历年托福听力真题历年托福听力真题精选Conversation 1女生想加入爵士乐队，尽管专业是其他但音乐是爱好，想继续保持。
但教授的team已经不缺人了，教授建议她自己多关于Website，学生band会更新信息。
-TPO部分对应参考(社团生活TPO11-C1/TPO15-C1/TPO26-C1) -TPO对应词汇校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letterof reference/recommendationCompetitiveBenefitfuture careerFieldresearchCollectdata for papersWaiter,waitress，BabysitterWorkat the libraryQualification资格,qualified 合格的Resume,CVfinancialaid经济援助ScholarshipFellowshipTeachingassistantship 助教奖学金Researchassistantship 研究奖学金Grant助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based以优秀为基础Studentunion 学生会Clubs俱乐部Membership成员资格CareerserviceLecture 1自然科学类。
讲矮行星是如何形成的，与行星的区别。
一个是ejection theory，跟gravity的原因有关。
第二个就是吸收的material 无法发光，屏幕给了这两个theory的名词提醒。
-TPO部分对应参考(天文学TPO18-L1/TPO24-L4/T13-L4)-参考背景Sufficient internal pressure, caused by the body's gravitation, will turn abody plastic, andsufficient plasticity will allow high elevations to sink and hollows to fillin, a process known as gravitational relaxation. Bodies smaller than a fewkilometers are dominated by non-gravitational forces and tend to have anirregular shape. The Saturnian moon Methone, at around 3 km in diameter, is a roundedbut tidally elongated egg-shape. Larger objects, where gravitation issignificant but not dominant, are "potato" shaped; the more massivethe body is, the higher its internal pressure and the more rounded its shape,until the pressure is sufficient to overcome its internal compressive strength and it achieves hydrostatic equilibrium. At this point a body is as round as it is possible to be, given itsrotation and tidal effects, and is an ellipsoid in shape. This is the defining limit of a dwarf planet.When an object is in hydrostatic equilibrium, a global layer of liquidcovering its surface would form a liquid surface of the same shape as the body,apart from small-scale surface features such as craters and fissures. If thebody does not rotate, it will be a sphere, but the faster it does rotate, themore oblate or even scalene it becomes. However, if such a rotating body were to be heated until itmelted, its overall shape would not change whenliquid. The extreme example ofa non-spherical body in hydrostatic equilibrium is Haumea, whichis twice as long along its major axis as it is at the poles. If the body has amassive nearby companion, then tidal forces come into effect as well,distorting it into a prolate spheroid. An example of this is Jupiter's moon Io, which is the most volcanically active bodyin the Solar System due to effects of tidal heating. Tidal forces also cause a body's rotationto gradually become tidally locked, such that it always presents the same faceto its companion. An extreme example of this is the Pluto–Charon system, whereboth bodies are tidally locked to each other. Earth's Moon is also tidally locked, as are many satellites of the gas giants.Lecture 2社会科学类。
用自己的想象来问为什么星星会发光英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Why Do Stars Shine? An Imaginative EssayHave you ever looked up at the night sky and wondered why those tiny, twinkling lights called stars seem to shine so brightly?I sure have! As a kid, I used to gaze out my bedroom window at the vast, dark expanse dotted with those mesmerizing pinpricks of light. My young mind would run wild with imaginative ideas about what caused the stars to glow.One of my earliest theories was that the stars were actually massive light bulbs installed by some celestial being or advanced alien civilization. I pictured humongous extraterrestrial workers climbing up towering ladders, replacing burnt-out star bulbs with fresh ones to keep the night sky illuminated. It made so much sense to my childlike brain - light bulbs make light, so stars must be light bulbs too, just really, really big ones!As I got a bit older and started learning more about science, I began to think the stars' radiance came from tremendous fires burning on their surfaces. I had seen how a roaring campfire orcandle flame could produce a warm, flickering glow. So in my mind, stars were essentially cosmic-sized wildfires continuously raging across their bodies, giving off all that brilliant light and heat we could detect from Earth. I liked to imagine dancing flames, lots of smoke, and bid logs being stoked by unseen stellar fire-keepers.Another fanciful idea I entertained was that the stars were actually reflectors - gigantic mirrors positioned perfectly to deflect and focus the sun's rays outward once the sun went down on Earth. Maybe there was an array of these stellar mirrors encircling our solar system, angled just so to bounce sunlight towards us at night once the sun's direct light was cut off. I envisioned teams of mysterious space workers meticulously adjusting the mirrors' alignments to keep the starry reflections shining bright all night long.Yet another explanation I dreamed up was that the illumination came from star-sized glow sticks or light-up toys that some greater force had scattered across the cosmos. You know those plastic glow sticks people often use at concerts, camping, or on Halloween? Well, maybe the stars were essentially celestial versions of those - rods or spheres filled with radiant chemicals that glowed brilliantly through some kind ofchemiluminescence reaction. Or perhaps they were like those old-school glow-in-the-dark toys or stickers that would absorb light during the day and then slowly emit it at night when the lights went out. I imagined a divine hand cracking and activating each stellar glow stick before tossing it into the inky blackness of space.As I reached my pre-teen years, I started studying some basic astronomy and learned that stars were actually massive, ultra-hot spheres of gas undergoing continual nuclear fusion reactions at their cores. I grasped that they shone from the incredible temperatures and energies involved in fusing light atomic nuclei together. While I now understood the fundamental scientific mechanism, I still took some imaginative leaps in picturing how it all worked.In my mind's eye, I saw stars as colossal, roiling nuclear furnaces or reactors spewing out torrents of scorching plasma and radiation. At their searing hearts, I imagined atomic nuclei being ripped apart, smashed together, and fusing into heavier elements in an endless, turbulent cycle of thermonuclear cataclysms. I likened the stars to the core of a superhot arc furnace or bizarre particle accelerator experiment constantly running at an incomprehensible scale and intensity.These visions eventually led me to ponder the incredible ages of stars - how some had been burning and shining for billions upon billions of years. I dreamt of stars as timeless sentinels, steadfast beacons that had witnessed our entire galaxy's evolution over eons. Stalwart stellar elders upholding the cosmic order, seemingly eternal as they carried out their celestial fusion duties cycle after cycle, era after era.In this context, I saw our own sun as a relatively young, boisterous upstart still cutting its teeth among the vastly older, wiser stars comprising the Milky Way's halo and globular clusters. Like a brash new recruit being hazed by grizzled veteran stars that had been around long before the Earth or solar system even existed. I felt strangely humbled by the idea that our steadily warming, life-giving sun was but an insignificant nascent pinprick compared to the true elders of the night sky.Now, as a high schooler taking advanced astronomy and physics classes, I comprehend the actual scientific principles governing stellar nucleosynthesis and the proton-proton chain reaction powering our sun's core. I can follow the detailed calculations describing the temperatures, pressures, and nuclear processes involved. I grasp the intricate models of hydrostaticequilibrium balancing the inward gravitational crush with the outward thermal and radiation pressures.Yet even with all this hard science under my belt, I still find myself daydreaming about what stellar nucleosynthesis might actually look like up close. How might those subatomic particles and ultradense plasmoids of nuclear plasma actually move and interact? Could there potentially be currents, eddies, or fountains of this roiling 'stellar stuff' arcing deep within a star's core?I imagine the fusion zones as phantasmagorical quantum maelstroms - twisting, morphing gladeworks of energy where the seemingly immutable cosmic rules start bending and blurring. Where the grand cosmic laws and universal constants we take for granted suddenly become more like subatomic guidelines as matter descends into its most fundamental, phantasmic essence.In these deepest stellar depths, I picture strips of space-time folding, wrapping, and colliding in upon themselves. I see a stormy sea of energy enslaved by competition between the strong nuclear force seeking to bind nucleons ever tighter while the electromagnetic force tries ripping them apart. A infinitesimal battlefield where alien avatars of gravity and weak nuclear interactions flit about the turmoil like judicious referees -maintaining universal order while backstage quantum fluctuations wink in and out of virtual existence.Perhaps in these star cores, reality itself begins blurring and losing coherent form as the normally ironclad laws of physics buckle under the strain. Could there even be transient portals or micro black holes flaring open like parameters at the quantum fringe of theoretical nightmare topology? A realm where the unity of physics momentarily shatters as the four fundamental forces briefly become entangled strangers once more before snapping back into their ordained cosmic harmony?While that may sound like sheer fantasy, who's to say what strangenesses lurk at such cosmic subatomic scales? There could potentially be entire civilizations or alien consciousnesses constructed from strange matter and born within these fleeting quantum maelstroms, living and dying trillions of times in an ephemeral stellar heartbeat before winking out from our universe entirely.These are just some of the wildly imaginative ideas that still cross my mind whenever I gaze up at the shimmering stars. Even with our modern scientific knowledge and sophisticated models, the true essence of what powers those celestial engines remains tantalizingly beyond our full comprehension. An observationalboundary marking the limits of how deeply we can currently probe the cosmos.There's still so much more to explore and unravel about the stars and the infinite cosmic show they choreograph. Which means there will always be room for human minds - young and old - to keep wondering, imagining, and spinning fanciful explanations about the marvels shining down on us night after night. For truly, when dealing with the universe's grandest and most extreme phenomena, even our wildest imaginings may one day prove a closer approximation to reality than we ever dreamed possible.篇2Why Do Stars Shine? An Imaginative EssayHave you ever looked up at the night sky and wondered about those twinkling lights scattered across the inky blackness? Sure, we all know they are stars, massive burning spheres of hot gas millions of miles away. But have you really thought about why they shine so brightly? Why do some stars seem so much brighter than others? And just what makes them give off that magical, mesmerizing glow? Let's use our imaginations and see if we can figure it out.Maybe the stars are tiny holes poked in the fabric of the universe, allowing the brilliant light of Heaven itself to shine through. Just tiny cracks in the cosmic curtain separating our earthly realm from the glory and radiance of the divine beyond. It would explain why they twinkle and seem to dance across the sky - the curtain fluttering in some celestial breeze. And the brighter stars could simply be the bigger holes where more of that heavenly luminance escapes into our world.Or perhaps each star is like a little campfire lit by some unseen astronomical boy scout working on their celestial merit badge. Striking match after match across the boundless night, leaving a trail of those flickering flames scattered everywhere. The dimmest stars are the new fires just catching their spark, while the brightest burn from the biggest, well-tended campfires assembled with care and dedication to the task. Do those scouts win a prize for the stars that shine the longest and brightest I wonder?Some believe that long ago, there was a terrible war among the gods and goddesses who sculpted our universe into being. Raging battles between virtues and vices, good and evil, light and darkness. The stars we see at night are the still-glowing arrows, spears, and missiles left over from that primordialcelestial conflict. The dimmest stars are the oldest weapons, their fires slowly dying out over eons and eons. And the brightest stars burn from the longstanding magic imbued in the mightiest of the gods' armaments.In my imagination, I picture the stars as the hopeful wishes and dreams of every person who has ever existed across all of time and space. Glittering orbs sent out into the cosmos, spreading light and energy to make their deepest desires come true. The brighter the wish, the brighter the star. And the flickering and twinkling happens as new wishes join the cosmic stream or old wishes finally come true and disappear in a celestial celebration. Just making a wish on a shooting star and adding it to the galaxy of human hopes.What if the stars are like a million-million tiny fireflies trapped in an enormous glass jar by some unseen giant? They wander aimlessly, bumping into the glass over and over as they glow and flicker. The brighter stars are simply the bigger fireflies, radiant with bioluminescence. And some of them go briefly dark, like when a firefly is startled and folds its glowing body inward. Sometimes the brightest ones gently crash against the glass and burn out in that moment, leaving only a short-lived streak of light like a shooting star.Or maybe the night sky is the ceiling of a massive cosmic nursery where baby stars grow up into stellar adulthood. The bright stars are the older siblings, their nuclear furnaces burning hot, while the dimmest stars are the infants and toddlers just learning to ignite their core fires and radiate energy. They might sometimes cry out, throwing a tantrum with an explosive surge before dimming again. And every so often, an especially unruly youthful star throws a mega-tantrum and goes supernova before cosmic parents put it to bed and quiet returns to the nursery.While imaginative ideas about the stars' brilliance are fun, ultimately we know their light comes from the process of nuclear fusion occurring in their cores. Intense heat and gravity cause hydrogen atoms to combine into helium, unleashing stupendous amounts of energy in the form of radiant light and heat. A star's brightness depends on its size, age, and the rate of that fusion process deep within it. So the shiniest, most brilliant stars are simply the biggest and hottest ones, converting matter into energy at a furious pace.But where's the whimsy and wonder in that scientific explanation? Isn't it more fun and fulfilling to view the stars through the lens of imagination, creativity, and storytelling? To weave fanciful tales about their glimmering glow across thenight sky instead of dryly reducing them to nuclear physics? We are only human after all, with minds evolved to understand the world through narrative rather than numbers and formulas.So I prefer to imagine the stars however my creativity takes me. On some nights they are brilliant gems or sequins decorating the veil of the cosmos, shimmering in celestial breezes. Other nights I visualize them as the firefly glow of fairies and other woodland sprites, dancing in the darkness in spirited revelry. Or maybe they are simple nightlights, switched on to keep sleepwalking celestial children from stumbling in the cosmic blackness. The motives and methods behind their radiant twinkles matter less than the sense of awe and amazement they inspire just by being there.Staring up at the lustrous stars splashed across the night sky is one of the most strikingly beautiful and humbling experiences a human can have. Let's embrace that sense of wonder and keep dreaming up imaginative explanations for their brilliance. Maybe we'll stumble upon nuggets of understanding about life, existence, and our place in the cosmos that science could never uncover on its own. For even if they are simply the byproduct of nuclear processes, the stars can still lend their light to illuminate the fertile ground where imagination blossoms into somethingbeautiful and uplifting. And in my mind, that creative thinking is what makes the stars truly shine their brightest.篇3Why Do Stars Twinkle and Shine?Have you ever looked up at the night sky and marveled at the twinkling stars? Those tiny pinpricks of light have fascinated humans for thousands of years. But have you ever really thought about why stars shine and sparkle the way they do? As a curious student, I've spent a lot of time pondering this very question and imagining possible explanations. Let me share my imaginative theories on the mysteries of starlight.One idea I had is that maybe stars are actually massive lightbulbs, like the ones we have here on Earth, but much, much bigger. Imagine giant galactic factories run by celestial beings, manufacturing colossal light bulbs and launching them into the cosmos. The glass of these star-bulbs could be infused with magical glowing dust that makes them shine brilliantly. Perhaps stars need to be replaced periodically when they burn out, which could explain things like supernovas and new stars being born. Changeout crews of alien workers could be tasked with deadstar removal and new star installation using cosmic cranes andcelestial machinery. Farfetched? Maybe. But how amazing would it be if something like that were true?Another theory is that stars could be the otherworldly campfires of voyaging alien races, touring the galaxies. These nomadic celestial travelers could stop to make camp around the largest fires, which from our perspective look like stars in the night sky. The star's flickering could be from fresh alien fuel being added to keep the glowing fires burning bright and warm the spacefaring campers. If you look closely on a clear night, you may even see shadows of their massive spaceships and vessels passing in front of the stellar flames. The explosive deaths of some stars could simply be abandoned campsites finally burning out after the aliens have moved on. An entire galactic camper culture could exist unseen by human eyes, illuminating the starry skies.Or perhaps stars are actually gateways into other realms and dimensions beyond our own universe. Their brilliant glow could be energy bleeding through from other planes of existence. Celestial beings could be building cyclical gateways and keeping them open as a cosmic network of transportation amongst the multiverse. The flickering we see may be travelers and alien scouts passing through the gates between worlds. The largeststars could be superhighways of interdimensional traffic with constant flashing as beings come and go. New stars may be newly forged gateways freshly connected to the network, while dying stars are closed gates falling into disrepair from neglect or intentional shutdown. How incredible would it be if stars were just celestial on-ramps and off-ramps to strange new alien worlds?Maybe each star is an entire living entity, a sentient being of light and cosmic dust. Stars could be majestic creatures akin to vast jellyfish made of plasma, drifting through the endless ocean of space. Their glow could come from their bioluminescent bodies, flickering in patterns of light as they communicate across the void. Some stars may appear to twinkle more as they frolic and dance in celebration under cosmic currents. Stellar winds may be these star-beings using jets of energy to propel themselves, while cataclysmic explosions at the end could be their death flares upon passing away. Imagine shoals of these creatures clustering in dense groups we recognize as galaxies. Our own sun may even be a part of a vast school of incandescent life forms, heating worlds like our Earth simply by existing in proximity. The birth of new stars may be the sparking of new celestial lives amid the star nurseries of nebulae. It's a whimsical thought, but what if?Of course, it's also possible that my imagination has run a bit too wild here. The scientific explanation is likely much simpler, boring even. Stars are gigantic nuclear furnaces fusing hydrogen and helium under intense gravity, making them glow white-hot. The twinkling effect comes from their light refracting and dispersing through pockets of air in our atmosphere. Perhaps their deaths are simply when they exhaust their fuel or grow too large and unstable. While the real reasons behind starlight may be better understood, I think there's fun in envisioning some imaginative alternatives too. The night sky has fueled human wonder and stories for millennia - who's to say there can't be a few scientifically implausible tales to add to that tradition? Even if they're not accurate, ideas like celestial campfires, interdimensional gateways, and living stars of light can spark our creativity and remind us of the enchantment in the twinkling nights above.So there you have it - my childlike attempt to explain why the stars shine the way they do. Am I completely wrong? Absolutely. The real reasons are well-documented and proven through years of diligent science and research. But I think there's value in youthful imagination and unbridled wonder at the mysteries of the cosmos, even if just for fun and fanciful storytelling. The truth of stars may be incredible in its own right,but it's the imagined possibilities that feed our curiosity and keep us in awe of the universe's marvels. As long as we keep pondering that endless starry sky, our dreams about why those distant suns glow will burn bright.。
Aabbreviate v. 缩写，简写abnormally ad. 异常地abrupt v. 突然的absolute porosity 绝对孔隙度access n. 接近，进入accumulate v. 聚集accumulation n. 聚集acquisition n. 获取，采集acromagnetic a. 航空磁测的acyclic a. 无环的admixture n. 混合，混合物aeolian a. 风成的，风积的aerobic a. 喜氧的affinity n. 亲合力，亲合性aformentioned a. 上述的，上面提到的agency n. 因素，营力，作用agglomeration n. 结块，凝聚aggregated gas 聚集型气agitated a. 搅动过，摇过的agitation n. 搅拌，搅动aircraft n. 飞机，航空器algae 藻类aliphatic a. 脂肪类的alkane 链烷alkane n. 烷烃，链烷alkene n. 烯烃alkylaromatic a. 烷基芳烃的alkylate v. 烷基化allochthonous a. 外来的，异地的alluvial fan 冲积扇alteration n. 蚀变作用ambient a. 周围的ambiguity n. 含糊，模棱两可ambiguous a. 意思含糊的，模棱两可的amino acids 氨基酸ammonite n. 菊石amorphous a. 非晶质的，无一定方向的amphibolite n. 角闪石amplitude n. 幅度，振幅analogous a. 类似的，模拟的angular a. 棱角状的，带角的anhydrite n. 硬石膏anomoly n. 异常，变异anoxic a. 缺氧的anteisoalkane n. 反异构烷烃anthracite n. 无烟煤anticline n. 背斜antiform n. 背斜构造aperture n.孔，孔眼apparent molecular weight 表观分子量aquatic a. 水的，水生的aragonite n.霰石area of trap 圈闭面积arene n. 芳香烃argon n. 氩arid a. 干旱的aromatic asphaltic oils 芳香沥青型原油aromatic hydrocarbon芳香烃aromatic intermediate oils 芳香中间型原油aromatic naphthenic oils 芳香环烷型原油aromatics n. 芳香烃arsenic 砷, 砒霜asphalt n. 沥青，地沥青asphaltene n. 沥青质，沥青烯asphaltenes 沥青质asphaltic a. 沥青的asphaltoid a. 沥青类的assess v. 估价，评估associated gas 伴生气association n. 联合，组合asthenosphere n. 软流圈（层）asymmetry n. 不对称at the expense of 以…为代价atectonic a. 非构造的attenuation n. 变细（薄）attribute (to) v. 把…归因于aulacogn n. 拗拉槽（谷），断陷槽autochthonous a. 原地的axiomatic a. 自明的Bbacteria (pl.) n. 细菌bacterium (sing.) n. 细菌bafflestone n. 生物堆置灰岩，障积岩baling n. 打包，填料barrier n. 堡坝，海岸沙坝，障壁base n. 基础，…基be referred to as 被称为behaviour n. 习性，动态benthic a. 海底的，水底的bentonite n. 膨润土，斑脱岩benzene n. 苯benzothiophene n. 苯硫茂benzphenanthrene n. 苯并菲benzpyrene n. 苯并芘bicarbonates 重碳酸盐（HCO3 —）bidirectional a. 双向（作用）的bifurcation n. 分叉，支流bimodality n. 双峰，双向bindstone n. 粘结灰岩，生物包粘灰岩biochemical degradation 生物化学降解biochemical rock 生物化学岩biodegradation n. 生物降解(作用) biofacies n. 生物相biogenic a. 生物成因的biological markers 生物标志物biomarker n. 生物标志化合物biomass n. 生物体，生物量biomodic a. 生物模的biopolymer n. 生物聚合物biosphere n. 生物圈biostrome n. 生物层bioturbation n. 生物扰动作用bitumen n. 沥青bituminous a. 沥青的blend v. 调合，合成bluntly ad. 直截了当地，坦率地boghead n. 藻煤bond n. 结合，化学键borehole n. 钻孔bottom water 底水bottomset n. 底积层bounce v. 弹回，反跳breccia n. 角砾岩brine n. 卤水，盐水bryozoa n. 苔藓动物门bubble point curve泡点线bubble-point 泡点buckle v. 弯折，挠曲buoyancy n. 浮力buoyant force 浮力burrow n. 洞，窟，潜穴butane 丁烷C4H10Ccalcarenite n. 钙屑灰岩，灰屑岩calcilutite n. 泥屑灰岩，钙质泥岩calcite n. 方解石calcium n. 钙（Ca）Caledonian orogeny 加里东造山运动calorific value 热值cancellation n. 消除，抹去cannel n. 烛煤cap rock/roof rock 盖层capillary n. & a. 毛细作用的capillary pressure毛细管力carbazole n. 氮芴，咔唑carbohydrates 碳水化合物carbonates n. 碳酸盐（类）Carboniferous n. & a. 石炭纪（的），石炭系（的）carboxylic a. 羧基的carcinogen n. 致癌物，诱癌剂catagenesis n. 深成作用阶段catagenesis 深成作用catalyst n. 催化剂cavity n. 洞穴cell n. 水室，池，细胞cement v. & n. 胶结（物）cementation n. 胶结作用charcoal-broiled 木炭烧烤过的chert n. 燧石，角岩chlorides 氯化物chlorophyll n. 叶绿素chromium铬chronostratigraphy n. 年代地层学clastic rock碎屑岩clayey a. 粘土质的cleavage n. 解理，裂开clogging n. & a. 堵塞（的），阻碍（的）coagulation n. 凝结（聚）作用coal bed gas 煤层气cobalt 钴cohesion n. 凝聚力，粘性cohesive a. 粘合的coincide (with) v. 与…符合，与…一致collar n. 围环colloidal a. 胶体的combination traps 复合圈闭come into being 形成，产生compaction n. 致密，压实compaction压实compatible a. 共存的，一致的competence n. 起动能力compile v. 编辑，汇编complexity n. 复杂性，组成compressibility n. 可压缩性，压缩性compressibility factor 压缩因子concave a. 凹的，凹面的concentration浓度concordant a. 与…一致的，整合的concurrently ad. 同时condensate oil n. 凝析油condensed gas 凝析气configuration n. 构型，轮廓conflict n. 冲突，抵触conglomerate n. 砾岩connected pores 连通孔隙consolidated固结conspicuous a. 明显的constriction n. 压缩，收缩constructional a. 堆积的，建设的contact n. 接触（带）contaminant 杂质contorted a. 扭曲的，弯曲的contour n. 等值（高）线contraction n. 收缩contrary to 与…相反contributor n. 捐助者，贡献者convergence n. 会聚，收敛，（地层）交汇converging a. 会聚的，聚敛的copper 铜coral n. 珊瑚cores 岩芯correlate v. 相互关联，对比correlation n. （油源）对比，相互（关系）counteract v. 抵消，阻碍counterpart n. 对应物covalent a. 共价的crack n. 裂隙，裂解craton n. 克拉通，稳定地块crescentic a. 新月形的crest n. 顶部，山脊Cretaceous n. & a. 白垩纪（的），白垩系（的）crevasse n. 裂隙，冰隙criteria (pl.) n. 标准criterion (sing.) n.标准critical a. 临界的，关键的critical point 临界点critical pressure临界压力critical temperature临界温度crude oil 原油crystalline compounds 晶体化合物cucumber n. 黄瓜culmination n. 顶点，褶皱区curvature n. 曲率，曲度customary a. 通常的，习惯的cuttings 岩屑cycloalkane n. 环烷烃cycloalkanes 环烷cycloalkylaromatic a. 环烷基芳烃的cycloheptane n. 环庚烷cyclohexane n. 环己烷cycloparaffin n. 环烷烃cyclopentane n. 环戊烷cyclopentane环戊烷cylinder n. 圆柱体cymene n. 异丙基苯Ddeasphalting脱沥青作用debouch n. 河口，流出debris n. 碎屑，岩屑deceleration n. 减速度decentralized gas 分散型气deep troughs 深海槽defy v. 不让，使不能degradation n. 降解，退化degree of mineralization矿化度dehydration n. 脱水，失水delincation n. 定界，划界delta-front 三角洲前缘demarcation n. 划界，定界dense oil 稠油density n. 密度deplete v. 耗尽，亏损，枯竭depocenter n. 沉积中心derivation n. 起源despositional a. 沉积的destructional a. 侵蚀的，破坏性的deterioration n. 退化，变质，恶化detrital a. 碎屑的deviatoric a. 偏差的Devonian n. & a. 泥盆纪（的），泥盆系（的）dew point curve露点线diagenesis 成岩作用diagenetic a. 成岩（作用）的diagnostic a. 特征的，有鉴定意义的diapiric a. 底辟的diaprism n. 底辟作用diaproportionation n. 不均，歧化作用diastrophic a. 地壳运动的diastrophism n. 地壳作用differential entrapment 差异聚集diffuse v. 扩散，漫射Dijon 第戌（法国城市）dilute v. 稀释，冲淡dip n. 倾斜，倾向，倾角discernible a. 可辨别的，看得清的discharge n. 流量，排泄，释放discrepancy n. 差异，偏差discrete a. 不连续的，离散的，个别的disintegration n. 衰变，蜕变，崩解dislocation n. 错位，位移，断错disperse v. 散布，分布disposal n. 处理，配置disseminate v. 散布，侵染dissipation n. 损耗，散逸distal a. 远端的，末端的distillate n. 馏分，馏分物distillation蒸馏作用distributary n. 分流，支流divergence n. 离散，发散diverse a. 不同的，多种多样的dolomite n. 白云岩，白云石dolomitisation n. 白云岩化downflex v. 向下弯曲，向下挠曲downthrow n. & v. 下降盘，下降断层；下落downwarp n. 下拗，拗陷drape n. 披盖，盖层drill cuttings 岩屑drilling mud钻井泥浆drive v. & n. 驱动，开动，推进ductile a. 延性的，塑性的Eechinoderm n. 棘皮类动物，棘皮动物echinoid a. 海胆形的，海胆属的echo sounder 回声探测仪edge water 边水effective permeability有效渗透率effective porosity有效孔隙度effluent n. 侧流elegant a. 优雅的，精致的elevated a. 上升的eliminate v. 消除，消去，排除elimination n. 消除，消去elliptical a. 椭圆的elongate a. 延伸的，细长的elucidation n. 阐明，解释embed v. 埋入，夹在层间，嵌入embryo n. & a. 胚胎，胚胎的，雏形的enclosure n. 包裹体，包体encompassing a. 包罗万象的encounter v. 遇到encrusting a. 结壳的，包壳的engulf v. 吞没，湮没entrap v. 俘获，捕集enzyme n. 酶Eocene n. & a. 始新世（的），始新统（的）episode n. 幕，期equatorial a. 赤道的equilibrium n. 平衡，均衡erosion v. 侵蚀erratic a. 不规则的ester n. 脂estuary n. 河口，江湾，三角港，潮区ethane n. 乙烷eustatic a. 海面升降（变化）的，全球性的evaluate v. 估计，评价，测定evaluation n. 估计，评价，测定evaporate n. 蒸发盐（岩）类evaporate rock蒸发岩exosolution n. 析出，逸出expansibility n. 膨胀性，延伸性exponential a. 指数的expulsion n. 排出，驱动extrapolate v. 推断，外推Exxon 埃克森（石油公司）Ffabric n. 组构facet n. 刻面，磨蚀面facies n. 相，岩相，期fatty acids 脂肪酸fauna (sing.) n. 动物群faunae (pl.) n. 动物群fecal a. 粪便的fenestra (sing.) n. 窗孔，膜孔fenestral a. 窗格状的，小孔的filtrate n. 渗流，滤液finite a. 有限的flank n. 翼，侧flexural a. 弯曲的flora (sing.) n. 植物群florae (pl.) n. 植物群fluid traps 流体圈闭fluorescence荧光性fluvial a. 河流的foraminifera n. 有孔虫目foredeep n. 前渊，外地槽foreland n. 前陆，山前地带foreset n. 前积层formulate v. 把…化为公式fracture裂缝fragile a. 易碎的，碎的fragmental reservoir rocks 碎屑岩储集岩fragmental rock碎屑岩fragrant a. 芬芳的，香的framestone n. 骨架岩framework n. 结构，格架，骨架friable a. 易碎的，脆性的friction n. 摩擦function groups 官能团fungi (pl.) n. 真菌fungi 菌类fungus (sing.) n. 真菌futile a. 无用的，无效的Ggas chromatography (Ge) 气相色谱法gas hydrates 气水合物gaseous a. 气体的gastropod n. 腹足纲软体动物generation生成geopolymer n. 地质（有机）聚合物geosynclinal zones 地槽带globule n. 小球，球粒gouge n. 断层泥graben n. 地堑gradational a. 渐变的，逐渐过渡的grapestone n. 葡萄石graphite n. 石墨greenschist n. 绿片岩greywacke n. 杂砂岩，硬砂岩，灰瓦克groove n. 沟，槽沟guarantee n. & v. 保证guesswork n. 推测gypsum n. 石膏HHalimeda n. 仙掌藻属halite n. 石盐halite/rock salt 岩盐heave n. 平错height of gas column 气柱高度height of oil column 油柱高度height of traps/closure闭合高度helium n. 氦（He）hemin血红素heteroatomic a. 杂原子的heteroatoms NSO 杂原子heterochronous a. 异时的heterogeneous a. 异质的，非均质的high sulfur crude oil 高硫原油hinge belt 枢纽带，捩转带hinterland n. 后陆，腹地homogenize v. 使…均匀homologous a. 同源的，同系（物）的homologous 同系物homopycnal a. 等密度的horst n. 地垒humic a. 腐植的hummocky a. 丘状起伏的humus n. 腐植质hydraulic a. 水力的，液压的hydrocarbon n. 烃，碳氢化合物hydrostatic a. 静水压力的hypogene a. 深成的，上升的hypopycnal a. 低密度的Ii-alkanes 异构链烷igneous rock火成岩imbrication n. 叠瓦构造impair v. 削弱，减少impart v. 给予，传递impedance n. 阻抗impervious a. 不透水的，不渗透的impervious rock非渗透性岩石impinge (on) v. 冲击，碰撞in bulk 大量in conjunction with 和…一起，连同…一起in response to 响应，随…而，根据in situ 原地，原点，原生incidence n. 发生，入射，倾角incite v. 刺激，鼓励incorporate v. 合并，混合incremental a. 渐进的，递增的index (sing.) n. 指数，索引indices (pl.) n. 指数，索引indole n. 氮茚，吲哚induce v. 导致，引起induration n. 固结，硬化inert a.惰性的，不活泼的inertia n. 惰性，惯性infancy n. 幼年期infauna n. 海底动物infiltration water 渗入水inflection n. 弯曲，曲折influx n. 流入量ingest v. 摄取，吸收inherit v. 继承，遗传initiate v. 开始，发动inorganic origin无机成因intact a. 完整的，未受损的intercrystalline a. 晶间的interdeep n. 山间拗陷interfacial a. 界面的，面间的intergranular a. 粒间的intermediary waters 夹层水intermittent a. 间歇的，间断的intermontane a. 山间的interregional a. 区际的，跨区域的intersect v. 横切，交叉intersection n. 横切，交叉interstice n. 空隙，间隙interstitial a. 空隙的，间隙的，填隙的intimately ad. 密切地，直接地intraparticle a. 粒内的intrusion n. 侵入，侵入体invalidate v. 使无效，使作废inversion n. 倒转，转换invoke v. 援引，引用inwards ad. 向内，向里irreversible a. 单向的，不可逆的isomer n. （同分）异构体isomeric alkanes 异构链烷isopach n. 等厚线isoparaffin n. 异构烷烃isoprenoid n. 异戊间二烯化合物isostatically ad. 均衡地，等压地Jjerk v. & n. 猛拉，冲击jet v. & n. 喷射，急流Jurassic n. & a. 侏罗纪（的），侏罗系（的）juxtapose v. 使…并置juxtaposition n. 并置，毗连Kkerogen n. 干酪根，油母岩kinetics n. 动力学Llacustrine a. 湖泊的，湖成的laden a. 充满了的lagoon n. 泻湖lamina (sing.) n. 薄片，薄层lamination n. 薄层，纹理lath n. 条板layer-cake 连续地层柱lead铅lenses 透镜体levee n. 天然堤lignite n. 褐煤lime n. 石灰，氧化钙lime-secreting 分泌钙质的，钙质充填的limestone灰岩linearly线性体lipid n. 脂类liquefy液化literfingering n. 指状穿插，楔形夹层lithification n. 石化作用lithify v. 石化lithofacies n. 岩相lithologic a. 岩性的lithology n. 岩性lithosphere岩石圈lithostratigraphic a. 岩性地层的lobe n. 舌，瓣logarithmically对数地longitudinal a. 经度的，纵向的low sulfur crude oil 低硫原油lump v. 集中，使…归并lunate a. 新月形的Mmagmatism岩浆作用magnesium n. 镁（Mg）magnesium镁maintenance n. 维持，保养manganese锰marine petroleum海相石油marl n. 泥灰岩mass spectrography (MS) 质谱法maturation n. 成熟作用meandering n. 曲流，弯曲mechanics n. 力学，机制，机理megaripple n. 巨波纹Mesozoic n. & a. 中生代（的），中生界（的）metagenesis 深成作用metagenetic a. 准变质作用的metamorphic rock变质岩metamorphism变质作用metastable a. 亚稳的metaxylene n. 间二甲苯meteoric a. 大气的，气象的methane n. 甲烷，沼气methane hydrate甲烷水合物methane甲烷methylisomer n. 甲基同分异构体microbial a. 微生物的microbial activity微生物活动microorganisms 显微有机质migrate v. 运移migration n. 运移migration运移millidarcy n. 毫达西，千分达西minimal a. 最小的，最低的miogeosyncline n. 冒地槽，冒地向斜Mio-Pliocene 中—上新世（统）miscellaneous 混杂misstate v. 谎报，伪称mobility n. 活动性，迁移率modeling n. 模拟，模式化moderate a. 中等的，适度的modification n. 改进，修正Moho n. 莫霍面molasses n. 磨拉石moldic a. 印模的，铸模的mollusk n. 软体动物molybdenum钼monocline n. 单斜morphology n. 结构，形态（学）mucus n. 粘液mudstone泥岩multichannel a. 多道的，多路的multitude n. 大量，众多mutually ad. 相互地Nn-alkanes 正构烷烃naphthalene萘naphthene n. 环烷烃naphthene环烷naphthenic oils 环烷型原油naphthenoaromatic nuclei 环烷芳香核natural gas 天然气negate v. 使…无效，取消negative ion负离子neglect v. 忽略，遗漏negligible a. 可忽略的，很小的next to 仅次于niche n. 小生境nickel porghyrin镍卟啉nickel 镍Nitrogen n. 氮（N）nitrogen compounds 含氮化合物nitrogen氮non-associated gas 非伴生气noncommercial a. 非商业的nonetheless ad. & conj. 尽管，还是；然而；依然non-hydrocarbon gases 非烃气nonmarine a. 非海洋的，非海成的nonskeletal a. 非骨骼的normal alkanes 正构链烷nourishment n. 营养，食物NSO compounds 氮硫氧化合物nucleus n. 核，地核nutrient n. 滋养剂，营养Ooblique a. 倾斜的，斜交的obliquely ad. 倾斜地，斜交地obliterate v. 消除obscure a. & v. 模糊的；搞混，使…不分明oceanology n. 海洋学odor n. 气味oil-field water 油田水oil-water contacts 油水接触olefin n. 烯烃Oligo-Miocene 渐—中新世（统）onlap n. 超覆，上超onset n. 开始，起始oolite n. 鲕粒岩，鲕石oomoldic a. 鲕穴状的optimistic a. 乐观的Ordovician n.& a. 泥盆纪（的），泥盆系（的）organic acid有机酸organic matter 有机质organic origin有机成因organometallic compounds 有机金属化合物originate v. 发源，起源orthodox a. 传统的，惯例的orthoquartzite n. 沉积石英岩（正石英岩）oscillate v. 摆动，振荡outcrop n. 露头outlet n. 出口，排水口outwards ad. 向外oval a. 椭圆的，卵形的overestimate v. 过高评价over-flowing points 溢流点overgrowth n. 增长，过度生长overlap n. 超覆，重叠overthrust n. 逆掩断层overview n. 总的看法ovoid a. 卵形的，蛋形的oxygen compounds 含氧化合物Ppacket n. 套（地层）Paleocene n.& a. 古新世（的），古新统（的）Paleozoic n.&a. 古生代（的），古生界（的）palynological a. 孢粉学的panoramic a. 全景的paraffin n. 石蜡烃，烷烃paraffinic oils 石蜡型原油paraffinic–naphthenic oils 石蜡环烷型原油paraffin石蜡烃parameter n. 参数，参量paranaphthalene蒽parlance n. 用语，说法parrotfish n. 鹦咀鱼partial saturation部分饱和particulate n. 颗粒，微粒parting n. 分离，裂理，裂开patch n. 斑，块pay sand 油砂pelecypod n. 瓣鳃纲软体动物pelletoud n. 似球粒，似团粒pelmodic a. 泥质团粒印模的peloid n. 球粒状，似球粒penecontemporaneous a. 准同期的，准同生的Penicillas n. 笔藻属，画笔藻属permeability渗透性（率）permeable a. 可渗透的permeat n. 渗透，穿过perpendicular a. 垂直的，正交的petroleum alteration石油蚀变petroleum geology石油地质学petroleum pools 油藏petroleum refiners 石油炼制者petroleum reservoirs 油藏petroliferous a. 含石油的petrology n. 岩石学phenol n. 酚phenols 苯酚photosynthesis n. 光合作用photosynthetic pigment 光合色素phytoplankton n. 浮游植物pinpoint v. 精确定位plan n. 平面图planar a. 平面的planktonic a. 浮游生物的plausible a. 似乎合理的playa n. 干盐湖plutonic water 火成岩水point-bar 点沙坝，曲流沙坝pollen n. 花粉polycondensation缩聚作用polycyclic a. 多环的，多旋回的polysaccharides 多醣pool n. 水池，储油层，油藏porosity孔隙度porous a. 多孔的porphyrin卟啉positive ion阳离子postulate v. 要求，假设potassium n. 钾（K）potassium钾（K）Precambrian n.& a. 前寒武纪（的），前寒武系（的）preclude v. 消除，妨碍precursor n. 先驱，先质体preferentially ad. 优先地preliminary a. 初步的，预先的preponderance n. 优势，优越preservable a. 可保存的preservation n. 保存，储存preserve v. 保存，储存primary migration初次运移primitive a. 原始的，早期的prior (to) ad.&a. 在…之前，居先的procedural a. 程序性的processing n. 处理prodelta n. 前三角州profiling n. 剖面勘探，剖面法progradation n. 前积，进积渐进作用prolific a. 多产的，丰富的prolong v. 延长，拖长promising a. 有希望的，有开采价值的prone a. 有…的倾向，易于…的propane n. 丙烷prophyrin n. 甾族化合物，卟啉proportional to 与…成（正）比例。
