Video coding using a deformation compensation algorithm based on adaptive matching pursuit

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VIDEOCODINGUSINGADEFORMATIONCOMPENSATIONALGORITHMBASEDON

ADAPTIVEMATCHINGPURSUITIMAGEDECOMPOSITIONS

OscarDivorraEscodaandPierreVandergheynst

SignalProcessingInstitute(ITS)

SwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyinLausanne(EPFL)

Ecublens,1015Lausanne,Switzerland

Email:{oscar.divorra,pierre.vandergheynst}@epfl.ch

ABSTRACT

Today’svideocodecsemploymotioncompensatedpredictionin

combinationwithblockmatchingtechniques.Thesetechniques,

althoughachievingsomelevelofadaptivityintheirlatestversions

[1],continuetorelyonthedecompositionofframesonasetof

artificialprimitives:blocks.Thispaperpresentsanewapproach

tovideocoding.Ageometricallyadaptiveimagedecomposition

schemeusinganover-completebasisisusedtorepresentthescene.

UsingMatchingPursuit(MP),weareabletoexpresslocalfeatures

suchasposition,anisotropicscaleandorientationintermsofaset

ofspatio-frequentialprimitives.Inordertoperformframepre-

diction,onlythechangesintheparametersthatdeterminethese

functionsfromframetoframewillhavetobecoded.Suchanap-

proach,inadditiontobeingabletocatchdisplacementsinimages

dealsaswellinanaturalwaywithlocalscaledeformationsand

localrotations.

1.INTRODUCTION

Classicallyusedseparablebasesarenotabletorepresentoptimally

2Dpiecewisesmoothsignalssuchasimages,thereforeagrowing

interesthasappearedinthefieldofapproximationtheoryinfinding

betterapproximatingbasesforedgelikesingularities[2,3,4,5].

Inthefieldofvideocoding,interestingideashavebeenintroduced

inthisdirection[6]bycodingtheresidualmotionpredictioner-

rorwithfunctionscapableofexploitingredundancyinitsstruc-

ture.Anyway,thisapproachislimitedbythefactthatstateofthe

artmotioncompensationdoesnotnecessarilyrespectthenatural

structuresofimages.

Aninterestingapproachistousemoreflexiblerepresentation

techniquesthatwouldallowformoreefficientcodingofnatural

structures(i.eedges,texturesorevenmotion).Ourmotivationin

thispaperistouseanadaptiverepresentationofspatialprimitives

andcorrectlytrackitsevolutionthroughtimeinordertoperform

somehigherordermotioncompensation,thatcouldbecalledde-

formationcompensation.Oneofthemaininterestsofourtech-

niquewithrespecttostateoftheartinmotioncompensationbased

onblockmatching(BM)orwarpingproceduresisitsabilitytoef-

ficientlyrepresentvisualprimitiveswithoutimposinganadhoc

partition.

Thepaperisstructuredinthefollowingway:Insec.2useof

over-completefunctionbasesforadaptedimagerepresentationis

ThisworkwassupportedbytheSwissFederalOfficeforEducationandTechnologygrantnumber6044.1KTS.reviewedfollowedbyitspossibleextensiontoapredictivescheme

forframecompensation.Insec.3adescriptionoftheproposed

algorithmcanbefoundfollowedbysomeresultdiscussionsand

theconclusions.

2.MATCHINGPURSUIT:FROMIMAGETOVIDEO

REPRESENTATION

Expansionsongeneralover-completedictionariesoffunctionsisa

problemwithaninfinitenumberofsolutions[7].Findingthebest

N-termexpansionisnormallyNP-hard,thoughforsomedictionar-

iesconvexoptimizationprocedures(BasisPursuits)yieldthecor-

rectoptimum.Withoutrestrictionsonthedictionary,sub-optimal

approacheshavetobefollowed.

Matchingpursuit(MP)isoneofthesub-optimalapproaches

thatiterativelyapproximatesthesolution[8].Itcomputesoneco-

efficientoftheexpansionateveryiterationsuchthatthenormof

theresidualisminimized.Accordingtothis,theN-termexpansion

canbeexpressedas:

f=N−1󰀃

n=0󰀉gγn,Rnf󰀊·gγn+RNf,(1)

wheregγnisthefunctionselectedfromtheredundantdictionary

andRnftheremainingresidualofthefunctionbeingapproxi-

matedatiterationn.

2.1.2DSignalRepresentationThroughMatchingPursuits

Studiesconcerning2Dedgerepresentationshowtheimprovement

andnear-optimalitythattheuseofanisotropicorientedfunctions

canbringinsomecases[2,3,4].FurtherstudiesbyFiguerasetal.

[5]haveaswellunderlinedtheimportanceofbeinggeometrically

adaptiveinthechoiceofthesetoffunctionsthatwillapproximate

the2Dpiecewisesmoothsignal.

Accordingtothis,itcanbeconcludedthatadictionaryof

anisotropicallyscaledandorientedfunctionsshouldbeusedfor

imageexpansions.InthepreviousworkdonebyVandergheynst

andFrossard[9],thisbasisledtotheuseofMPtogetherwitha

dictionaryoffunctions(atoms)thatweresmoothinonedirection

andbehavedasawaveletintheorthogonalone.Suchfunctions,

abletorepresentefficientlycontourlikesingularitiesin2D,form

aredundantdictionarybuiltbyapplyingtranslations,rotationsand

anisotropicscalingtothefollowinggeneratingfunction:

g(x,y)=󰀁4x2−2󰀂exp󰀁−󰀁x2+y2󰀂󰀂.(2)