土木工程

Building Types and Design

A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary

space to work and live in .

As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings

and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or

industrial

production while civil buildings are those that are used by people

for

dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .

Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing

and

manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry

,the

metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the

textile

industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones

and

multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil

buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in

the way they are used .

Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings

and

public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist

of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet

.public

buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and

other

services , such as schools ,office buildings ,parks , hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres

gymnasiums ,hotels , exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on. All of them

have

different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.

Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is

to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their

housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the

available

housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how

near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie

theater ,and the community center .

In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both

inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an

acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in

highly

industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the

center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to

their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to

suburban

housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor

in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re

chiefly

interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .

Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the

building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be

done.

An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which

should

provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they

are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under

three

categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of

easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include

a

dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may

be

added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often

serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the

“night

“rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise

the

kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect

the

services with the day rooms .

It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the

various

rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible

.it

is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account

of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these

complex

problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are

concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height

of

buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the

general

appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .

There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still

need to comply with local town-planning regulations .The modern trend is