英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上：
差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference
No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.
存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present
多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful
方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools
发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence
In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.
发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation
改变change, alteration,
高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced
各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors
关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,
广泛的in an extensive survey
进行conducte，perform, carry out,
降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable or dramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barely detectable, no expression was found,
角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic
functions
可能性feasibility
密切地intimately
难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)
潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,
缩写abbreviations
识别，辨别discernment
事件
Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.
a putative tumor initiating event
a (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,
a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processes
a common event associated with the mechanisms of
a common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapy
a common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicants
a common event （that occurs）during apoptosis is……
a common event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastic transformation that directly or indirectly involves activation of specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathways
a common event through which
a common event in vivo
a rather common event of unknown biological significance
a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrations
a common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significance
a common event contributing to
a rare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation, stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory, early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward, upstream, irreversible, very frequent event
提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in
调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,
推测presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)
无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitously
显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,
相关性
related, more relevant with ，the relevance of
no intergroup difference，irrespective of
There was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.
Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.
No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.
we did not find any correlation between bax expression and any clinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade, histological type).
相同，同等并列
The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itself
with a similar pattern to
协同，加强
synergize with
研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,
一致
which is in accord with the results
which corroborated the results
which supported the results
优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental
异常aberration, abnormality
重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance
相反
On the contrary,
In contrary,
but quite on the contrary
in sharp contrast,
contrary to what would be expected Contrary to the expectation that Contrary to previous beliefs,
Contrary to the hypothesis,
Contrary to current popular truisms Contrary to current cognitive theories, However, contrary to expectation,……. Cont rary to predictions,…
in contrast to previous observations…Contrary to prediction,……
Contrary to most previous claims,
与一起in combination with, coupled with 由于、鉴于
In light of
In view that
英语作文万能句子 开头常用万能句子 1.Depending on personal experience personal type and emotion concern we find that some people hold the idea of... while others prefer... 基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同，我们发现有人持……的观点，而另外一些人则更喜欢…… 例句：Depending on personal experience personal type and emotion concern we find that some people hold the idea of living in the small town while others prefer the big city. 基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同，我们发现有人喜欢生活在小 城镇，而另外一些人则更喜欢大城市。 2.When asked about... the vast/ overwhelming majority of/ most/ many/ quite a few people say/ think/ believe/ answer that... But... 当被问及……时，多数（大多数、许多）人认为（回答）……但是…… 例句：When asked about choosing living place the vast people think that living in the big city is perfect. But I think living in the small town is the better choice. 当被问及在选择居住地方时，多数人认为居住在城市是很棒的。但是我觉 得住在小城镇更好。 3.When it comes to ... some think/ hold/ believe... 当提及……时，有人认为…… 例句：When it comes to sports some believe basketball is the most popular one. 当提到运动时，有人认为篮球是最受欢迎的。 4.It has become apparent to us that... 对我们来说，……已经变得很明显了
在这篇文章中，我们说明（介绍）了一种……方法 In this work ,we address the problem of +doing sth In this paper , we propose the ... 在这一章节，我们介绍…… In this section , we present ... We demonstrate out algorithm on two tasks : A被认为是B A can be regarded as B 为了这个目的，我们提出了A To this end ,we propose A. 在样本的……和……上都很有效 make effective use of both ...and ...among samples. 当应用到……中的时候When applied to... 通过将……和……结合起来，…… By combining ...and ... , .... A是B中的一个基本问题之一A is one of the fundamental problems in B 目的在于…… Its goal is to do ... We aim at doing... Our target is ... Our basic notion is to do... 为了达到……的目的To achieve ... To achieve this , 因为……，做什么是困难的 As .... , it is very difficult to do .... As..., ir is usually hard to ... Due to ... e.g.:As the variance of object shape and color within an object class can be large,it is very difficult to obtain class-specific features that can describe the object class accurately. 就这点而言，…… In this regard, ... 一方面来说，……，另一方面来说，……On the one hand , ... , on the other hand , ... 1
一.关于本专业毕业论文地选题 二.英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大地方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和 翻译学.各个大方向中又可以选择小地方向，具体解释如下：.英语文学：选择英语文学地毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究. 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中地某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法地运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究.但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典地作家或作品.有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生地兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象.在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在地深刻含义，不能流于肤浅地分析. 文学批评理论地选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识地学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论地知识结构.这个方向地选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语地阐释或某两种或以上地文学批评理论地比较. 比较文学研究就是将两个以上地作家或作品进行比较.这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别地（如“雪莱与拜伦地诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别地（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）.语言学：选择语言学地毕业论文选题可以在两个大地方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学. 普通语言学地研究就是对于英语语言地任何一个方面地研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面地研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）. 应用语言学包括教学法地研究和其它一些新兴地应用语言学分支地研究.师范专业或本身从事教师职业地学生选择教学法方向地较多.在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围地选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要地是要结合教学实践或实验.这个方向地好地选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习地影响” 等. .翻译学：翻译学地选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动. 对翻译理论地研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等.相比之下，对翻译活动地研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象地翻译、或一种修辞格地翻译地研究（如“汉语成语地英译”）.应该注意地是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子地罗列. 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分. （一）前置．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成. ．目录：由论文地中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页. ．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文地内容不加注释和评论地简短陈述，宜以最简洁地语言介绍论文地概要、作者地突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整地短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在字左右关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息地单词或术语.为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文地中心词，以显著地字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要地左下方.各关键词之间用“分号”隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应. （二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（）、正文()、结论()、参考文献().主体部分必须由另页右页开始. ．引言：主要说明研究工作地目地、涉及范围、相关领域地前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面地概述、理论意义和实用价值等. ．正文：论文地正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分，论点明确.行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项地序号编码
英语作文万能句子：英语作文万能句子大全 2017-12-17 英语作文万能句子1.asanoldsayinggoes,...正. 如一句古老的谚语所说 2 ....... benothingbut ...... 不过就是...3.fromwhereistand . 从 我的立场来说 4.giveoneselfachanceto ....给. 某人一个机会 去...5.ifeelsurethat...我坚信...6 ... i sthebestwaytomakesurethat ... 确保...的 最好办法是...7.wemustdoourabsolutebestto ... 我们必须竭尽全力 做...8.thereisnodenyingthefectthat...无可否 认….9.nothingismore+adj.+thanto+v没有比…更重要的了10.主语 +cannotemphasizetheimportanceof….toomuch再怎么强调..的重要性也不为过11 poseagreatthreatto .............. 对..造成了一大威胁 (eg.Pollutionposesagreatthreattoourexistance.)12.stolethespotlightfrom... 从. . .获得大众的瞩目13 .. touchsb.ontheraw ... 触到某人的痛处 14.itisnotuncommonthat... 这是常有的事儿。 15itisalmostimpossibletodo..。 是很困难的16therecentresearchhasshownthat..最近研究表明。 17...has/havenoalternativebutto...除...外别无选择 18 .. betweenthedevilandthedeepbluesea 进退维谷，左右为难 19.contentinthethoughtthat... 满足于...的想法20(重磅出击，一般老师都会感动，这个句子可以千变万化，可以替换其中的一些 词)Thelo ng,(costlystrike)provedtobethelast naili nthecoffi nfor(thecompa
although 虽然，尽管 He went through with his plan although all his friends advised him to abandon it. 尽管他所有的朋友忠告他放弃他的计划，但他坚持完成了该项计划。 after all 毕竟；终究 After all, no one knows me better than me. 毕竟，没有哪一个人比自己更了解自己。 in spite of…尽管；不管，不顾 In spite of the material benefits wealth provides, I believe one should abandon the pursuit of materialism and instead concentrate on the pursuit of happiness. 但是尽管财富提供了物质上的利益，我相信一个人应该放弃追求唯物主义，而应该把注意力集中到追求幸福上去。 despite 尽管 Despite their efforts the project collapsed. 虽然经过他们努力，这个规划还是失败了。 even if 即使 Even if we cannot slow down every day, at least slow down on Sunday. 即使我们不能每天都慢下来，至少可以在星期天慢下来。 even though 虽然 Even though we may have a hundred and one things in our to-do list, not all of them have the same importance. 虽然我我们可能会有一百零一件事情陈列在我们的工作清单上，但不是所有的都一样重要。 though 尽管 Though he had a good start, I rowed him down at last. 虽然他开始时划得很好，但最后我还是赶过了他。 admittedly 诚然 Admittedly, it is a huge challenge for many people,but it is a fact of working life. 诚然，对于许多人来说，这是一个巨大的挑战，但这就是现实。 whatever may happen 无论发生什么事 Whatever may happen, we are determined to do this work. 无论发生什么事情，我们下定决心去做这项工作。
长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别 gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现 occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数 the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法 approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实 verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1 / 19
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 2 / 19
英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版 （一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。There is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是…… 。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays, it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______. 5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重 的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has
英文论文写作常用的句型 1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by… 2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are … 3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx… 4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原 则也。 5.已经采用了：have adopted … 6.近年来：in recent years 7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。 8.出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons 9.此外，另外：moreover, in addition 10.即： “…, namely …” 11.A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of … 12.谈及，关于：In terms of… 13.这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from… 14.为了让：In order for xx to … 15.很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on … 16.基于… is based on… 17.不是…而是… not …, but rather … 18.这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …” 19.严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：be subject to the restrictions. 20.产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from … [Tip]：多用although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿，句子之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚，读paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽。
开头常用万能句子： 1.Depending on personal experience, personal type and emotion concern, we find that some people hold the idea of..., while others prefer... 基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同，我们发现有人持……的观点，而另外一些人则更喜欢…… 例句：Depending on personal experience, personal type and emotion concern, we find that some people hold the idea of living in the small town, while others prefer the big city. 基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同，我们发现有人喜欢生活在小城镇，而另外一些人则更喜欢大城市。 2.When asked about..., the vast/ overwhelming majority of/ most/ many/ quite a few people say/ think/ believe/ answer that... But... 当被问及……时，多数（大多数、许多）人认为（回答）……但是……例句：When asked about choosing living place, the vast people think that living in the big city is perfect. But I think living in the small town is the better choice. 当被问及在选择居住地方时，多数人认为居住在城市是很棒的。但是我觉得住在小城镇更好。 3.When it comes to ..., some think/ hold/ believe... 当提及……时，有人认为…… 例句：When it comes to sports, some believe basketball is the most popular one. 当提到运动时，有人认为篮球是最受欢迎的。 4.It has become apparent to us that... 对我们来说，……已经变得很明显了 例句：It has become apparent to us that living in a small town is more comfortable. 对我们来说，住在小城镇更加舒服。 5.Nowadays, it is commonly/ widely/ generally believed/ thought/ held that..., but I wonder/ doubt that... 如今，人们普遍认为……，但是我怀疑…… 例句：Nowadays, it is generally believed that living in a big city is convenient, but I doubt that living in a small country is more comfortable. 如今，人们普遍认为住在大城市更便利，但是我觉得住在小城镇更加舒服。 6.With the rapid growth of..., ...have/has become increasingly
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. 4. In the earliest study of the ….., ……mainly concentrate on the study of…….. In practice, ……. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
杨跃，实用科技英语翻译研究，西安：西安交通大学出版社，2008 所谓“通顺”，就是在确切理解和掌握原文的基础上，汉语译文必须规范化，用词造句应符合汉语表达习惯，力求通顺易懂。要摆脱原文形式的束缚，不要逐词死译，生搬硬套，选用符合汉语习惯的表达方式，把愿意清楚明白的再现出来。科技译文的通顺还要符合专业表达的习惯，采用规范的专业语言，只在形式上忠实于原文，还不算是好的译文。 在EST翻译中，陆殿杨提出一条原则:“Translate literally, if possible, or appear to f ree translation.”(能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译。) 译好科技英语需要具备的三个条件： 对英语要比较精通（Good command of English）; 汉语水平要比较高（Good command of Chinese）; 对有关的科技内容要比较熟悉，即知识水平（Familiarity with Knowledge of Science and Technology） 一般来说，从事科技翻译工作，最好是通晓外语的本行专家，由熟悉本行业的行家翻译出来的东西，远比精通外语的门外汉要强得多。 严复翻译的三字标准“信、达、雅”。求其信，已大难矣！故信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。易曰修辞立诚，子曰词达而已，又曰言之无文，行之不远。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模，故信达而外，求其尔雅。此不仅期以行远已耳，实则经理微言。用汉以前字法句法，以为达易；用近世利俗文字，以求达雅，往往意义就词，毫厘千里。审择于斯二者之间，夫固有所不得已也。（《天演论》译例言，1898） 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 傅雷：神似 钱钟书：化境 对于“美（雅）”，尚有争议。但“忠实”和“通顺”已成公认标准。
英语作文常用万能精华句子 观点法 ----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法. Now people in growing gradually realized that...现在人们在成长中逐渐意识到…… 引用法-----先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 引出文章展开论述的观点 比较法------通过对过去,现在两种不同的观点的比较,引出文章讨论的观点. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But now I‘ll tell a new content. 多年来，...已被视为...但是现在我将讲述一个新的内容。 People used to think that ... But now I‘ll tell a new content. 人们过去认为……但是现在我将讲述一个新的内容。 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. When asked about.... Most of the people say that ...But I don't think so. 当被问及... ,很多人说... 但我不这么认为 Now, it is commonly believe that...But I don't think so 现在,人们普遍认为…但我不这么认为 故事法 ---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. I have a friend who ... 我有一个朋友他.... In our daily life we often in the face of all kinds of trouble.For example... 在日常生活中,我们经常面对种种麻烦。例如… 问题法-----先用讨论或解答的设问,引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题. Should ...... ? some ..., others ...But in my opinion ......应该...吗？有的...有的...但我认为，...... 。 现象法引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . Recently the rise in problem of ... has cause worldwide concern. 最近上升的问题...引起了全世界的广泛关注。
大学英语四级作文万能句：文章开头结尾句型 1、Nowadays，it is generally/commonly believed that..., but I wonder that... 2、“如同硬币的正反面，...也有积极的一面和消极的一面。” Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to... 3、“近来，...的问题已经成为人们注目的焦点。” Currently, the issue of ...has been brought to public attention. 4、“随着...的快速增长，...在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。” Along with the rapid growth of ……,……has become increasingly important in our daily life. 5、“由汽车引起的空气和噪音污染对我们的健康造成了危害。” Air pollution and noise pollution caused by automobiles do harm to our health. 文章结尾句型 1、“所以，不难得出结论...” Accordingly/Consequently/As a result,it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that... 2、“综上所述，我们能得出如下结论……” From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that...
英文学术论文写作技巧（常用句型） 用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。 对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。 一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成： Title(标题) Abstract(摘要) Keywords(关键词) Table of contents(目录) Nomenclature(术语表) Introduction(引言) Method(方法) Results(结果) Discussion(讨论) Conclusion(结论) Acknowledgement(致谢) Reference(参考文献) Appendix(附录) 其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，
Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。 学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。 标题的写法 论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。 6.1 标题的长度 标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等 1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2 2) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0 3) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3 14) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Survey 6 4 0 2 5) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2 6) Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4 英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为8—12个单词左右。表6.1和表6.2 列出了一些学术论文的标题的字数及词性统计资料。 表6.1 学术论文标题中字数及词性统计(一) 标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等