10Spring___06SpecialRelativity_526601513

工商管理专业《学位英语》重点考试试题及详解学位外语考试试题一、语音题(每空1分,共10分)01、notice ['n?utis]A. stomachs ['st?m?ks]B. houses ['hauziz]C. mouths [mauθ]D. reasonable ['ri:z?n?bl]02、winkle ['wi?kl] A. windy ['windi]B. drink [dri?k]C. footprint ['futprint]D. interesting [??ntr?st??]03、shook [?uk]A. shoot [?u:t] B. food [fu:d]C. shoe [?u:] D. wood [wud]04、occasionally [?'kei??n?li]A. population [p?pju'lei??n]B. Russian['rn]C. question ['kwest??n] D. television ['teli,vi??n]05、pressure ['pre??] A. directly ['direkli] B. oxygen '?ksid??n]C. absence['?bs?ns]D. camera ['k?m?r?]06、float [fl?ut]A. flower ['flau?] B. brown [braun]C. hometown ['h??mta?n]D. bellows ['bel?uz]07、bulletin ['bulitin]A. bury ['beri]B. Prussian ['prn]C. bullet['bulit]D.punishment['p?ni?m?nt]08、breach [bri:t?]A. break [breik]B. theatre ['θi?t?]C. meadow ['med?u]D. least[li:st]09、opposite A. companion B. balloon C. stroll D. historic['?p?zit] [k?m'p?nj?n][b?'lu:n] [str?ul] [his't?rik]10、scatter A. laboratory B. separate C. gravity D. various ['sk?t?] [l?'b?r?t?ri]['sep?rit]['?r?viti]['vε?ri?s]11、essay A. holiday B. says C. away D. mayor[e'sei]['h?l?di] [sez][?'wei]['mε?]12、singer A. anger B. tongue C. eager D. single ['si??]['] [t??] ['i:??]['si??l]13、splendid A. watched B. refused C. wretched D. impressed ['splendid][w?t?d][ri'fju:z ]['ret?id] ['impres ]14、owner A. powerful B. brown C. narrow D. power['?un?] ['pau?ful] [braun]['n?r?u] [pau?]15、latent A. squirrel B. centigrade C. level D. mend['leit?nt] ['skw?:r?l] ['senti?reid]['lev?l][mend]16、flood A. loose B. blood C. moon D. noon [fl?d][lu:s] [bl?d][mu:n] [nu:n]17、mudA. musicB. human C. hugeD. lung [m?d] ['mju:zik]['hju:m?n][hju:d?][l??]18、creature A. effect B. energy C. reduce D. belief['kri:t??] [i'fekt] ['en?d?i][ri'dju:s][bi'li:f]19、mountain A. explain B. remain C. campaign D. captain['mauntin][ik'splein][ri'mein] [k?m'pein]['k?ptin]20、cookie A. frog B. oxygen C. wolf D. obvious['kuki] [fr??] ['?ksid??n] [wulf]['?bvi?s]21、 period A. request B. perseverance C. Recognize D. require ['pi?ri?d][ri'kwest] [p?:si:'vi?r?ns]['rek??naiz][ri'kwai?]22、geographyA. regret B. envy C. remark D. deck[d?i'??r?fi] [ri'? ret]['envi][ri'm?:k] [dek]23、replied A. enteredB. asked C. stepped D. added[ri'plaid]['ent?d][?skt] [stept] ['?did]24、counter A. country B. south C. tough D. enough ['kaunt?]['k?ntri] [saue] [t?f] [i'n?f]25、eyebrow A. town B. follow C. slow D. fellow['aibrau] [taun] ['f?l?u] [sl?u]['fel?u]26、schoolyardA. coo B. cookC. poor D. childhood['sku:lj?:d] [ku:] [kuk] [p?:] ['t?aildhud]27、master A. Alsace B. tiresome C. impress D. unable['m?st?] ['a:?θas] ['tai?s?m]['impres][?n'eibl]28、twinkleA. windyB. drinkC. footprintD. interesting['twi?kl]['windi] [dri?k] ['futprint] [??ntr?st??]二、单选题(每空1.5分,共30分)01、Since your supervisor has __ specified ___ the time for a talk, you must make sure that you will be there on time因为你的上司有特定的时间谈谈,你必须保证你会准时到那儿的。

ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING BODIES
By A. EINSTEIN June 30, 1905
It is known that Maxwell’s electrodynamics—as usually understood at the present time—when applied to moving bodies, leads to asymmetries which do not appear to be inherent in the phenomena. Take, for example, the reciprocal electrodynamic action of a magnet and a conductor. The observable phenomenon here depends only on the relative motion of the conductor and the magnet, whereas the customary view draws a sharp distinction between the two cases in which either the one or the other of these bodies is in motion. For if the magnet is in motion and the conductor at rest, there arises in the neighbourhood of the magnet an electric field with a certain definite energy, producing a current at the places where parts of the conductor are situated. But if the magnet is stationary and the conductor in motion, no electric field arises in the neighbourhood of the magnet. In the conductor, however, we find an electromotive force, to which in itself there is no corresponding energy, but which gives rise—assuming equality of relative motion in the two cases discussed—to electric currents of the same path and intensity as those produced by the electric forces in the former case. Examples of this sort, together with the unsuccessful attempts to discover any motion of the earth relatively to the “light medium,” suggest that the phenomena of electrodynamics as well as of mechanics possess no properties corresponding to the idea of absolute rest. They suggest rather that, as has already been shown to the first order of small quantities, the same laws of electrodynamics and optics will be valid for all frames of reference for which the equations of mechanics hold good.1 We will raise this conjecture (the purport of which will hereafter be called the “Principle of Relativity”) to the status of a postulate, and also introduce another postulate, which is only apparently irreconcilable with the former, namely, that light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c which is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body. These two postulates suffice for the attainment of a simple and consistent theory of the electrodynamics of moving bodies based on Maxwell’s theory for stationary bodies. The introduction of a “luminiferous ether” will prove to be superfluous inasmuch as the view here to be developed will not require an “absolutely stationary space” provided with special properties, nor

1907年迈克耳逊因创制精密光学仪器而获得诺贝尔物理学 奖
§6.2 狭义相对论的基本原理 洛仑兹变换
Fundamental Principles of The Special Theory of Relativity
Lorentz Transformation
一 基本原理（两个公理）
1 相对性原理（relativity principle）
r ct , S 2 0
(3) 若两个事件的空间距离超过了光波在时间t所传播的距 离，此时
r ct , S 2 0 ;
为了说明问题的方便，把三种间隔用一个三维时空图形表 示出来，事件用一个三维时空点P来表示。
ct
·P
45o
o
y
P点在 xy 面上的投影表示事件发生的
x
地点，P点的垂直坐标表示事件发生 的时刻 t 乘以c 。
意义：两事件的间隔与参照系的选择无关，是一个 不变量。它是光速不变原理的数学表示形式。
例：在系静止光源S发光，经M反
射后到S接收，设相对沿x轴正向
运动，计算时间和间隔。
l0
l0
t 2l0 / c
S
S vt
s2 c2 t2 t12 [ x2 x12 y2 y12 z2 z12 ] 4l02
t
1
v2 c2
静止坐标系测出的 时间，称为该物理 过程的固有时
在上看到物体以速度v运动。t> ，表示运动物体上发生的自然 过程比起静止物体的同样过程延缓了。物体运动速度越大，所观察 到的它的内部物理过程进行得越缓慢。这就是时间延缓效应。这种 效应是时空的基本属性引起的，与钟的具体结构无关。
时间的延缓
二 间隔不变性
1、事件

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

AClassified Ads56. If you want a job of taking care of children, which ad will you answer?A.LOST AND FOUNDB. ROOMMATESC.FOR SALE D．HELP WANTED57．You will call _______ if you want to buy a radio.A．800-0436 B．800-0739 C．800-4661 D．800-4964BIt seems that the Englishmen just cannot live without sports of some kind. A famous French humourist once said that this is because the English insist on behaving like children all their lives. Wherever you go in this country, you will see both children and grown-ups knocking a ball about with a stick or something, as if in Britain men shall always remain boys and women girls! Still, it can never be bad to get exercise, can it?Taking all amateur (业余) and professional sports in Britain into consideration, there can be no doubt that football is at the top of the list. It is called soccer in the United States. The game originated (起源于) in Britain and was played in the Middle Ages or even earlier, though as an organized game, or "association football", it dates only from the beginning of the 19th century.The next is rugby(橄榄球), which is called "football" in the United States. It is a kind of football played by two teams of fifteen players than eleven. In rugby, an oval-shaped ball is used which can be handled as well as kicked. It is a pretty rough game.In summer, cricket（板球）is the most popular sport. In fact, it has sometimes been called the English national game. Most foreigners find the game rather slow or even boring, but it enjoys great popularity among the British.Tennis rates high on the list, too. It was introduced into England from France in the 15th century, but it was from England that it spread to practically every country in the world.Table tennis, or "ping-pong", surely is not played on a great scale as it is in China or Japan. Basketball and volleyball were introduced into Britain during the late 19th century from America and are gaining popularity. Horse-back riding, swimming, rowing and golf all attract a lot of people.58．The main purpose of Paragraph 1 is to tell us that the English ___________.A．are all sports lovers B．behave like childrenC．like to kick a ball around D．can remain young all their lives59．According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about football and rugby?A．They differ in the shape of the ball.B．They are played by different numbers of players.C．They both can be handled.D．They both can be kicked.60．The game that was never played in Britain until the late 19th century is _________.A．basketball B．tennis C．rugby D．football61．What would be the best title for this passage?A．The Most Popular Sports B．The English SportsC．History of Sports D．Sports in BritainCHave you ever suddenly felt that someone you knew was in trouble—and was he? Have you ever dreamed something that came true later? Maybe you have ESP (超感觉知觉).ESP stands for Extrasensory Perception. It may be called a sixth sense. It seems to let people know about events before they happen, or events that are happening some distance away.Here's an example. A woman was ironing clothes. Suddenly she screamed, "My father is dead!I saw him sitting in the chair!" Just then, a telegram came. The woman's father died of a heart attack. He died sitting in a chair.There are thousands of stories like this one on record. Scientists are studying them to find out what's behind these strange mental messages. Here's another example—one of hundreds of dreams that have come true.A man dreamed he was walking along a road when a horse and carriage came by. The driver said, "There's room for one more." The man felt the driver seemed dead, so he ran away. The next day, when the man was getting on a crowded bus, the bus driver said, "There's room for one more."Then the man saw that the driver's face was the same face he had seen in the dream. He wouldn't get on the bus. As the bus drove off, it crashed and burst into flames. Everyone was killed!Some people say stories like these are coincidences. Others, including some scientists, say that ESP is real. From studies of ESP, we may someday learn more about the human mind.62．According to the passage, the author believes that the sixth sense is_________.A．in existence B．imaginative C．not real D．impossible63．ESP lets people know___________.A．about events before they happenB．about events after they happenC．about events that are happening some distance awayD．A and C64．By studying ESP, scientists may get to_________.A．learn how people tell liesB．know more about human dreamsC．know more about human mindD．learn how strange things happen65. In the last paragraph the underlined word "coincidences" probably means ____.A．things that may not happenB．things that happen in a dreamC．things that must happenD．things that happen by accident66．This article is mainly about_________.A．the human dream B．the sixth senseC．the human mind D．a crowded busDBeijing plans to build huge free or low-cost parking lots beyond the Fourth and Fifth Ring Roads to encourage more car owners to take buses or subways to the downtown area.The plan is just one of the many measures the city plans to take to reducer its traffic congestion(拥塞) as the 2008 Summer Olympic Games draw near. Low or no parking fees would beused as economic leverage(经济杠杆) to reduce growing parking demands from urban（都市的）areas.Car owners living in the suburbs will be encouraged to park their cars beyond the Fourth and Fifth Ring Roads and take buses or subways to the downtown area. Statistics show that nearly one quarter of the city’s traffic flow is concentrated in the 62-square-kilometre downtown area within the Second Ring Road, which makes up only 12 percent of the city’s total area.The Beijing Traffic Management Bureau, receives between 400 and 500 calls reporting traffic jams(堵塞) every day and more than 90 percent of the roads are filled to capacity during rush hour every morning and evening. Part of the problem is the lack of easy links between bus routes, subways and cars.According to the communication, half of the city’s investment(投资) in transportation will go to wards pubic transit construction in the nest few years, marking a jump from the current only 20 percent. Moreover, Beijing plans to change its layout(布局)by building new city centers, such as at Yizhang, Tongzhou, Shunyi and Changping, in a bid to reduce the traffic flow to the downtown.The current layout of Beijing --- expanded ring roads around the same center of the Forbidden City, is seen as the root cause of the endless traffic jams.The downtown area is crowded with three business centers and one financial center, as well as nearly 400 government organs and institutions.Traffic experts say building more urban centers a round Beijing may reduce the number of residents living in the suburbs and traveling long distances to work downtown every day, thus reducing traffic flows.67. In the coming years, if a man beyond the Fourth Ring Road goes to work in the downtown of Beijing, he is encouraged to________.A. drive there directlyB. take a taxiC. take buses or subwaysD. park his car in a place which asks for no fees68. According to the passage, while more and more people drive to work in rush in Beijing, it is likely to ______.A. cause traffic accidentsB. cause traffic jamsC. save timeD. reduce air pollution69. The aim in building new city centers is to _____A. develop its local resourcesB. solve the problem of more laid-off workersC. reduce the traffic flow to the downtownD. make it convenient for people to go shopping70. The passage suggests the author_______.A. is tired of driving toB. is for the plan to reduce Beij ing’s traffic congestions.C. finds it costs less to take subways than to driveD. has benefited a lot by driving to the downtown every day.EThere were two evil brothers. They were rich, and used their money to keep their ways from the pubic eye. They even attended the same church, and pretended to be perfect Christians(基督教).Then, their pastor(牧师) retired because he was too old, and a new one was hired. Not only could he see through the brothers’ deception ( cheating; playing tricks), but he a lso poke（拨开）well and true, and the church started to swell(增大) in numbers. A fund-raising campaign(筹款活动) Was started to build a new assembly(a large hall where many people can gather).All of a sudden, one of the brothers died. The remaining brother called on the new pastor the day before the funeral and handed him a check for the amount needed to finish paying for the new building.“I have only one condition,” he said. “At his funeral, you must say my brother was a saint (圣徒).” After a few seconds’ hesita tion(犹豫), the pastor gave his word, and deposited the check.The next day at the funeral, however, the pastor did not hold back. “ He was an evil man,” he said. “He cheated on his wife and abused his family.” After going on in this way for a small time, he concluded with, “But, compared to his brother, he was a saint.”71. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “evil” in the first sentence___.A. having true belief in GodB. willing to help othersC. bad and doing wrongD. rich but lazy72. Why was a new assembly going to be built?A. Because the old one was too small.B. Because the old one was going to fall down.C. Because the old one was too large.D. Because the church had a lot of money73. Why did the remaining brother give some money to the church?A. Because he had too much money.B. Because he was willing to help the pastor.C. Because he expected the pastor to say something good for his brother.D. Because the pastor had asked him to do so.74. The und erlined phrase “gave his word” in paragraph 4 probably means______.A. became angryB. felt excitedC. agreedD. refused75. The last sentence of the passage probably means______.A. The two brothers are both saintsB. The remaining brother was nobleC. The dead brother was a saint.D. The remaining brother was even worse.参考答案56-60 DBACB 61-65 DADCD 66-70 BCBCB 71-75 CACCD。