浅谈动词不定式的用法(The Infinitive)

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第2O卷第2期 2006年6月 延安教育学院学报 Journal of Yanan College of Education Vo1.20 No.2 June.2006 

浅谈动词不定式的用法(The Infinitive) 

袁有社 ,李玲 

(1.延安职业技术学院;2.延安中学,陕西延安716000) 

[摘 要] 在通常的教学与学习中,动词不定式的用法是比较难以掌握的,笔者从多年的教学中积累了动词不定 

式基本用法以及它的特殊用法,供大家在教学与学习中参考。 

[关键词] 动词;不定式;用法 

[中图分类号]H319 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009—3001(2006)o2—0o48一o3 

动词不定式是由to+动词原形构成,它不能作谓语,但仍 

留着动词的特征,可以接有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词 

不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。 

语态 主动 被动 

一般式to write to be written 

完成式to have written to have been written 

进行式to be writing ……………… 

完成进行式to have been writing—1..…………・ 

一、不定式的时态和语态 

1.一般式:所表示的动作通常与其谓语动词同时或之后 

发生。 

I saw her enter the room. 

They decided tO plant more trees this spring. 被动形式: 

What is t0 be done next hasn’t been decided yet.(表语) 

I had tO shout tO be heard(状语) 

It’S great honor to be invited tO the party.(主语) 

The performance tO be given tonight will be very interesting.(定语) 

2.完成式:所表示的动作发生在其谓语动词前。 

I'm sorry tO have kept you waiting. 

He seems tO have read the book before. 

被动形式: 

The book is said tO have been translated into English. 

No harm seems tO have been dofie. 3.进行式:所表示的动作与其谓语动词同时发生。 

Tom pretended to be reading when the teacher came in. They are said to be having a meeting. 

*在intended,expected,hoped,promised,wanted, wished,thought等后用不定式完成时,表示过去没有实现的 

愿望,期待或计划等,也表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作或状 

态。 

I intended to have come to see you. 

I hoped to have finished the work earlier. 

二、不定式的用法 

1.作主语: To play fair is as important as to play wel1. 

To go tO bed early and tO rise early makes a man 

healthy. *①不定式短语作定语时,常用形式主语it代替。 

It is a great pleasure tO see you again. 

It’S bad manners tO talk with your mouth ful1. 

②下列表示事物性质的形容词同for后的名词或代词关 

系不密切,没有意义上的主表关系,但与句中的不定式结构却 

关系密切,有意义上的主谓关系,常与for搭配:easy,hard, 

heavy,necessary,impossible,possible,important,difficult, 

interesting 

It is difficuh for her tO do it well in such a short time. 

It is not easy for him tO get rid of his bad habits. 

③下列表示人物特征的形容词同0f后的名词或代词关系 

密切,有意义上的主表关系,常与0f搭配。brave,careful, 

careless,clear,cruel,foolish,kind,nice,rude,stupid,silly, 

wise,honest,thoughtful 

It is brave of you tO do that. 

[收稿日期] 2OO6一O3—2O [作者简介] 袁有社(1957一),男,陕西昊起人,延安职业技术学院师范教育分院副教授。 李玲

(1961一),女,陕西延安人,延安中学英语特级教师。 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com 第2O卷第2期 浅谈动词不定式的用法(The Infinitive) ・49・ 

It is nice of you to help me with my work. ④不定式表示具体特定的或将来的动作。 

It’s necessary to read it many times 

To finish the task within two weeks is very difficult. 2.作表语: 

My job is to help the patient. 

Our plan is to set up another school for the peasants’ children. 

3.作宾语: 

①作及物动词的宾语: 

1 will manage to do it. 

She has promised to help me with my work. ②作某些形容词的宾语(有些语法家认为作状语): 

glad,sorry。afraid,ready,pleased,anxious。eager,sure, 

willing,determined 

His brother is eager to join the army. 

The boy is afraid to face his mother. 

③若不定式作宾语,其后还带宾语补足语,这时it作形式宾语: 

Junex found it important to study the situation in 

Russia. 

He feels it his duty to help others. 

④作介词but,except的宾语: 

I have no choice but to accept the fact. 

*若介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,介词后的不定式 

则不带to. 

She could do nothing but cry. 

4.作宾语补足语: 

Yesterday he asked me to go with him. 

Tell the children not to play in the street. 

这里需要注意的是:①在tell,hear,listen to,look at, 

notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等动词后的宾 

补中,不定式不带to. 

I saw a little girl run across the street. 

Let me do it myself. 

②以上动词若变成被动结构时,则必须带to。 

He was seen to go into the room. 

He was made to clean the room alone as a punishment. 

5.作定语: 

The farmers thought of ways to protect their crops. 

She didn’t have much money to spend. *①与所修饰的名词有主谓关系,动宾关系,同位关系。 

There is no one to take care of her. 

Have you got something to eat? 

We got the order to leave the city. 

②与修饰的名词为动宾关系,并且为及物动词,这时其后 

不带宾语: 

He has a lot of questions to ask. 

Would you like something to drink? ③与修饰的名词为动宾关系,并且为不及物动词,应加适 当的介词: 

There is nothing to worry about 

He is looking for a room to live in. ④与修饰的名词为动宾关系,不定式既可以用主动语态, 

也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。 

Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗? 

(动作的执行者是you) 

Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要寄的东西吗? 

(动作的执行者是被省略的me或someone else) 

⑤介词+which+to do 

It is not a good season in which to trave1. 

There are all kinds of things from which to choose. 6.作状语: 

1)作目的状语: 

He stopped to have a rest. 

We started early to get there before dark. 

*in order to或so as to也可表示目的状语。 

She reads China Daily in order to improve her English. 

He works hard so as to catch up with others. *为了强调目的状语,可放句首(so as to不行) 

To master a foreign language one must work hard at it. 

2)作结果状语: 

①In 1935 he left home never to return. 

He hurried to the school only to find nobody there. ②adi./adv.+enough to do sth. 

He is old enough to look after himself now. 

The ladder was not long enough to reach the building. ③too+adj./adv.to do sth. 

The tea is too hot to drink. 

He is too tired to go any farther. ④so……to do sth. such……as to do sth.