考试科目：基础英语+汉语I. Choose the one answer that best explains the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20points for 20 questions) The following are five sample questions.1.You talk about it as if it were a grammar school instead of a leading university. A. very large B. very serious C. very prestigious D. very fundamental2.I attended the great poet’s prior lecture and was not about to miss his encore—even though I was quartered 110 miles north of the university. A. lived B. was separated C. was informed D. was arrested3.At that moment Mr. Frost’s host materialized behind him to remind him of his schedule. A. appeared B. handed him something C. spoke D. told4. Companies will address this situation through methods like on-site counseling and the development of special programs. A. go to the spotB. rememberC. recordD. deal with5. I got out thanks to a college scholarship and because I was a little more articulate than the average.A. able to do addition effectively B. able to express one’s thoughts effectively C. able to write effectively D. able to initiate things effectivelyII. Read carefully the following passage(s) and then answer the questions. (20 points for 20questions). The following is a sample passage with five sample questions.Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘commonsense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single face in a big crowd. The most advancedcomputer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .? A. the use of machines to produce science fiction.? B. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry. C. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.? D. the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work2. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means . A. programs.? B. experts.? C. devices. ? D. creatures.3. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can .?A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.?B. interact with human beings verbally.?C. have a little common sense.?D. respond independently to a changing world.??4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .?A. make a few decisions for themselves.? B. deal with some errors with human intervention.? C. improve factory environments.? D. cultivate human creativity.??5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .A. expected to copy human brain in internal structure.?B. able to perceive abnormalities immediately.?C. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.?D. best used in a controlled environment.?III. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word or phrase to complete the following passage. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)As a doctor who travels quite a lot, I spent a lot of time on planes listening for that dreaded “Is there a doctor on board?” announcement. I lave been called only once for a woman who had merely fainted. But the __1__ made me quite ___2__ how often this kind of thing happens. I wonder what I would do if confronted with a real midair emergency without access by a hospital staff and the usual emergency equipment. So when the New England Journal of Medicine last week published a study about in-flight medical events, I read it with __3__.The study estimated that there are an average of thirty in-flight medical emergencies on US flights every day. Most of them are not __4__. __5__ 13% of them are serious enough to require the pilot to change course. The most common emergencies __6__ heart trouble, stroke and difficulty in breathing.Let’s face it: plane rides are stressful. For starters, cabin pressures at high altitude are set roughly what they would be if you lived at 5000 to 8000 feet above sea level. Most people can __7__ these pressures, but passengers with heart disease __8__ experience chest pain. Another problem is deep venous thrombosis—the so-called economic class syndrome. ___9_ happens, do not panic. Thanks to more recent legislation, __10___ with just one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits to treat heart attacks.IV. Paraphrase the underlined sentences. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) 1. War or no war, as the generations passed, it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of Victorian social structure.2. For the great majority of automobile workers, the only meaning of the job is in the pay check, not anything connected with the work or the product. Work appears as something unnatural, adisagreeable, meaningless and stultifying condition of getting the pay check, devoid of dignity as well as of importance.V．There are two sections in this part. For Section 1, you are asked to translate two of the three underlined sentences in the passage into Chinese. For Section 2, you are asked to translate the underlined five parts in the paragraph into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)Section 1[1] It is as though some giant’s hand were squeezing the trunks of the trees, forcing the sap up and along the branches, for the blossom seems to squirt into the air.There have been other Mays in other years, but never has there been so much blossom. The bees are bewildered by it. A few small bush-apples which were as austere as walking sticks when I planted them only two months ago are now in full flower, and look like little girls just off to a carnival.Peach, cherry, plum and apple strain into the air;[2] all the trees in the orchard are out together, and for once, no clumsy wind has shorn or rain washed their frail, enameled, fine petals down into the lecherous hands of grass.[3] What flower is there as delicate as this flower that grows out of a gnarled old tree with its trunk all twisted and its bark all blistered? It is a paradox. Beauty is always a paradox.V ocabularyblister: a bump or swelling appearsenamel：a substance like glass that can be heated and put onto metal, glass or pottery in order to decorate or protect it.lecher: a man who is continually thinking about sexSection 2[1]西方文化以宗教为本，从希腊神话到拉美神话的叙事传统，[2]人界之外还有神界的深厚资源和广阔空间，魔幻的力量诱人至深，[3]今天风靡天下的《哈利·波特》和《星球大战》，更把这一传统在高科技的参与下发挥光大。
2014年汉语国际教育视频课程+近三年真题+笔记+公共课阅卷人一对一指导=2500元 7月1日前报名，8折优惠！北大、人大、北外、北师、首师大老师领衔辅导！2013年包揽北大、民大、安徽师大、川师、北外、广外、汉教考研状元！吉林大学汉语基础一、回答下列概念。
（15分，每题3分）组合关系音标聚合关系音素谱系分类二、谈一谈语音符合的任意性和线条性。
（15分）三、回答下列问题。
（每题20分，共120分）声韵分析法。
元音和辅音的差异。
“六书”的造字法。
语素的类别。
同义词的应用价值。
现代汉语短语的类型。
《育明教育：考研英语25分作文三步攻略》英语对于众多考研的学子来说，是一个软肋。
考研英语中的作文，分值占到了30%，是相当重要的。
但是，每年北京在考研英语作文方面的分数压的是很低的，一般30分的作文，平均分在14分左右。
但是，育明教育的学员在这个方面的表现却比较突出，一般都能够达到20分以上。
育明教育公共课辅导团队认为，英语作文复习有三步要走：第一，总结一套自己的答题模板，但是要区别于市面上常见的模板。
第二，把往年的作文答题卡复印20-30份，每次写作文的时候都用这个答题卡，提前进入考试状态。
第三，在分析真题完形和阅读的时候要多留心好的句型和单词，尽量避免用一些中学的词汇。
例如，a good number of 和 a significant number of（源自：2006年考研英语完形）都可以表示很多。
但是在写作文的时候很多同学喜欢用中学的一些词，诸如“many”“much”“lots of”，这样一下子就给阅卷老师暴露了自己的“实力”。
以上三点做到了，作文25分以上不成问题。
此外，育明教育每年10-12月都会聘请考研作文阅卷老师亲临授课，通过小班讲解、一对一互动、个性化批改和点睛，学员提升速度很快。
2012年5月12日。
汉语国际教育硕士汉语基础（语言学基础）历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 汉语语言学基础知识汉语语言学基础知识填空题1．发音时较为用力，语流中听起来比其他音节突出的音节就是___________。
(暨南大学2017)正确答案：重音解析：重音是表情和达意的一种重要的形式手段。
重音是发音时较用力、语流中听起来比其他音节突出的音节，主要通过与语句中其他词相比在音高、音长以及音强等方面的凸显来体现。
知识模块：语言学基础2．根据《汉语拼音方案》，声调符号一般标在韵母的___________上。
(中山大学2017)正确答案：韵腹解析：《汉语拼音方案》规定：“声调符号标在音节的主要母音上”。
主要母音就是主要元音，也就是韵母的韵腹。
有a、o、e的韵母，a、o、e就是主要元音。
以单元音i、u、ü作为韵母的，i、u、ü就是主要元音。
韵母iou、uei、uen 省写成iu、ui、un后，韵腹o、e不见了。
调号标在后一个元音字母上，即标在iu的u上、ui的i上。
un当然标在u上。
知识模块：语言学基础3．用义符直接表示语义的文字，叫作义符文字，也叫___________文字，如汉字和埃及文字。
(扬州大学2017)正确答案：表意解析：从记录语义入手，用符号(字形)直接表示语义，造出义符，以义符带音，即间接表音，这种用义符直接表示语义的文字，叫义符文字，即表意文字。
如汉语、埃及古文字。
知识模块：语言学基础4．语音的物理属性包括___________、音长、___________和音色等四要素。
(扬州大学2015)正确答案：音高音强解析：考查考生对语音物理属性的掌握情况。
语音的物理属性即音高、音长、音强、音色。
知识模块：语言学基础5．造成不同音色的条件主要有___________、___________和___________的不同。
(扬州大学2015)正确答案：发音体发音方法发音共鸣器的形状解析：造成音色不同的条件主要有三种：一是发音体不同；二是发音方法不同；三是发音时共鸣器形状不同。
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学2000年；南开大学2003年研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called "social dialects"or "class dialects" or "sociolects" for short.)解析：2.Linguistic variable(北外2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic variables are those where the meaning remains constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different from. So far as pronunciation is concerned house[h]and with[h]has same social meaning with different pronunciations. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.) 解析：3.prototype（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexicalcategory, e. g. for some English speakers "cabbage"(rather than say"carrot")might be the prototypical vegetable.)解析：4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model(ICM).) 解析：5.iconicity（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a feature of language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.)解析：6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization. Grammaticalization brings about typical changes in meanings and the distribution of forms. Another characteristic of grammaticalized forms is that the constraints ontheir grammatical uses tend to reflect their lexical histories. Another typical outcome of grammaticalization is the development of different historical levels of nearly equivalent forms.)解析：7.Interlanguage（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Interlanguage. refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It"s a language system between the target language and the learner"s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner"s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like "to touch the society".)解析：8.Universal Grammar(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans(linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended to explain language acquisition in child development.)解析：9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.)解析：10.Error Analysis（中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves, first independently or objectively, describing the learners" interlanguage(that is, their version of the target language and the target language itself), then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches. Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis, EA for short, gives less consideration to learners" native language. The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps: (1)Recognition (2)Description (3)Explanation For example, explanation; the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance: e. g. She sleeping. Type of error; Omissions.)解析：11.applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.)解析：12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is the teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.) 解析：13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The learning of a second language by using the target language directly and associating speech form with action, gesture, objects and situations. Mother tongue is never or rarely used in the classroom, and the students supposedly acquire the second language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.)解析：二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)14.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Since language has both individual and social aspects, it is naturally of interest to psychologists and sociologists among others. Many psychologists are interested to investigate the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example, language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundations of language , and a big topic—the relationship between language and cognition, so there are psycholin-guistics. Socialists who are interested in the relations between language and society do researches concerned both sociology and linguistics, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. When anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages, anthropology and linguistics became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork. In contrast with other linguists, anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising there are some branches of macrolinguistics that show an interdisciplinary nature.) 解析：15.There are two kinds of grammar based on differentlinguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language;in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that "in standard English, a double negative is rarely used" is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correct or not. "You should never use a double-negative" is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says "judgment" is correct, but description accurately points out that "judgement" is consideredby Edited English to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.)解析：16.Saussure puts forward the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs; langue and parole /doc/524189031.html,petence and performance.(北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community; while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For Chomsky, a fundamental distinction between linguistic competence and performance should be made. A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. In light with this, competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker"s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, and thus would involve imperfections such as slips of tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, and so on. Thus, the point is that a speaker"s performance does not always match his competence. Saussure"s distinction is somewhat similar with Chomsky"s in the sense that they both refer to the constant factor which underlies theutterances that constitute parole/performance. However, their difference is quite obvious. Saussue"s language is a social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussrue looks at language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological point of view.)解析：17.Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.Sapir(1921: Language):"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. "Bloch and Trager(1942; Outline of Linguistic Analysis): "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. "（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Similarities;(1)Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word " vocal". (2)Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word * symbols" and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on " arbitrary"and "symbols". Differences: (1)Sapir"s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as birdsongs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.(2)Sapir also considers that language is " non-instinctive" and " voluntarily produced". Thus for himlanguage does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager"s definition do not include this feature. (3)The element " system" in Bloch and Trager"s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules. (4)The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group"s co-operation. Sapir"s definition proposes " communication" as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation. Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, " vocal" , " arbitrary" , " symbol" , " purely human" , " a system". But either has some limitation. As for Sapir"s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both thedefinition"s description of language"s function is not precise. Sapir"s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager"s definition does not point it out at all.)解析：18.It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example , bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating. i.What is your view on this point? ii. If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don"t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples if necessary.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：i. There"re fundamental differences between human language and other animal"s ways of communicating. All creatures, not only the "clever" ones like apes and dolphins but also such "lower" ones as bees and birds are able to communicate with each other. We have been careful in using the term "animal communication system" to indicate this ability. But language is human-specific which is not merely a tool used to transmit information but also a means of social communication. Linguists made a list of "design features" , which are found utterly absent in animalcommunication and thus distinguish human language from animal"s cry . ii. There are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, such as the "design feature" could distinguish human language from other systems of communication. For instance, 1)Duality, animals that use vocal signals have a stock of basic sounds which vary according to species. A cow has less than ten, a chicken has around twenty, but most animals can use each basic sound to stand for one thing only, so the communicative power of animal language is highly limited. However, human language has a number of sound units, or phonemes and each phoneme can become meaningful when it is combined with other phonemes, so we say human language operates on two levels of structures.2)Productivity or Creativity, it means that human beings can produce novel utterances whenever they want. The robin is creative in its ability to sing the same thing in many ways, but not creative in its ability to use the same units of the system to express manydifferent messages with different meanings. 3)Displacement, it is a property of language enabling people to talk about things being remote either in space or in time. Most animals can only communicate about things in the immediate situation.) 解析：解析：(本题主要考查语言的本质特征。
