新编大学英语Book2Unit4课后练习答案和课文翻译

Unit 4 Psychology in Our Daily LifeUseful InformationPsychology is a young and growing science that touches on a broad range of human activities. In general, however, one can say that psychology tries to explain why people act, think, and feel the way they do. Psychologists are interested not only in how individual minds work but also in the various interactions of minds in society. It should be noticed that psychology provides methods of analyzing and understanding human behavior and emotions that are not based on moral codes.It is important not to confuse psychology with psychiatry which is a branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of serious mental disorders. Psychiatrists, who work in hospitals, use a variety of methods including drugs, light therapy and electric shock treatments to cure or to control mentally disturbed people. However, the work of both psychiatrists and psychologists often involves an analytical process which interprets the unconscious or subconscious forces that prevent a person from functioning satisfactorily in daily life. By analyzing these forces and making the person aware of them, it is often possible to help the person deal with his or her mental and emotional problems.The whole field of psychoanalysis originated with the research of the Austrian doctor, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). According to his theories, people are driven by irrational forces or primitive instincts. Freud believed that the inner struggle between instincts and conscience often led to disaster which was manifested in the form of personal tragedies such as murder and suicide or collective tragedies such as war. He advocated the use of psychoanalysis to help people control irrational forces. Much of Freud's work was based on his interpretation of dreams and sexual instincts.The Swiss doctor, Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), is considered to be the other founder of the modern science of psychology. He proposed a theory of the collective unconscious (the part of the mind which holds the deepest and most hidden thoughts and feelings) of humanity that was not based on sexuality, but rather on universal symbols and images which he called "archetypes." According to Jung, the mental emotional experiences of all human beings are influenced by universal archetypes. These archetypes include various representations of the dark, inferior and uncivilized side of human beings. Jung used his theory not only to analyze dreams but also myths and folktales from many different cultures.The whole field of psychology has evolved and expanded considerably since the early part of the twentieth century. There are now many branches of psychology and it is no longer limited to clinical work and the analysis of dreams. Over the years, qualitative and quantitative experiments on animals and humans have provided a vast amount of information on social behavior, mental development, emotional development, learning processes, motivation, personality differences, and sensory perceptions.Men and women with training in psychology now work in many different careers ranging from therapists to advertising agents. The findings of psychological research are used to help the11victims of family violence, to design aptitude tests, to carry out efficiency studies in the workplace, to develop educational strategies, to conduct political campaigns, and to predict consumer spending. In fact, there is hardly any aspect of modern society that has not been influenced in some way by research in the field of psychology.Part One Preparation1. Describing the PicturesPicture 1: The patient looks sad. He is coming out of the hospital, carrying a test report in his hand. Judging from the black cloud hanging over the hospital, the drooping flowers and trees, and the report with the word “CANCER” on it, we can assume that he has had a series of tests. Picture 2: The man is lying in bed. The doctor has obviously prescribed all kinds of medicine because there are bottles of pills on the table beside the bed. There is also a piece of paper with the word “will” written on it. The m an is so depressed that he has written his will because he thinks he is going to die.Picture 3: The man appears extremely happy. The sun is shining over the hospital. The flowers and trees are upright. The doctor has told the man that he does not have cancer after all. (The report he is carrying has an “X” through the word “CANCER”.) On seeing the result, he can’t believe his eyes.Picture 4: The sun is shining, the trees are full of fruit and the hospital has disappeared. The man is happy. He appears to be singing or whistling. He takes a racket and heads off to play tennis. He is healthy and feels energetic again.Story:This is a story about a man who has been told that he is likely to have cancer. Then everything around him looks discouraging. He goes to bed, takes his medicine and writes his will because he is certain that he has cancer and his days are numbered. The next day, he goes back to the hospital and the doctor has good news for him: the test results indicate that he has no cancer. So he immediately feels happy, full of energy and goes to play tennis to enjoy himself.2. Getting to Know Your ClassmatesPossible reasons for the beliefs and feelings:--Those who love shopping may have a lot of money to spend and take delight in doing shopping. Sometimes they have a sense of accomplishment after shopping is done. In other cases, when people are in low spirits, they tend to do a lot of shopping.--Some people do not eat beef because of their religion. For example, Hindus do not eat beef. Others do not eat beef because of their family habits.--Bus service in some places is very poor. Buses are usually crowded and dirty. That’s why people don’t like to ride on a bus and when they are on a bus, th ey will get sick. The result will12probably be that they hate riding on a bus even more.--Those who love to talk to themselves are often timid and reserved. They can express their own feelings by doing so. Some people do so because they are not sure of themselves. They can practice talking to others in imagination, i.e., by imagining that they are facing other people and talking with them.--Some people are terrified of snakes because some snakes are poisonous. Other people hate them because they are ugly and disgusting.--People sometimes associate violence and ghosts with darkness. In darkness, people usually feel lonely and helpless. And at the same time, they are afraid that something bad may happen at any moment.--Some people think they are too fat when compared with those slim people around them. In most parts of the world, people are worried when they gain weight and try every means to keep thin. Everyone hopes to be good-looking or beautiful and follow the trend.--Those who hold on to their money as long as possible are usually very thrifty. They are afraid that if they spend all their money, they will have nothing to rely on. With as much money as they can save, they can at least have a sense of security.--People who hate queuing are impatient. They think it is a waste of time to queue. So they try to avoid queuing and some people jump the queue when possible.--People believe in ghosts if they have heard many ghost stories. Some people who have dreamed of ghosts may believe in them.--These people believe that everyone has a certain fate. It is fate that determines everything in their lives. They are anxious to find out what their future will be like. So they go to a fortune teller in order to know their future in advance.--These people care a lot about their physical appearance, for example, they want to be properly dressed in order to impress other people, or they probably are unconfident of themselves. So they would stand in front of a mirror for more than 10 minutes.3. A Fun Test: Come along on an Incredible Journey into the Desert!Based on Japanese Archetypes（模型）the desert represents a hardship. Each of the animalsrepresents an aspect of your life. The order in which you sacrifice the animals might be said to represent the importance of these things to you.The one that you sacrificed first is the least important, and the one that you kept is the most important.The cow represents basic needs.The sheep represents friendship.The lion represents pride.The monkey represents creativity.The horse represents passion.13Another fun test for your reference:1. You are walking to your boy/girlfriend’s house. There are two roads to get there. One is a straight path to take you there quickly, but is very plain and boring. The other is significantly longer but is full of wonderful sights and interesting things. Which one do you take to get to your boy/girlfriend’s house, short or long?2. On the way you see 2 rose bushes. One is full of red roses, and the other white roses. You decide to pick 20 roses for your boy/girlfriend, of any color combination. What number of white and red do you pick? (You can pick all of one color or any combo of the two).3. You finally get to their house. A family member answers the door. You can have him get your boy/girlfriend or go get him/her yourself. Which do you do?4. You go up to your boy/girlfriend’s room, but nobody is there. You decide to leave the roses there. Do you leave them by the windowsill (窗台) or on the bed?5. Later, it’s time for bed. You and your boy/girlfriend go to sleep in separate rooms. In the morning when it’s time to wake up, you go in his/her room and check on him/her. When you arrive, do you think he/she is most probably awake or asleep?6. Now it’s time to go back home. Do you take the short, plain road or the longer, more interesting road?The answers:1. The road represents your attitude towards falling in love. If you take the short road, you fall in love quickly and easily. If you take the long road, you take your time and do not fall in love as easily.2. The number of red roses represents how much you give in a relationship, while the number of white represents what you expect in return. For example, if you choose 18 red and 2 white, you give 90% and expect 10% in return.3. This question represents your attitude towards handling relationship problems. If you asked the family member to get your boy/girlfriend, then you like to avoid problems and hope that they will solve themselves. If you went to get him/her yourself, then you are a more direct person and like to work out problems immediately.4. The placement of roses determines how much you like to see your boy/girlfriend. Placing them on the bed means you like to see him/her a lot, while placing them on the windowsill means that you are all right with not seeing him/her as much.5. This is representative of your attitude towards their personality. If you find them asleep, you love your boy/girlfriend the way they are. If you find them awake, you expect them to change for you.6. The road to home tells how long you stay in love with someone. If you choose the short road, you fall out of love easily. If you choose the longer one, you will tend to stay in love for a long14time.Part Two Reading-Centered ActivitiesIn-Class ReadingI. Pre-ReadingSamples-- When I have health problems, I will go to the doctor. I want the doctor to examine me, to diagnose the problem, to write a prescription or to tell me if there is anything I should or should not do. If it is necessary, the doctor will give me some tests. Above all, I always expect that the doctor will tell me that I will be able to get over the problem or recover quickly.-- I usually avoid going to the hospital because to see a doctor is really tiring and time-consuming. So when I don’t feel well and it’s not a very serious case, what I usually do is to have a good rest. For example, when I have a cold, I will drink a lot of water and stay in bed. If it’s a serious health problem and I can’t recover by taking a good rest, I’ll go to the doctor and get some medicine. Just like most people, I hope the doctor will comfort me besides prescribing me the medicine.II. Passage ReadingWords, Phrases and Grammatical Points1. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well.除了“reassurance”, 其它如fact, opinion, notion, suggestion, proposal, thought, news, truth,report 等词的后面也可接同位语从句。