动词的时态与语态
一、考点透析
动词的时态、语态是语法填空中必考内容之一，动词的各种时态形式都可能考到，不过最常考的是一般现在时态，一般过去时态，现在进行时态，以及一般将来时态，现在完成时态，同时还常与非谓语动词一起考查，做语法填空题时，首先要判断括号中所给动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；若是谓语动词，就要考虑时态、语态、语气(陈述语气还是虚拟语气)、主谓一致四个方面。
其次，在确定谓语动词的时态时，我们可从三个方面来进行判断：
1．看句子中的时间状语或时间状语从句。
2．在没有时间状语或时间状语从句时，要看上下文的谓语动词的形式。
3．看是否是特殊句型等。
例如：Suddenly，he _____(find) that he had run out of salt.
二、真题体验
1．(2016·新课标Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research.
I___________(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.
2．(2016·新课标Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might__________(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
3．(2016·四川)The giant panda___________(love) by people throughout the world.
4．(2016·四川)Then, after two and a half years, the mother________ (drive) the young panda away.
5．(2016·浙江)While online shopping______________(change) our life, not
all of its effects have been positive.
6．(2016·浙江)Silk_____________(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
7．(2016·北京)Jack______________(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
8．(2016·北京)—Excuse me，which movie are you waiting rfo
—The new Star Wars. We________________(wait) here for more than two hours. 9．(2016·北京)I____________(read) half of the English novel，and I'll try to finish it at the weekend.
10．(2016·北京)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts___________________(reward) with success in the end. 11．(2016·天津)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom
I_______________(see) for years.
三、知识清单
Ⅰ.动词的时态
一般现在时①现在的状态②经常性或习惯性的动作③客观真理
④在某些状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时
①We always care for each other and help each other.
②We have 3 classes a day.
③The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.
④We will not go to the park if it rains tomorrow.
一般过去时①过去的动作或状态②过去经常性或习惯性动作
③在状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来时态
①We had a test yesterday.
②We often played together when we were children.
③He told us he read an interesting novel last night.
④She told me that she would come to see me when she visited China again. 一般将来时 will/shall do ①表示将来的动作或状态
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作③表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定
④will在含有条件、时间状语从句的主句中表意愿
be going to do ①表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备
②表将来，不能用在含有条件、时间状语从句的主句中
①I shall go to swim tomorrow if it is fine. ②We will die without air or water.
③My grandmother will be 90 years old next year.
④She'll tell you if you ask her.
①I'm going to stay at home tomorrow.
②The little boy is going to learn how to play football.
be to do
表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、职责、可能性等
①A meeting is to be held at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
②You are to report to the police.
be about to do 表示“即刻；就要”，一般不与时间状语或状语从句连用
①Autumn harvest is about to start. ②He is about to leave for Beijing.
过去将来时①用would do，was/were going to do sth.表过去将来
②was/were to do sth.和was/were about to do sth.表过去将来
③常用于宾语从句和间接引语中，表示过去将要发生的行为或存在的状态
①I knew you would agree. ②He said he was going to come with us.
③He said the meeting was to be held the next week.
④I was about to leave when he came in.
⑤He said he would wait until they came back.
现在进行时be＋doing ①表示说话时正在进行的动作
②表近期特定的安排或计划
③表示趋向行为的动词，如come，go，start，begin leave等可用进行时代替将来时
④与always等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气
①He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
②I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight. ③The National Day is coming. ④He is always helping others.
过去进行时was/were＋doing ①表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作②表示某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行
①It was raining when they left the station.
②When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
现在完成时have/has＋done①表示过去的动作对现在的影响
②表示某一动作从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也可能继续持续下去
③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时
①He has gone to Shanghai.
②I have learnt English for three years.
③Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
过去完成时had＋done ①表示“过去的过去”
②表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had
hoped/planned/meant/intended等或者hoped/planned...＋to have done
③过去完成时用于一些固定句型中
①When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.
②I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.
③I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
④That was the first time that he had visited Australia.
现在完成进行时have/has＋been＋doing
①用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作
②多与all the time，this week，all night时间状语，for、since引导的状语从句连用
①They have been living here for three years.
②He has been doing the maths problems since 800.
各种时态的被动语态
一般现在时am/is/are done 一般过去时was/were done 现在进行时am/is/are being done 过去进行时was/were being done
现在完成时have/has been done 过去完成时had been done
一般将来时will be done 情态动词can/may/must be done
①不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者②强调动作的承受者
③动作的执行者有较长的修饰语④出于礼貌，不愿说出动作的执行者
①Rice is grown in South China. ②The glass was broken yesterday.
③The project is being carried out.
④This road was being built this time last year.
⑤This novel has been translated into 3 languages.
⑥When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
⑦The cars will be sent abroad by sea.
⑧Oil can be turned into energy by burning it.
4、考点警示
1．下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
(1)表示心理状态、情感的动词，like，love，hate，care，believe等。
(2)表“存在”的状态的动词，如appear，exist，lie，remain，seem等。
(3)表示一时性、非延续性动作的动词，如allow，accept，permit等。
(4)表示感官的动词，see，hear，notice，feel，smell，sound，taste，look 等
2．always，often等频度副词与进行时连用表示经常反复的行为或表达某种感情色彩，如赞叹、不满、厌烦等。
The girl is always talking loud in public. 这个女孩老是当众大声喧哗。
3．只有及物动词才有被动语态。但cost，have，own，lack，agree with，suffer from，belong to，consist of等及物动词或及物的短语动词没有被动语态。
4．以下情况常用主动形式表示被动含义。
(1)系动词feel，look，seem，appear，taste，sound，smell，prove，remain等用主动形式表示被动意义，主语通常是事物。
The material feels very soft. 这种料子摸起来很柔软。
(2)write，read，clean，sell，wash，cook，open，close，lock等的否定式或与well，badly，easily等副词连用，主语由内在品质或性能使谓语得以实现或不能实现时。
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
(3)cook，bake，make，print，pack，work out等动词用于进行时态时。
The fish is cooking. 鱼正在煮。
5、易错把脉
①In the mornings, it was full of students exercising. The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid.
②When English is an only language in class, students will have more opportunity to practise listening and speaking. However，there were problems with this method.
①Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky—they were looked like rain!
②Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles.