Video coding using a deformation compensation algorithm based on adaptive matching pursuit
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VIDEOCODINGUSINGADEFORMATIONCOMPENSATIONALGORITHMBASEDON
ADAPTIVEMATCHINGPURSUITIMAGEDECOMPOSITIONS
OscarDivorraEscodaandPierreVandergheynst
SignalProcessingInstitute(ITS)
SwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyinLausanne(EPFL)
Ecublens,1015Lausanne,Switzerland
Email:{oscar.divorra,pierre.vandergheynst}@epfl.ch
ABSTRACT
Today’svideocodecsemploymotioncompensatedpredictionin
combinationwithblockmatchingtechniques.Thesetechniques,
althoughachievingsomelevelofadaptivityintheirlatestversions
[1],continuetorelyonthedecompositionofframesonasetof
artificialprimitives:blocks.Thispaperpresentsanewapproach
tovideocoding.Ageometricallyadaptiveimagedecomposition
schemeusinganover-completebasisisusedtorepresentthescene.
UsingMatchingPursuit(MP),weareabletoexpresslocalfeatures
suchasposition,anisotropicscaleandorientationintermsofaset
ofspatio-frequentialprimitives.Inordertoperformframepre-
diction,onlythechangesintheparametersthatdeterminethese
functionsfromframetoframewillhavetobecoded.Suchanap-
proach,inadditiontobeingabletocatchdisplacementsinimages
dealsaswellinanaturalwaywithlocalscaledeformationsand
localrotations.
1.INTRODUCTION
Classicallyusedseparablebasesarenotabletorepresentoptimally
2Dpiecewisesmoothsignalssuchasimages,thereforeagrowing
interesthasappearedinthefieldofapproximationtheoryinfinding
betterapproximatingbasesforedgelikesingularities[2,3,4,5].
Inthefieldofvideocoding,interestingideashavebeenintroduced
inthisdirection[6]bycodingtheresidualmotionpredictioner-
rorwithfunctionscapableofexploitingredundancyinitsstruc-
ture.Anyway,thisapproachislimitedbythefactthatstateofthe
artmotioncompensationdoesnotnecessarilyrespectthenatural
structuresofimages.
Aninterestingapproachistousemoreflexiblerepresentation
techniquesthatwouldallowformoreefficientcodingofnatural
structures(i.eedges,texturesorevenmotion).Ourmotivationin
thispaperistouseanadaptiverepresentationofspatialprimitives
andcorrectlytrackitsevolutionthroughtimeinordertoperform
somehigherordermotioncompensation,thatcouldbecalledde-
formationcompensation.Oneofthemaininterestsofourtech-
niquewithrespecttostateoftheartinmotioncompensationbased
onblockmatching(BM)orwarpingproceduresisitsabilitytoef-
ficientlyrepresentvisualprimitiveswithoutimposinganadhoc
partition.
Thepaperisstructuredinthefollowingway:Insec.2useof
over-completefunctionbasesforadaptedimagerepresentationis
ThisworkwassupportedbytheSwissFederalOfficeforEducationandTechnologygrantnumber6044.1KTS.reviewedfollowedbyitspossibleextensiontoapredictivescheme
forframecompensation.Insec.3adescriptionoftheproposed
algorithmcanbefoundfollowedbysomeresultdiscussionsand
theconclusions.
2.MATCHINGPURSUIT:FROMIMAGETOVIDEO
REPRESENTATION
Expansionsongeneralover-completedictionariesoffunctionsisa
problemwithaninfinitenumberofsolutions[7].Findingthebest
N-termexpansionisnormallyNP-hard,thoughforsomedictionar-
iesconvexoptimizationprocedures(BasisPursuits)yieldthecor-
rectoptimum.Withoutrestrictionsonthedictionary,sub-optimal
approacheshavetobefollowed.
Matchingpursuit(MP)isoneofthesub-optimalapproaches
thatiterativelyapproximatesthesolution[8].Itcomputesoneco-
efficientoftheexpansionateveryiterationsuchthatthenormof
theresidualisminimized.Accordingtothis,theN-termexpansion
canbeexpressedas:
f=N−1
n=0gγn,Rnf·gγn+RNf,(1)
wheregγnisthefunctionselectedfromtheredundantdictionary
andRnftheremainingresidualofthefunctionbeingapproxi-
matedatiterationn.
2.1.2DSignalRepresentationThroughMatchingPursuits
Studiesconcerning2Dedgerepresentationshowtheimprovement
andnear-optimalitythattheuseofanisotropicorientedfunctions
canbringinsomecases[2,3,4].FurtherstudiesbyFiguerasetal.
[5]haveaswellunderlinedtheimportanceofbeinggeometrically
adaptiveinthechoiceofthesetoffunctionsthatwillapproximate
the2Dpiecewisesmoothsignal.
Accordingtothis,itcanbeconcludedthatadictionaryof
anisotropicallyscaledandorientedfunctionsshouldbeusedfor
imageexpansions.InthepreviousworkdonebyVandergheynst
andFrossard[9],thisbasisledtotheuseofMPtogetherwitha
dictionaryoffunctions(atoms)thatweresmoothinonedirection
andbehavedasawaveletintheorthogonalone.Suchfunctions,
abletorepresentefficientlycontourlikesingularitiesin2D,form
aredundantdictionarybuiltbyapplyingtranslations,rotationsand
anisotropicscalingtothefollowinggeneratingfunction:
g(x,y)=4x2−2exp−x2+y2.(2)