tend to focus on, but most important are the slight puffs of air as we chew our food - what scientists call ‘retronasal smell’.certainly our mouths and tongues have taste buds, which are receptors for the five basic flavors: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, or what is more commonly referred to as savory. but our tongues are inaccurate instruments as far as flavor is concerned. they evolved to recognize only a few basic tastesin order to quickly identify toxins, which in nature are often quite bitter or acidly sour.all the complexity, nuance, and pleasure of flavor come from the sense of smell operating in the back of the nose. it is there that a kind of alchemy occurs when we breathe up and out the passing whiffs of our chewed food. unlike a hound’s skull with its extra long nose, which evolved specifically to detect external smells, our noses have evolved to detect internal scents. primates specialise in savoring the many millions of flavor combinations that they can create for their mouths.taste without retronasal smell is not much help in recognizing flavor. smell has been the most poorly understood of our senses, and only recently has neuroscience, led by yale university’s gordon shepherd, begun to shed light on its workings. shepherd has come up with the term‘neurogastronomy’ to link the disciplines of food science, neurology, psychology, and anthropology with the savory elements of eating, one of the most enjoyed of human experiences.in many ways, he is discovering that smell is rather like face recognition. the visual system detects patterns of light and dark and, building on experience, the brain creates a spatial map. it uses this to interpret the interrelationship of the patterns and draw conclusions that allow us to identify people and places. in the same way, we use patterns and ratios to detect both new and familiar flavors. as we eat, specialized receptors in the back of the nose detect the air molecules inour meals. from signals sent by the receptors, the brain understands smells as complex spatial patterns. using these,as well as input from the other senses, it constructs the idea of specific flavors.this ability to appreciate specific aromas turns out to be central to the pleasure we get from food, much as our ability to recognize individuals is central to the pleasures of social life. the process is so embedded in our brains that our sense of smell is critical to our enjoyment of life at large. recent studies show that people who lose the ability to smell become socially insecure, and their overall level of happiness plummets.working out the role of smell in flavor interests food scientists, psychologists,and cooks alike. the relatively new discipline of molecular gastronomy, especially, relies on understanding the mechanics of aroma to manipulate flavor for maximum impact. in this discipline, chefs use their knowledge of the chemical changes that take place during cooking to produce eating pleasures that go beyond the ‘ordinary’.however, whereas molecular gastronomy is concerned primarily with the food or ‘smell’ molecules, neurogastronomy is more focused on the receptor molecules and the brain’s spatial images for smell. smell stimuli form what shepherd terms ‘odor objects’, stored as memories, and these have a direct link with our emotions. the brain creates images of unfamiliar smells by relating them to other more familiar smells. go back in history and this was part of our survival repertoire, like most animals, we drew on our sense of smell, when visual information was scarce, to single out prey.thus the brain’s flavor- recognition system is a highly complex perceptual mechanism that puts all five senses to work in various combinations. visual and sound cues contribute, such as crunching, as does touch, including the texture and feel of food on our lips and in our mouths. then there are the taste receptors, and finally, the smell, activated when we inhale. the engagement of our emotions can be readily illustrated when we picture some of the wide-ranging facial expressions that are elicited by various foods- many of them hard- wired into our brains at birth. consider the response to the sharpness of lemon and compare that with the face that is welcoming the smooth wonder of chocolate.the flavor-sensing system, ever receptive to new combinations, helps to keep our brains active and flexible. italso has the power to shape our desires and ultimately our bodies. on the horizon we have the positive application of neurogastronomy: manipulating flavor to curb our appetites.questions 1 - 5questions 6 - 9questions 10 - 13【篇三：雅思og阅读答案test3】=txt>小站教育自2014年9月1日开始，独家推出必备宝典：系列，包括雅思、托福、sat、gmat四大类考试。

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部分目录TEST 1LISTENINGREADINGWRITINGSPEAKINGTEST 2LISTENINGREADINGWRITINGSPEAKINGTEST 3LISTENINGREADINGWRITINGSPEAKINGTEST 4LISTENINGREADINGWRITINGSPEAKINGGeneral Training: Reading and Writing TEST AREADINGWRITINGGeneral Training: Reading and Writing TEST BREADINGWRITING关于“剑桥雅思全真试题原版解析(9)”内容就介绍到这里，希望能帮到各位烤鸭。

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