英语国家概况学期论文

The comparison of political system between The United Kingdom and the United States摘要英国、美国都是典型的西方民主制国家，但两国政治制度中的政体设计却各有不同，分形成了议会制、总统制。

但他们都创制了两院制的立法机构，承担所有成文法律的制定与修改。

英国将议会分为上院与下院，美国将议会分为参议院和众议院。

关键字：政治制度、两院制、立法机构I IntroductionAs we all know,once the United kingdom was called the empire which sun never down.After it went through World War I and World War II,thus Britain was then in an apparently strong economic position,a position it clearly no longer occupies,which indicates some sort of decline.In the meantime,America rouse abruptly.In 1783,the treaty of Paris was sighed and Britain had to recognize the independence of the United States.A new American nation was thus born.At present,it becomes the superpower nation.Why do the two nation so develop so fast?I think one of the most important reason is their advanced and progressive political system.II the comparison of the political system betweenBy learning their political systems,it can deepen our understanding about political civilization and we can learn its advantageous part and improve our own political system.So,I will make a comparison of the two nations’ basic political system.I The Constitution’s comparisonBritish governance today is bases upon the terms and conditions of the constitution.But it has no written constitutions of the sort which most countries have.Instead of having one particular document which lists out the basic principles of how a country should be governed,the foundations of the British state are laid out instatue law,the common laws and conventions.So its constitutional system is so complicated.On the contrary,America has its own written constitutions which is formed the first in the whole world.The constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government.A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts,with some rights reserved to each.II Political parties’ comparisonThe political parties play an important role in the western political system and have ultimate connections among the election,parliament,cabinet and so on.Therefore,it is very important to clearly realize them.Today,The United States has two major political parties.One is the Democratic Party whose symbol is the donkey.The other is the Republic Party whose symbol is the elephant.When the constituency is elected as president.he will become the representative of that party.Then,the governing party has the executive power without legislative power.Because America carries out the separation of power.For the United Kingdom,there is the party in power and shadow party.The leader of the party in power has the executive power and legislative power and can organize the cabinet.And the shadow partymake enough comparison for the next election.III The legislation’s comparisonI n America,the legislative institute is Congress.Its members are made up of elected representatives from all of the states and this is the only legislation branch that can make federal laws,levy federal taxes,declare war or put foreign treaties into effect.It consists of a Congress that is divided into two house:the house of Representative and the Senate.The house of Representatives’ lawmakers can serve two-year terms.After 2 years,it is necessary to elect the lawmakers again. The Senate’s lawmakers can serve six-year terms.The term of the senators are staggered,so that only one -third of the Senate is elected every two years.Each house member represents a district in his or her home state.What is more,the status and right of the two houses is equal.Also,the legislative right is exerted by two houses.In Britain,Parliament can pass laws and is supreme because it alone has the power to change the terms of the constitution.It consists of two houses:House of Lords and House of Commons.Lords,who were summoned “by name”,are not elected and are not considered to represent anyone besides themselves.The House of Commons’ member of Parliament is elected by General Elections.It is held every five years.In the General Election,the party which gets the majority vote becomes the party in power.The leader of this party is appointed as the prime ministerby queen or king.To ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament,the king or queen met regularly with a group of important Parliamentarians,a group which became known as the Cabinet.IV the institute of government’s comparisonThe oldest institute of government is the Monarchy which is used in Britain.At the beginning,the power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the “divine right of kings”.So the king has the absolute and infinite rights.Through evolving many years later,the executive right has been transferred into the Cabinet’shands.Afterwards,the mutual relations among the parliament,cabinet and the king or queen finally arm confirmed.America is a federal country.It has the following features: First,the president governs the chief executive of the UnitedStates.Also,his power are formidable,but not withoutlimitations.Second,the executive branch and the legislative branch is separate and affect each other.This system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another.To sum up,the two countries have their own national historical trace.There are some similarities.Both countries have multi-party system in the political parties.Everyone has the election right.Considering the two countries’ different conditions and history,there exists distinct difference in the political systems.参考文献。

英语国家概况范文《英语国家概况》课程标准一、课程定位《英语国家概况》是高职应用英语专业学生的专业知识必修课。

本课程的设置是为了使学生了解英美等几个主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯和社会生活的其它情况，以提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生的跨文化交际能力；加深对语言的理解，提高分析和批判的能力；提高学生的思想道德素质、文化素质和心理素质。

为学生毕业后所从事的中小学英语教学工作打下扎实的英语文化根底知识和英语语言应用能力。

前导课程是《语音》课程、《精读》、《听说》等语言根底课程，通过这些课程的学习使学生具备扎实的英语听、说、读等根本功底，掌握英语的根本知识、为《英语国家概况》的学习打下根底。

后续课程是《商务礼仪》、《英美文学》和《英美文学欣赏》。

二、课程教学目标本课程的教学目标是使本专业学生了解六个主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯和社会生活的其它情况，使学生养成不断联系当前实际，密切关注国际局势的习惯，并能迅速准确地查阅资料，在储藏丰富背景知识的同时，稳固和提高英语水平。

1、知识目标：系统了解英美国家的地理、历史、政治、经济、文化等知识。

理解和掌握英美国家重要历史变革、重要人物、政治体制、经济政策。

分析中西文化的差异，深刻理解洋为中用，求同存异的思想。

2、能力目标：进一步扎实学生的英语根底，扩大词汇量，扩大阅读量，用英语进展展示和演讲，学以致用，加强语言表达的流利性和准确性。

能运用英语讨论和讲解地理、历史等相关的学科知识。

能运用英语分析和阐述与生活严密相关的政治、经济和文化等问题，培养良好的思辨能力。

3、素质目标：增强学生们对文化差异的敏感性和宽容性，及处理这些文化差异的灵活性。

渗透了积极向上的西方人文思想，有利提升学生的人文素养，培养学生独立自信、诚信守法、回报社会的良好操守。

If Y ou Are Tired of London, Y ou Are Tired of Life.Y es, I think so.At first, London was in a depression in the chalk north of the weald. It is surrounded by richer clay soil which produced food for the citizens of London. two thousand years ago, Roman built this city, from that time, London has been owing a maximum influence in the world, and from 1801 to 20 century, as a empire of the world-the capital of British empire, London become the biggest city of the world for acquiring a outstanding achievement in politics, economy, humanity culture, science and technology invention.T hat’s the history of London, but now London is still the biggest city of Europe a nd meanwhile it also a city which is worthwhile to visit.London is a cosmopolitan mixture of the Third and First worlds of chauffeurs and beggars, of the establishment the avowedly working class and the avant-garde. Unlike comparable European cities, much of London looks unplanned and grubby, but that is part of its appeal. Visiting London is like being let loose on a giant-sized Monopoly board clogged with traffic. Even though you probably won’t know where the hell you are, at least the names will look reassuringly familiar.London has many famous places, such as River Thames, Tower Bridge, Swiss Re Towe r, Palace of Westminster, Big Ben, Millennium Bridge, London Eye, St Paul’s Cathedral, and Tower of London and so on. At the same time, as we known, it is one of the most important economic centre of the world and the maximum economic centre of Europe as well.London is a year-round tourist center, with few of its attractions closing or significantly reducing their opening hours in winter. Y our best chance of good weather is, of course, at the height of summer in July and August, but there’s certainly no gu arantee of sun even in those months and that is when you can expect the biggest crowds and highest prices. Besides when it rains hard, the weather gets a little cold in the later, afternoon the sky will be clear, the sun will begin to shine and it will be summer at this time of day. And then, London fog is the obviously characteristic.With so many beautiful places and the amazing history, anyone who didn’t visit it before is really a pity. No other area of Britain is as rich in history tradition and cultural associations as London. Throughout the capital there are great mansion, venerable old buildings, houses, unrivalled collections of art treasure and colorful ceremonies to suit every possible taste and mood. History is from there and, of course, it is worthwhile visiting London. So, if you are tired of London, you are tired of life. I think that’s true.。

天津师范大学考试试卷2013 —2014学年第二学期期末考试答题纸（A 卷）科目：英美概况学院：外院专业： 2013 级英语副辅修班级：姓名：学号：American’s role in the two World WarsAbstract:American experienced two world wars.Through two world wars American’s ecomomic，political have taken place great changes.Established the position in the international stage .The eassy discuss the time,development,result of two world wars and research the American’s role in the two world wars.Keyword: world ward；American；role1.Introduction1.1The significance of topicThe eassy talk about the two world wars’ cause,development and the results.Thinking American’s role in two world wars.Researching the internationalsituation changes and Americ an’s state in the international changes.1.2Research MethodThe main methods for the study are reading the relevant literature and querying the relevant information and combing with introduces the contents of the book.On the basis of this analysis and research,some history understanding are to be summarized.Put some context of myself.2.American and World War I2.1The cause of World War IWorld War I broke out in july 1914.The war was launch between two groups of imperialist powers,Allies and the Central European Power.The basic cause of the war lay in the political,economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers,stretching back into the late 19th century.First were the economic rivalries.Most of the European power competed the foreign market.The most serious economic rivalry taken place between Britian and Germany because of the latter’s rapidly developed of industrialization in the later 19th century and Germany’s industrial scale had beyond britian’s capacity and took the first place in economy in Europe by the 20th century.Economic rivalries brought colonial disputes.They were redividing the world according to their economic strength and the competition was restricted to Britain and Germany.The immediate cause of the War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo,Serbia on june 28,1914.It was use as an excuse for declared war on Serbia by Austria.2.2American in World War IWhen the war began,American just to observe strict neutrality until 1917 Wilson was leading the country into the war.In general,there were there reasons for the us to join the war so late.First,America’s traditional distrust of standing armies,the military power was too slight to join the war.Although the navy was strong,the air force was slight can only national defense.Then the national Security League andthe National Defense Act were passed between 1914 and 1916,which doubled the standing army,recorganized the National Guard,and provided for the military training of officers.A series bills was passed,the navy was expand.Second,it was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause.The American hold Allied powers’ bonds and stocks through sold war material to them.In order to prevented paper become worthless the Amerian have to join the war.Finally, the Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships helped the amerian turning the neutral opinion to against Germany.2.3the impact between war and AmericanIn the war,the navy was playing a decisive part .By the close of the war,American naval vessels,mostly destroyers and submarine chasers,wre in service in European water.In the meanwhile,the American’s air force was made huge improve.As American entered the war the Allues began to act on the offensive and finally victoried.3 American and WWII3.1 The cause of World War IIThe Great Depression serve a pavement for World War II.It was a major factor in bring about Nazism and World War II. World War II finally erupted in 1939,as a result of German aggression.3.2 American in World War IIBefore World War II,Congress passed three Neutrality Acts which prohibited the sale of munitions and the lending of money to the nations at war.TheAmerica -n explicated his neutrality state in the coming war by isolationist policy.At the beginning of World War II,the Congress repealed the arms embargo and substituted a “cash-and-carry” policy.This policy still seemed neutral but it was to the advantage of England.In 1940,when Franklin Roosevelt tried for a third term as President while the World War II was comprehensive fired.When the US was taking action to support the Allies,Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7,1941.This made America formally plunge into the war.3.3 The conferences during World War IIDuring World War II,navy was not the only power .Because of the the number of plane was increase,the air force played an important part,the availability of aircraft made frequent meeting possible between the leaders of the Allied countries.Those meeting is important for the war. Roosevelt and Churchill maooed out plans for the flighting against Japan until her unconditional surrender.The conference in Teheran on Nov.28,1943,was the first meeting at which Roosevelt,Stalinand Churchill were all present.And the Yalta Conference in Feb. 1945,developed and adopted the official charter of the United Nations Organization which was conclude 50 nations.The sharp contrast to the case after World War I,the US Senate,after a brif debate,ratified the UN Charter on July 18,1945.3.3 the impact of World War II to AmericaAs far as I am consider,there are four impact the World War II to America.First of all,the World War II improved the international status in the United States, became the world's leading powers of capitalism.Western Europe and Japan had to stick after the war. war Second benefit from the World War II,the U.S. economy is strong, has the world's most abundant gold reserves, dominated by the capitalist world monetary system, the bretton woods system.Third during the war the America established the dominance of dominant the establishment of a new international order, the Yalta system after the war.The United Nations was founded early manipulation by the United States..Last ,the American has the world's most powerful military force.The most powerful, conventional weapons are set up more than 500 military bases around the world.And it has a monopoly on the atomic bomb.4. ConclusionBefore the first world war, the United States is not strong.The army is only a total of 8000 people, but the navy is already the world's third is its main battle effectiveness.Early war on arms trade to make money quickly, and expansion of the army, the army's strength is also improved.Because the U.S hold a lot of the Allies’ stocks and bonds in order to prevent the Allies defeated, maintenance period of self-interest.1The United States took part in the war at the end of the first worldwar.Thus the army began to increase,.six months after the end of world war I, the United States grow into the world's big powers, but the influence is still unable to compare with the western powers.However, in the second world war the United States arms industry was very complete and continue to rely on arms industry to make money, use the plight of the expander arms trade, arms in the world market demand for more stimulus.The development of the industrial powers of military industry, the world currency inflows and scientific and technological personnel to join the United States economic development of the catalyst, nationalist sentiment in the United States are inspired after 1941, the United States using the accumulation of a large number of dollars into war bonds arms production, war double-digit economic growth, the rich human resources and material resources allow us to power delivery in Europe and the Pacific, the war in 1945, the United States economy into the saturation state, the United States at a cost of $2 billion and a group of scientists are likely to fail the atomic plan is a good one, at the end of the war with the United States has control of the world, almost the Marshall plan the implementation of the control of the Europe and the United States, the United States became the first world powersReference：1.Xu Luzhi.，《Understanding the US and the UK》，Qingdao：China oceanpress，2012：70-832.Glenn p.Hastedt:American Foreign policy:past,present,future[monograph]Upper Saddler River,N.J. Prentice Hall,c2000.。

Analyzing the English Culture and Its Characteristic Abstract:English culture, which has strong geographical and national characteristics contributes greatly to the world culture. English people’s advocacy of democracy, innovation and humanism also has a worldwide influence. It is these valuable characteristics makes Britain develop further and better.Keywords:English Culture; Geographical Advantage; Industrial Revolution; Democratic System; Education SystemBritain is a European country whose culture develops into multiculturalism of which the main body is Scottish national culture. Although Britain’s history as the number one power no longer exists after the two World Wars, English culture remains its distinguishing feature. In the process of enriching their own culture meaning, British people also make positive contributions to the world culture and gives the world culture new revelation.From the thickly-populated and then industrialized countries of Western Europe to the corresponding area of America, the shortest sea route lies across the British Isles. The ships bound for America often drop the anchor at one of the ports on the south coast of England. Britain is over one thousand kilometers from south to north. Its castline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. Britain is separated from the Europe continent, in some way, it keeps from the turmoil of Europe, at the same time, the feudalism in Britain affects English people a lot. Thus, they share the common character, conservative and deference.Britain keeping its advantage for a century is largely because of English people’s innovative and realistic which promotes the great revolution in UK. Pragmatism, which is an indispensable pare of the English national character, is generally recognized. It is a nation where daydream and empty talks can hardly existed. People there like to try their best to realize what they think about. In the history of the country, English people always emphasize the spirit of pragmatism. Especially in the period of industrial revolution, the quality of pragmatism has been full demonstrated. They did all kinds of creation and invention with the spirit of pragmatism.From the 18th to the 19th century, the famous Industrial Revolution from where the greatest changes in several parts made a profound effect on the whole society in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the whole world. It goes without saying that the agriculture,manufactuing, mining, transport, and technology have already undergone massive changes in the blink of an eye. From the invention of various machines to the progress of politics, science and literature, the quality of pragmatism developed tremendously during that period. The change which took place in every aspect of the country enhance the importance of pragmatism in the mind of English people.Nobility, part of the English national character, is generally recognized. The reason for the formation of the unrivalled nobility dates back to the period one thousand years ago when England was invaded by France. The French aristocrats disdained the populace of England. They were unwilling to live like these English common people. Though their own special life style and experience, the French aristocrats displayed their noblity. For the ancient Englishmen, the graceful life style of the French aristocrats was the aspiration for the entire Anglo-Saxon nation. This is the root of the Englishmen’s longing for graceful life. In the following years, this peculiar aspiration of the English people has gradually turned into a national habit. The monarchy existed in England more than one thousand years. The upper class always has great influence on the average people.Also, the democracy system in Britain shows English people’s spirit of democracy. The Magna Carta marked a turning point in world history. Until the 13th century in England, European rules were absolute monarch. With absolute rule came absolute power, these rulers had the power to do and order anything they chose. The end of absolute power in the United Kingdom came with the revolutionary Magna Carta, which established a set of laws that not even the king could violate. The same laws that applied to the lowest class of society applied to everyone, even to the royal family. The Magna Carta was a major first step toward the democracies of today, governments in which there are no monarchs but rather self governing citizens. Britain was also the first country to institute the parliamentary system in the 13th century. It reveals English people’s desire for democracy.English people’s creativity and pragmatism can be seen through their higer education. British emphasizes on education, not only gathered the world's most famous and oldest schools and universities, and there is no shortage of new style and awareness of the most innovative institutions. Britain still put Education as a pillar industry in the UK. Education policy is to encourage more and more students to the country's educated at the University. UK higher education to implement the two-track system, on the one hand, the autonomy of universities, on the other hand, publiccolleges and universities. University refers to the classical universities, modern university, University, Open University, and eight universities in Scotland; public colleges and universities in the university refers to the multi-disciplinary Institute of Technology, School of Continuing Education and the Institute of Education.The test system is very strict in Britain. But British exam questions are flexible.They focused on the open subjective topic and rarely given conclusions of should or shouldn’t. British university against the way that examination is everything, so a nd the exam is not the only criteria. In the final evaluation, students’ standard of scientific researching, practice performances, achievements in scientific researching and their final achievements all accounted for 25%. In addition, the test answer is also quite flexible. All the creative solutions which have innovation significance and research value will get the school’s approvement and encouragement.Britain is a rich and varied, with international and multi-cultural society. Britain is a tolerant, democratic society, where different political views and beliefs are respected. English culture and its characteristic affect the Britain and the world greatly. Reference:【1】Fulford, Roger. English Culture , 1945【2】Mugglestone, Lynda. English: Meaning and Culture, 2008【3】McCarthy, Justin. The English Parliament, 1893【4】Hunt,T.W. Educational English, 1895【5】Tracy Bulla. Industrial Revolution, 2010。

英语国家概况考试作文**English Overview Exam Essay: Exploring the Cultural Nuances of English-Speaking Nations**The English Overview Exam essay, a crucial component of understanding the diverse cultures and nuances of English-speaking countries, offers a unique opportunity to delveinto the rich tapestry of these nations. This essay notonly examines the historical backgrounds, political systems, and social structures of these countries, but also explores their unique cultural identities and traditions.Beginning with the historical backgrounds, the English Overview Exam essay highlights the significant events and periods that have shaped the identities of English-speaking nations. From the colonization of the Americas by theBritish Empire to the establishment of independent governments, these countries have experienced a diverse range of historical influences. The essay delves into the impact of these events on the political systems and social structures of these nations, analyzing how they haveevolved over time.Moreover, the essay explores the cultural identities and traditions of English-speaking countries. From the vibrant festivals and celebrations to the diverse culinary delights, these cultures offer a fascinating array of experiences. The essay examines how these traditions have been preserved and adapted over the centuries, reflecting the unique blend of old and new in these nations.In addition, the essay considers the role of language in shaping the cultural identities of English-speaking countries. English, as a global language, has become a unifying force among these nations, allowing for greater cultural exchange and understanding. However, the essay also acknowledges the existence of regional dialects and accents, which further enrich the cultural landscapes of these countries.Furthermore, the essay analyzes the social and economic impact of English-speaking countries on the global stage. From the economic prowess of the United States and the United Kingdom to the cultural influence of Australia and Canada, these nations have left an indelible mark on the world. The essay explores how these countries haveleveraged their resources and strengths to shape global policies and trends.Finally, the English Overview Exam essay concludes with a reflection on the importance of understanding thecultural nuances of English-speaking nations. In a world increasingly connected by globalization, it is crucial to appreciate the diversity and uniqueness of different cultures. By exploring the historical backgrounds,political systems, social structures, and culturalidentities of these countries, we can gain a deeper understanding of their people, values, and traditions.In conclusion, the English Overview Exam essay provides a comprehensive overview of the cultural nuances ofEnglish-speaking nations. Through an exploration of their historical backgrounds, political systems, social structures, cultural identities, and global influence, the essay offers a unique perspective on the rich and diverse cultures of these countries. This understanding not only enhances our appreciation of their uniqueness but also fosters a greater sense of cultural tolerance and respectin a globalized world.**英语国家概况考试作文：探索英语国家文化细微差别** 英语国家概况考试作文，是深入了解英语国家多样文化和细微差别的重要途径，它为我们提供了探究这些国家丰富文化纹理的独特机会。

Britain and the United States, in today's world is the two big powers in society, the two countries have extremely similar in a lot of places, so they have the obvious differences?First，the character of Americans and British man was not the same.British tradition, focusing on good manners etiquette. Americans believe in freedom, not like constraints.The British character traits are: apathy, subtle, introverted, conservative and rational rigor, gentleman's humor. Corresponds to American character was summed up as follows: warm, cheerful, adventurous, innovative, and imaginative alive, straightforward humor.Second，British and American philosophy of education is different.British Conservative and strict, reflected in education was rigorous style of study, improve the education system. It has a strict quality control system, quality assessments and scientific research and university teaching evaluation results known to the world, United Kingdom higher education is being checked on a regular basis.Americans are pursuing equality and freedom, reflected in education is the United States education system with diversity, openness Characteristics, internationality, flexibility, the United States education is to ensure fair and equal opportunities for education, and to give full play to different educational objects can meet the personality characteristics to raise the full of vigor and vitality.Third, British and Americans in their everyday life practices also differ.From the fashion point of view, Britons are paying attention to clothing, paying attention to a gentleman, Americans are more casual, wants to wear what, in their own comfort, not to mind other people's assessment, will not be evaluated.See from eating food of both countries, British diet also exudes British upper classes should be noble, from selection to Cook, and then at the dinner table, the British none to maximize detail. Americans -diet does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, not luxury, more popular. Three meals a day are just. Such eating habits to some extent also reflected American life, vigorous and resolute, as if it is not to the British procrastination, so attention to detail.British and American in their respective essence on why such a huge difference? Human environment is the main reason, I think. Secondly geographical environment is one of the indispensable factors.。

中国地质大学江城学院课程论文题目:America, Its Culture___Focus on American Family聚焦美国文化___浅析美国家庭学生沈锦霞学号4140100430课程主要英语国家概况A2教授郭萍二○一二年五月三十日声明本人呈交的课程论文，是在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，所有数据、表格、图表真实可靠，尽我所知。

除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本学位论文的研究成果不包含他人享有著作权的内容。

对本论文所涉及的研究工作做出贡献的其他个人和集体，均已在文中以明确的方式标明。

本学位论文的知识产权归属于培养单位。

本人签名: 日期：______摘要想要了解一个国家的文化，应首先从它社会的基本组成单位家庭入手。

随着社会科学、经济的发展，世界各国全方位交流的不断加快、加深，人们对于它国文化的了解很大一部分来源于对它国民众家庭的了解。

家庭对于每个人来说都不陌生，它是人类社会的基本组成部分，每个人都生活在某个家庭之中。

基于家庭为基础的家庭文化逐渐为人们所普遍关注。

因为它可以说是了解它国文化的一个重要窗口，因此围绕家庭所产生的家庭文化成为一个世界性的议论热点。

这篇文章从传统的美国家庭结构入手，由浅到深，到1950年起美国家庭结构发生巨变的原因，再着重分析隐藏在美国家庭工作中的价值观，并对价值观的形成无发展做了初步的解析。

中间部分着着重讲了美国人对结婚与离婚的不同态度、孩子在美国家庭中扮演的角色和作用，美国人如何养育孩子，及家庭内部的平等的发展----孩子对父亲的由感情拘谨和恐惧发展到平等。

这凸显了美国人强调个性自由、人人生而平等这一精神主旨。

文章接着讲了婚姻关系发展的四个阶段，简要的阐述了上述精神主旨的发展过程。

最后总括全对文家庭在社会中的作用和家庭价值观做了高度概括。

关键词：文化价值观社会婚姻ABSTRACTIf you want to learn about a country’culture, you should first learn its basic components of society --- family.Full exchange of social sciences, economic development, the countries of the world continues toaccelerate and deepen the understanding of its country's culture. Large part is from the understanding of the families of the people of its country. The family is not strange for everyone, it is an essential part of human society, every one is living among a family. Based on home-based family culture is slow.The general concern. Because it can be said to be an important window of the culture of other nations, so the family around the family culture has become a worldwide discussion hot. This article is written from the traditional American family structure, from shallow to deep,to the reason of the change of family structure since 1950s, then it emphatically analyzes the values at work in the family, and show the development of the vslues. The middle part is mainly about Americans’different attitude towards marriage and divorce, the role of the child, the way Americans raise their children, and the development of equality in the family----the childrens’relationship with their father are from formal and fear to equality. And from all the above we can see the spirits of the emphasis on individual freedom and “Every one is created equally”. Then the article is about four stages of marriage relationships, this paper briefly introduced the development process of the spirits above. The last paper is about the full text, it highly introduced the role of the family in society and the family values.Key Words: culture value society marriageCONTENTS1. Introduction (1)2. Family structure (2)3. Individual Freedom and Equality in the family (4)4. Marriage and divorce (6)5. The role of child (7)6. The Role of the Family in society (9)7. The impact of educational thought in American families andculture of American society (11)8. Conclusion (13)Acknowledgements (14)Works cited (15)America, its culture___focus on the American family1. IntroductionWhen we talk about Americans, the first word come into our mind is family. Americans take family as their most important part in their lives. So what is the typical American family? What is the family relationship, and how have the traditional American values affected it?It’s generally believed that before the 1960s, American families have experienced the evolution from the family to the nuclear family. Into the 1960s, that is, post-industrial society, with the rapid development of industrialization, urbanization, the values of Americans favor individualism and hedonism, coupled with the rise of anti-tradition and the feminist movement, the American nuclear family is under great impact. Divorce, cohabitation and homosexuality dramatic increase makes in the number of significant decline in marriage rates. The resulting single-parent families, following-parent families, dual-career families, single-parent families, DINK families, gay families, the American family patterns are showing adiversification trend.The divorce rate is gradually increased, the transformation of gender roles in the family, the growing requirements of the material economic and social recognition are impacted American marriage patterns generated tremendous changes in the main factors. We Can not deny that the modern American family patterns do make up for the deficiencies of the old family patterns. But for many women and children, divorce and remarriage is not really no harm. On the economic front, the mother as the guardian of the single-parent families met with great difficulty.2. Family structureTypical American familyIf Americans should name their family:Married Americans would say the name of their wife or husband and children. Their brothers and sisters are just single units.Aunts, uncles, cousins and grandparents are extended family. Traditional familyThe American families were nuclear families which consumed of wife, husband and children and lived in a house or an apartment. Grandparents were rarely found living with their married sons ordaughters. And uncles and aunts almost never do.1950sThe classic American family where the father was the “breadwinner”and the family mother was the “homemaker”and the family had two children.Reality todayOnly today a small percentage of American families are living like “stay-at-home”mother, a working father and children under 18 years. 25% Americans is living aloneStructurally, Asian-American families historically included split-household families, transnational families, extended families, nuclear families, and multiple nuclear family households. Evelyn Nakano Glen (1983) described Chinese split-household families as part production or income earning by men sojourning abroad, and part reproduction or maintaining the family household, including childrearing and caring for the elderly by wives and relatives in China. Split-household families were common for Chinese between 1850 and the 1920s. In the 1930s Filipino families also had split-household families since men far exceeded women on the mainland. Gender roles became reversed when Filipina women migrated to become domestic workers and nurses in the health care system, becoming family breadwinners with children and spouses in the homeland. Transnational (split-household) families grewout of economic necessity, and transcended borders and spatial boundaries to take advantage of the lower cost of living for families in a developing country (Zhou and Gatewood 2000). Filipina women preferred having kin, rather than strangers, provide childcare, especially during infancy, even if that meant living away from their children. But this arrangement was considered a broken home because the ideal family was the nuclear family, and there was an emotional cost of not being able to supervise one's own children. These kinship patterns reinforced the cultural value of familism, or mutual cooperation, collectivism, and mutual obligation among kinIn the 1950s, man who had fought in Word War II had returned home, married, and began starting their families. There was a substantial increase in the birthrate, producing the “bab y boomers.” A second demographic factor is that today young people are marrying and having children later in life. Some couple now choose not to have children at all. A third factor is that people are living longer after their children are grown, and they often end up alone. And, of course, there is further factor---the high rate of divorce3. Individual Freedom and Equality in the familyThe belief in equality has had a strong effect on the family. As Alexis deTocqueville said in 1830s, in aristocratic societies inequality extends into the family, particularly to the father’relationship to his children. The father is accepted as ruler and master. The children’s relations with him are very formal, and love for him is always combined with fear. But in America, there is less formal respect for, and fear of the father. But there is more affection expressed toward him. In fact, some Americans are worried that there is too much democracy in the home. Some parents seem to have little or on control over the behavior of their teenage children, particularly after they turn 16 and get their drivers’licenses. On the other hand, they give their children a lot of freedom because they want to teach their children independence and self-reliant. Children are given a lot of freedom and equality in the family so that they can grow up independently. Traditionally American children have been expected “leave the nest”at about age eighteen, after they graduate from high school. By their mid-twenties, if children still living with their parents, some people will suspect that something is wrong. Today however, a number of young people are unable to find jobs that support the lifestyle they have grown up with, and they chooseto move back in with their parents for a time. These young people are sometimes called “boomerang kids”.Americans view the family as a group whose primary purpose is to advance the happiness of individual members. The result is that the needs of each individualtake priority in the life of the family. This means that in contrast to many other cultures, the primary responsibility of the American family member is not to advance the family as a group, either socially or economically. Neither is to bring honor to the family name.The American desire for freedom outside control clearly extends to the family. Americans do not like to have controls placed on them by other family members. They want to make independent decisions and not want to be told what to do by grandparents or uncles or aunts. What would be best for the family is not usually considered to be as important as what would be best for the individual. What would be best for the family is not usually considered to be as important as what would be best for the individual.4. Marriage and divorceMarriages are not arranged in the America. Young people are expected to find their husband or wife by their own; their parents do not usually help them. In other words, they will never tell those parents their marriage plan until they decided to marry. Parents have little control over their children marry. Americans believe that young people should fall in love and decide to marry some one they can live with happily with. Of course, in reality this does not always happen, but it remains thetraditional ideal and it shapes the views courtship and marriage among young Americans.In Americans value, marriage is determined largely by how happy the husband and wife make each other. So if the couple is not happy, they may choose to get a divorce. A divorce is relatively easy to obtain in most parts of the United States. Most states have “no-fault”divorce. To obtain a no-fault divorce, a couple states that they can no longer live happily together, that they have irreconcilable differences, and that it is neither partner’s fault. The divorce rate rose rapidly in America after the 1950s, but it has decreased by the 1990s. Today, one out of every two marriages now ends in divorce, children are often involved. The majority of American adult believe that unhappy couples should not stay married just because they have children at home. It is significant change in attitude since the 1950s.5. The role of childAmericans affect their children in a contradictory way. That is mostly because they are emphasis on the individual, rather than the group. It may cause them to get more attention and even have more power thanthey should. What’s more, because most children have mothers who are working outside the home, they may not get enough attention from their parents. In general, American families tend to place more emphasis on the needs and desires of the children and less on their social and family responsibilities. Most American parents choose to learn how to plant children from books that made many books on how to raise children became the best sellers. Although Americans may not agree on how to raise children, they still hold the basic belief that the major purpose of the family is the development and welfare of each of its members as individuals.American children from an early age living in the environment of the "love" they are the love of many parents and families. Every parent is trying to create the best growth and educational environment for their children. Children in the very young, was sent to preschool and kindergarten, where there is specialized in research work in early childhood education teachers for the children arrange courses and activities. In choosing a primary school, the conditions of the parents should send their children to the relatively high fees of private schools, these schools have better teachers and equipment, and the class is relatively small. In family life, parents love their children and it is also reflected in the respect for the wishes of children, understanding and support of children's ideas. Parents usually try to meet the reasonable requirements of the child when the child's request can not be met, or thechildren have parents of different ideas, parents can patiently explained to speak the truth to persuade, never forced, but few have beaten children phenomenon. Americans in the speech of their children are to use polite language. Their children to help work with to discuss the tone, such as: "......" or "you can help me?" When the children finish afterwards, the parents never forget to say "thank you!" the child does something wrong and the parents of his critics, parents of the children said: "Thank you!" The children grew up in this democratic atmosphere, feel the respect of others, also felt a personal value, which formed they ask others to respect, but also respect other people's concepts.6. The Role of the Family in societyAccording to Letha and John Canzone, two American sociologists, the institution of marriage in the America has experience four stages of development:Stage 1: Wife as servant to husband. It happened during the 19th century. American wives were expected to be completely obedient to their husbands.Stage 2: Husband-hand, wife-helper. It was during the late 19th and early 20th century. The wife’s power increased, but the husbandremained the head of family.Stage 3:Husband-senior partner, wife-junior partner. It was during 1960s. More and more wives had jobs outside the house, but they had lower priority than their husbands.Stage 4: Husband-wife equal partner. Husband and wife share their family duties equally; power over family decisions is also shared equallyWe have seen that only one in four households consists of a traditional family—a father, mother and their children. Many of these are actually stepfamilies or blended families. Since most divorced people remarry, many children are living with a stepfather or stepmother. In a blended family, the parents many each have children from a previous marriage, and then have one or more children together. Blinding families is not easy, and, sadly, many second marriages fail.In addition to traditional families and blended families, there are a number of single parents, both mothers and fathers, raising their children alone. Many of the single mothers are divorced, but some have never married. In deed by the mid-1990s, one-third of all new babies were born to single mothers, and this trend continues.In recent years, lesbian couples have created family units, sometimes adopting children. Some states are considering same-sex marriages, and others may recognize them as civil unions. This is a very controversial issue. There is no doubt, that the definition of family has become muchbroader in the 2000s. The majority of Americans would now define a family as “people who live together and love each other.”7. The impact of educational thought in American families and culture of American societyAfter 200 years of development, the United States eventually become the world's only superpower, the strength of its various aspects of living in the world. A centuries-old country only a short reason why we can obtain such a brilliant achievement, there are many reasons, but I think the unique family culture in the United States, especially in the field of education plays a particularly important role, their family culture democracy, freedom and equality thinking, independent and opening up the spirit of adventure, to a large extent, to stimulate the economic development of science and technology in the United States, its performance in three areas.First, relying on this family culture, the United States each year attracts thousands of immigrants from all over the arrival of a large part is to learn a director or a certain skill that immigrants, they become an important part of the U.S. technology professionals. Such as Silicon Valley in the United States, 3/4 of its engineering and technical personnel come from China and India. Such immigrants can be said to promote the development of U.S. technology can not be ignored.Secondly, the adventure and the spirit of exploration in the American family culture encourage social progress. Not opposed to American society and culture of personal adventure, and even appreciation of personal risk-taking behavior, never ridiculed for losers ridicule. Because of this attitude in the scientific, economic and other fields of the United States, there is often a lot of unexpected invention to create. From the Nobel Prize winners in recent decades, nearly half of the winner from the U.S., this phenomenon is fully illustrates this point.Third, American family is focus on the individual development, democracy and social development. Performance in a single family as parents, children can freely express their views, opinions, everyone can express their views on a problem from their own point of view is manifested in social life, so that the same problem can good to know and analyze, from which to select the most appropriate and reasonable solution to the problem, to avoid the detours taken the wrong road. This is why the United States there are a large number of advisory bodies of the important reasons.As to the family values in America, Daniel Yankelovich has already reported it by 11 points, which is agreed by majority of Americans. He classifies 6 of them as clearly traditional. They are respecting one’s parents, being responsible for one’s actions, having faith in God, respecting authority, married to the same person for life, leaving the world in better shape. The other 5 are giving emotional support to other members of the family, respecting people for themselves, developing greater skill in communicating one’s feeling, respecting one’s children,living up to one’s potential as an individual.8. ConclusionAspects of American family culture can be said that the basic connotation of American families and culture, develop profiles and educational influence have a preliminary understanding, especially in contrast to the family culture in Sino-US educational differences, and further deepen our impression of the American family and culture. Family culture as a new type of culture, to some extent,it becomes us to understand American society and culture, a window, but also comprehensive and profound knowledge and understanding of the influence of educational thought in American culture has a positive effect.AcknowledgementsIt takes a long time to select subject and finalize a manuscript. During this spell, I have learned a lot and I would like to thank my teacher and those who give me a hand on this paper, especially my teacher Guo Ping. This paper is dedicated to my teacher’s guidance; she gives much information about the culture of American family and main direction for my paper, without which I would have never finished this article by myself.Trough the study of the American family, I have learned how to do the research work, how to use valuable resources and how to be a distinguished person.To all of these I owe a profound debt of gratitude, and to my classmates who offered me much help in the proofreading of this paperWorks citedMaryanne Kearny Dates man, The American Ways, Beijing, World Publishing Company, 2002.Shiva Zhu, Modern American Culture, Beijing, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2001.Xiangtan Kong, the Western Culture, Xi’an, Northwestern Polytechnic University Press, 2007. Inland Xia, Modern American Family Law, Beijing, China Politics and Law University Press, 1999.乔安.克兰德尔2008 《美国文化背景第3版》世界图书出版公司。

My view on social transformation in the United Kingdom Abstract:The seventeenth century to the eighteenth century has witnessed the great changes in the United Kingdom ,ranging from economic and social transformation to the change of value orientation.As fas as the various ways of historical research are concerned, the economic and social history study has become a new direction in the historical research.So today I will maily base on the reform of economy and discuss some economic and social problems in the transformation era in the United Kingdom.At the same time, I hope it will provide us some experiences towards the transformation in ChinaKey words:transformation,economy,social problems.It is universally ackowledge that the United Kingdom has undergone the Industrial Revolution since eighteenth century.What we should attach importance on is the profound impacts of the economic reforms.Economic activities’ change s in pattern,scale, benefit, and structure are the motivation of the development and the changes of human society. Therefore, the transformation from the medieval feudal society to modern capitalism is mainly based on the variations from traditional natural economy to the highly developed industrial and commercial economy.1We attribute the great reforms in the United Kingdom of this period to the profound and comprehensive changes in economy.Now,let us have a deep look at the transifomation.1、Economic reforms1)Commerilization of the agriculture: There was a change from the relativelyquiescent state in the Middle Ages to the currency market and commercial exchange with more freedom and liquidity .iiThere are many reasons for this kind of changes,such as the rapid increase in the population, the process of the civilization and the expansion of the international trade so on and so forth.The commercialization has interrelated with the capitalist production in agriculture,for it has provided the foudation of the production and the circulation in the future,which has promoted the process of manufature.2)Great-leap-forward development in industry:Coal exploiting and primitiveaccumulation of capital have contributed to the process of the large-scale machine industry,which is the epitome of the developmental of capitalist industry. The capitalist estancia and manual workshop have also deepened the development of it.At that time, the United Kingdom enjoyed ever increasing rate of economy growth,making it the most properous country in the world and she was regarded as the workshop of the world.3)Expansion of the maket demand:Dealing with the contradiction between thesupply and demand rightly is significant to the development of a country.The market demand has demonstrated diversification in the United Kingdom inseventeenth century.The jump of the national requirment has become an obvious feature in Britain,which provided the mass production with foundation and opportunities.The growth in the supply also met the demand of the people and the country in turn,thus making a virtuous circle between the supply and demand.2、Social transformationIn fact,sociology derived from the 18th century, and it appered as an independent discipline in the 1930s.It is the outcome of the modern capitalism,for the meaning of its existence is solving the social problems which comes hand in hand with the rapid development of the economy in the transformation time.We all know that the reforms had changed the society in various ways,and today I will select two topics which are mistaken by someone in the past to discuss as follows.1)Class differentiationThe Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain.Industrial capitalist class and industrial proletariat class have turned to be the two main opposed classes in the society.There is several climaxes of labour movements in Britain.But today I would like to talk about the differentiation among the working class.⏹Labours on the farm land:We all know a typical phenomenon in England thatthere lied an aristicracy and gentry----farmer------labour structure.It wasaristicracy and gentry who own the land,farmers who lend the land andlabours who work on the land.⏹Domestic servants:With a long history,domestic servants are a bigemployment department,especially for women.They lived together with theirmasters and have a comlex identification. But we have to admit that theirsocial standards were quite low to some extent.Industrial workers:In this period of time,workers in factories have differentiated in two ways,one is the propotion of population,the other one iseconomic status.For the industry where workers can be repalced bymachineries,it is evitably that the population of the labours decreased andtheir economic status descends.Textile industry is a typical example for thesekinds.2)PovertyThe poor in the seventeenth century can be divided into two different kinds,the first kind is people who lose all or part of the capital goods,such as sevants and hire labours,and the other one is people who need government subsidy to keep body and soul together.But based on the data1600-1720 the propotion of the expense on food by labours in the United KingdomActually,based on the Engel's Coefficient,the labours in England nearly have adequate food and clothing.But the data did lie some defect,for it assumed that thelabours worked everday of the year without enjoying the weekends.So the real propotion may come to 70%3However,the problem of starving is not so serious in the seventeenth in England when comparing with other European countries,like France.In a word,on one hand,the labours did go through their life with their slender wages,on the hand,they did not live with distress and darkness as some historians exaggerated before.The purpose of this paper is not only just analysing the phenomena in the economic and social transformation in England,but also offering us some expericences towards the reforms in China. It is believed that China had come to the era of social transformation in the late 1980s. At home,from the sociology scholars’point of view, social transformation was defined the meaning of three aspects:first is system transformation, namely system from planned economy to market economy system.the second refers to the social structure.Scholars who hold this idea maintain that social structure is the main part of social transformation, It consists of people's behavior, the way of life ,value system etc.The third one refers to the social form changes, namely refers to the variatation from traditional society to modem society, from agricultural society to industrial society, from closed society to open society.4We can easily sense the big changes in the society as well as some economic andsocial problems.However,what we should keep in mind is that these problems can not be avoided and all countries have undergone them in the history as we can see in the United Kingdom.But they can be solved by the development of the economics and sociology,by the adjustments of the policy,by the endeavor of the people of the whole country.1<经济社会史> 商务印书馆侯建新2002<The England of Elizabeth:A structure of Society> A.L.Rowse 1951 3John Komlos “The Food Budgt of England Workers Acomment on Shammas”Iournay of Economic History 19884/view/633149.htm?fr=ala0_1。