Casimir Effect, Hawking Radiation and Trace Anomaly

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arXiv:hep-th/0011198v2 17 Dec 2000CasimirEffect,HawkingRadiationandTraceAnomaly

M.R.Setare∗DepartmentofPhysics,SharifUniversityofTechnologyTehran-Iran

February1,2008

AbstractTheCasimirenergyformasslessscalarfieldoftwoparallelconductor,intwodimen-sionalSchwarzchildblackholebackground,withDirichletboundaryconditionsiscalculatedbymakinguseofgeneralpropertiesofrenormalizedstresstensor.WeshowthatvacuumexpectationvalueofstresstensorcanbeobtainbyCasimireffect,traceanomalyandHawk-ingradiation.Four-dimensionalofthisproblem,bythismethod,isunderprogressbythisauthor.1IntroductionTheCasimireffectisoneofthemostinterestingmanifestationsofnontrivialpropertiesofthevacuumstateinquantumfieldtheory[1,2].SinceitsfirstpredictionbyCasimirin1948[3],thiseffecthasbeeninvestigatedforvariouscasesofboundarygeometriesandvarioustypesoffield[4,5].TheCasimireffectcanbeviewedasapolarizationofvacuumbyboundarycondi-tions.Anothertypeofvacuumpolarizationarisesinthecaseofexternalgravitationalfield.Inthestaticsituation,thedisturbanceofthequantumstateinducesvacuumenergyandstress,butnoparticlesarecreated.Thecreationofparticlesfromthevacuumtakesplaceduetotheinteractionwithdynamicalexternalconstraints.Forexamplethemotionofasinglereflectingboundary(mirror)cancreateparticles[6],thecreationofparticlesbytime-dependentexternalgravitationalfieldisanotherexampleofdynamicalexternalconstraints.Ithasbeenshown[7,8]thatparticlecreationbyblackholeinfourdimensionisasaconse-quenceoftheCasimireffectforsphericalshell.Ithasbeenshownthattheonlyexistenceofthehorizonandofthebarrierintheeffectivepotentialissufficienttocompeltheblackholetoemitblack-bodyradiationwithtemperaturethatexactlycoincideswiththestandardresultforHawkingradiation.In[8],theresultsfortheaccelerated-mirrorhavebeenusedtoproveabovestatement.Toseemoreaboutrelationbetweenmovingmirrorsandblackholesreferto[9]AnotherrelationbetweenCasimireffectandSchwarzchildblackholethermodynamicisthermo-dynamicinstability.Widometal[10,11]showedtheblackholecapacityisnegative,thenanincreaseinitsenergydecreasesitstemperature.TheyshowedthattheelectrodynamicCasimireffectcanalsoproducethermodynamicinstability.InthispapertheCasimirenergyformasslessscalarfieldintwodimensionalSchwarzschildblackholefortwoparallelconductingplateswithDirichletboundaryconditionsiscalculated.TheCasimirenergyisobtainedbyimposinggeneralrequirements.Calculationofrenormalizedstresstensorformasslessscalarfieldintwo-dimensionalSchwarzschildbackgroundhasbeendonein[12](forapedagogicalreviewsee[13,14]).KnowingofCasimirenergyinflatspaceandtraceanomalyhelpustocalculaterenormalizedstresstensor.Toseesimilarcalculationinbackgroundofstaticdomainwallreferto[15].Inothersituation,besidestwopreviousquantities,weuseHawkingradiation,whichalsohasacontributioninstresstensor.Thereforetherenormalizedstresstensorisnotuniqueanddependsonthevacuumunderconsideration.Ourpaperisor-ganisedasfollows:Insection2generalpropertiesofstresstensorarediscussed.Theninsection3,vacuumexpectationvalueofstresstensorintwodimensionsisobtained.Finallyinsection4,weconcludeandsummarizetheresults.

2GeneralpropertiesofstresstensorInsemiclassicalframeworkforyieldingasensibletheoryofbackreactionWald[16]hasdevelopedanaxiomaticapproach.ThereonetriestoobtainanexpressionfortherenormalizedTµνfromtheproperties(axioms)whichitmustfulfill.Theaxiomsfortherenormalizedenergymomentumtensorareasfollow:1-Foroff-diagonalelements,standardresultshouldbeobtained.2-InMinkowskispace-time,standardresultshouldbeobtained.3-Expectationvaluesofenergymomentumareconserved.4-Causalityholds.5-Energymomentumtensorcontainsnolocalcurvaturetensordependingonderivativesofthemetrichigherthansecondorder.Twoprescriptionsthatsatisfythefirstfouraxiomscandifferatmostbyaconservedlocalcurvatureterm.Wald,[17],showedanyprescriptionforrenormalizedTµνwhichisconsistentwithaxioms1-4mustyieldthegiventraceuptotheadditionofthetraceofconservedlocal

2curvature.Itmustbenotedthattraceanomaliesinstress-tensor,(thatis,thenonvanishingTµµforaconformallyinvariantfieldafterrenormalization)areoriginatedfromsomequantumbehavior[18].Intwodimensionalspacetimeonecanshowthatatrace-freestresstensorcannotbeconsistentwithconservationandcausalityifparticlecreationoccurs.Atrace-free,conservedstresstensorintwodimensionsmustalwaysremainzeroifitisinitiallyzero.Onecanshowthatthe”Davies-Fulling-Unruh”formula[19]forthestresstensorofscalarfieldwhichyieldsananomaloustrace,Tµµ=R

r)dt2+(1−2mr)dt2+(1−2m

r,dr2dΩ(r)

dr(Ω(r)Tr∗t)=0(9)andd2(dΩ(r)