高三英语语法词汇专项指导
2019年高考英语（上海卷）语法和词汇部分旨在考察考生的英语基础知识,以及在具体语境中正确理解和灵活运用语法和词汇等基础知识的能力。
从2014年起,语法部分启用新题型,即用短文填空的形式取代原来单句形式的多项选择题。
语法填空更加体现考生在语境中灵活运用语法知识的能力,着实是一个挑战。
一、考核要求：
根据《上海市高中英语学科基本要求》中的规定,语法和词汇部分的具体考核内容如下：
1. 语法填空：词法,包括动词时态语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、介词、代词、冠词等。
句法,包括简单句,主从复合句。
从句包括名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。
2. 十一选十：词汇的基本意义、常用搭配、语境中的运用、英语构词（合成、派生、转化）。
二、语法填空
1.考点解读
高考中的语法填空共10题,分为给括号关键词和不给关键词两种,根据考点分布可以用下面两张图呈现：
值得注意的是,不给关键词时,一格限定只能填一词。
2.真题点播
1) So ambition and the timely realization (21)________ he would have to determine "what's next" on his own urged Jason to engage his future self to find direction.
答案：that. 这里考察以that引导的同位语从句,首先要找到主句的谓语urged,主语为ambition and the timely realization, 同位语从句补充说明了realization的具体内容。
2) As a result of showing up, Jason took opportunities (27) ________got him closer to his goal.
答案：that／which,此题考察定语从句的使用。
3）(29) ________ scared to death, he looked confident at the gallery meeting.
答案：Though/While/Although. 此题考察状语从句中连词＋分词的结构,省略了从句的主语和be动词。
考生还应注意首字母的大小写。
4）Jason set up a plan that in five years he (23) ________ (show) his work in the top gallery in that area of the country.
答案：would show/ would be showing. 此题考察动词的时态,由于set是过去式,加上in five years这个表示将来的时间状语,空格处的动词应该用过去将来时。
5）By setting this goal, all of Jason's efforts(25) ________ (point) in the same direction.
答案：had been pointed/had pointed/were pointing/pointed/were pointed。
此题考察动词的时态和语态。
6）He was faced with the choice of sitting back to wait for something(22) ________（happen）, or pursuing a path into the unknown.
答案：to happen. 此题考察动词的非谓语中的不定式,考生应记住wait for sth./sb. to do的基本结构,以及happen一般不用被动语态。
7) (28) ________ (inspire), Jason spent the next month making new work.
答案：Inspired. 此题考察动词的分词结构,找到主语后即可填出。
8) He struck while the iron was hot , and in (30) ________ (do)so, shortened his five-year plan into a year-and-a-half.
答案：doing. 此题考察介词in后加动名词的用法。
9) This five-year goal gave him a starting point (24) ________which to work backwards.
答案：from/on/at/after. 此题考察定语从句中介词＋which的搭配。
10) He showed up at different art show openings, and researched as best he could to make(26) ________ familiar with the market environment.
答案：himself. 此题考察的是反身代词的用法,作为句子的宾语并有强调的作用。
3.复习建议：
1）夯实语法基础,尤其是三大复合句（名从、定从、状从）,熟练掌握连词的用法和意义,尤其重点掌握what和that的区别。
2）谓语非谓语填空就题出发,涉及到现在分词和过去分词的逻辑主语的问题,非谓语动词的被动语态问题。
3）注意两空三空词汇的积累和运用。
4）注意上下文语境的理解。
5）重视拼写,如动词的过去式不规则变化。
二、十一选十（词汇）
1、真题分析（18、19年上海高考）
2、常考结构和真题回顾
A. 动词+名词
1）
idea over."
答案：A. committed 这里考察了committed作为分词后置修饰soldiers的结构,考生需要记住sb. be committed to/ sb. commit oneself to这词组,表示某人致力于做某事。
2）
答案：C. alerts
It doesn't matter if you are working in the cafeteria or the inspection line of a plant, companies will now
only hire people who can ___37___ problems and organize responses.
答案：E. locate
B.系动词+过去分词（被动结构）
more Greek.
答案：H. respelled. 考生需要注意构词法,这里是re-前缀加spell表示再次拼写。
相同构词的单词有restart, replay等等。
C.系动词+形容词
But these days machines can do pretty much anything that's ___32___.
答案：A. repetitive.
D.（限定词）+形容词+名词
1)
In English, a typhoon is a very powerful and__37__ storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific.
答案：E. destructive
As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his __33__to do more than bend their knees.
答案：D. delegation.这里要注意后面their提示此空中的单词应该表示一群人。
2)
Bill Drayton believes we’re in the middle of a necessary but painful historical transition. For millenniums most people's lives had a certain ___31___.
答案：D. pattern
Cognitive empathy is the ability to perceive how people are feeling in ___36___ circumstances.
答案：I. evolving
E.副词修饰动词或者形容词
Changemakers are people who can see the patterns around them, identify the problems in any situation, figure out ways to solve the problem, organize fluid teams, lead collective action and then ___33___ adapt as situations change.
答案：B. continually.
3、复习建议
1）在文章难度提升的同时,对于句意的把控要求增高。
2）一词多性,一词多义,词的活用,平时多积累。
3）关注要求填写的词汇是什么词性的词,确定选词的范围。
4）结合固定的搭配、上下文连贯原则或者排除法确定最后的答案。
5）有好的理解能力解题会事半功倍,考前注意训练科普文、时文报道等容易有理解障碍的问题,培养自己的理解能力。
