2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is大1家to say it anyway.He is that大2家bird,a scientist who works independently大3家any institution.Hehelped popularize the idea that some diseases not大4家thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.大5家he,however,might tremble at the大6家of what he is about to do.Togetherwith another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only大7家that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in大8家are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,大9家12-15points above the大10家value of100,and have contributed大11家to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,asthe大12家of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,大13家.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breastcancer.These facts,大14家,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been大15家to social effects,such as a strong tradition of大16家education.The latter was seen as a(an)大17家of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately大18家.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 大19家them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this大20家state of affairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]given up[B]got over[C]carried on[D]put down16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of the studies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”for stress.“It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well.It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes,“it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by, unfortunately,parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at18and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a single mother.“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C]are more capable of avoiding stress.[D]are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph4,the stress women confront tends to be[A]domestic and temporary.[B]irregular and violent.[C]durable and frequent.[D]trivial and random.24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)shows that[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Strain of Stress:No Way Out?[B]Responses to Stress:Gender Difference[C]Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say[D]Gender Inequality:Women Under StressText2It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reachingconsequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7billion and$11billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than1.2million articles each year in some16,000journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discusses[A]the background information of journal editing.[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D]the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A]It criticizes government-funded research.[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in that[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required to[A]cover the cost of its publication.[B]subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C]allow other online journals to use it freely.[D]complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B]A new mode of publication is emerging.[C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D]Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text3In the early1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than140years ago, today’s people–especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations–apparently reached their limit in the early1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller.“In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of20,demands calories and nutrients–notably,protein–to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inch and a half every20years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height–5′9″for men,5′4″for women–hasn’t really changed since1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but don’t expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that90percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need topredict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C]compare different generations of NBA players.[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A]Genetic modification.[B]Natural environment.[C]Living standards.[D]Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text4In1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52, was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slaveryplayed in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington, His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of1800by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in1803;the new land was carved into13states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S.history.[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B]in its early days the U.S.was confronted with delicate situations.[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C]Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A]moral considerations.[B]military experience.[C]financial conditions.[D]political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)是大家网原创出品Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)是大家网原创出品Grammar,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43)是大家网原创出品Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44)是大家网原创出品These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote“The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45)是大家网原创出品Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times–and then again–working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper,pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It’s probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression. [C]It’s worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may lookterrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developed a topicinto a tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explainshow the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P“policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in“A&P,”the student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will verylikely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but(46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,thathis power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy.So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,because the“Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end,and has convinced many able men.No one, he submits,could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.He was willing to assert that“I have a fair share of invention,and of common sense or judgment,such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have,but not,I believe,in any higher degree.”(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.Formerly,too,pictures had given him considerable,and music very great,delight.In1881,however,he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob,your landlord there.Write him a letter to1)make an apology,and2)suggest a solution.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2008年真题答案解析Section I:Use of English(10points)1.【答案】[B]【解析】本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
绝密★启用前2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考英语试卷考生需知1.选择题的答案需用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。
2.其它题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在制定位置的答案无效。
3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
Section I Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one to complete the sentence, Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.1. Oil is an important ___ material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.fertileflexible D.raw B.A.bleak C.2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to____ 25 percent of the world’s oil.presumeconsume C.resume D.assume B.A.3. You shouldn’t be so ____ I didn't mean anything bad in what I said.sophisticatedsensitive D.A.sentimental B.sensible C.4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ____ of art for later generations.themeA.viewpoint D.philosophy B.concept C.5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice.suspect D.object C.withdrawA.deny B.6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation.parallelneutral D.A.mutual B.optional C.7. Williams had not been there during the ____ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A.vital D.unique superior B.rigorous C.8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents holding a wide ___ of jobs.C.scale D.areafieldrange B.A.9. Modern manufacturing had ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A. translatedB. transformedC. transferredD. transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood.excludedextendedD.excelled C.A.exceeded B.11. Voices were ____ as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.raiseddeveloped D.A.swollen B.increased C.12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to perfect health, ____ others will take a longer time.whereaswhere C.when D.which B.A.13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very ____ about the food he eats.particular D.peculiar C.unusualA.special B.14. Britain might still be part of France of it weren't ____ a disastrous flood 200,000years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.in D.forwith C.A.upon B.15. The Water Prize is an international award that ____outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.requires C.relaysreleases D.A.recognizes B.16. In its 14 years of ____ , the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.existence D.eminence endurance B.A.emergence C.17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had ____ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.________widespread belief, cockroaches(蟑螂)would not take over the world if there were no one around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ______to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A. turned inB. turned outC. turned upD. turned downSection II Cloze (10 Points)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes __21__ different nations compete against each other in a __22__ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.In order to __23__ the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). After all proposals have been __24__ , the IOC votes. If no city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues, with __25__ rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, __26__ the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the __27__ of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to __28__ the Games effectively.The IOC also __29__ which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. __30__ , Tokyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico City, Mexico, the host of the 1968 Summer Games, were chosen __31__ to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia and in Latin America.__32__ the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into __33__ the host city’s time zone. __34__ the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay __35__ higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events __36__ , in prime viewing hours.__37__ the Games have been awarded, it is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television __38__ and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many __39__ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially __40__ . When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, thecity was left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. Suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. in case D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C,and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Questions 41to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the chip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim(the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto(座右铭) was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun,” says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some ＄10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites . These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual moneythat it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than4, 600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier-what Bob Meyer, publisher of Barter News, calls “the double coincidence of wants.” That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered” because many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade” trading partners for honesty, quality and so on . Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or non-tradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.” For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.41. The word “techies” (Line 4, Para . 1) probably refers to those who are________.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they________.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ______.A. the size of barter sitesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies44. It is implied that Internet advertisements can help .A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin’, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shootin”, start thinkin’, and keep livin’.” The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance (监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker, who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city, believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technologyin Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes) that after the murder the city will to longer stand by in coldness, For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty-almost one in three people lives below the poverty line-and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical, Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60%of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess, But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark: now, a year later, the figure is 30%. Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30% (though the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murderB. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the “Community Eye” (Line 5, Para.2) isA. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48. We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPTpoverty D.flood C.indifference violenceA.B.49. Mayor Booker’s efforts against crime seem to be ____.A.fruitlessimpractical C.effective D.idealisticB.50. The best title for passage may be ____.A. Stop Shootin’, Start Thinkin’, and Keep Livin’B. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 per cent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner, While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship, in truth it may just be a from of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult,even more so when children are involved, The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an “escape fund”.Margaret’s story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in bong-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible ＄100，000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage. “He’d think it was my escape fund so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.” Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen, for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. “I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund and that I feel very secure in our relationship.I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy daysin the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.”（from: ）51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because __ .A. “escape fund” helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word “savvy” (Line 2, Para, 2) probably means ____.simpleshrewd D.A.suspicious B.secure C.53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique womanB. She was once divorcedC. She is going go retireD. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen’s example to show ____.A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summarizes this passage?A. Secret SaversB. Love Is What It’s WorthC. Banking HonestyD. Once Bitten, Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word ‘protection’ is no longer taboo(禁忌语)”.This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared thattheir economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it, Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that “creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs. Suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely. But there’s clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice. A little hypocrisy（虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that keep the post of managing director, but all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade. Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die.And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that “protection” (Line 1, Para.1) means__ .A. improving economic efficiencyB. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because .A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By “the tables have turned” (Lines3-4,Para.2) the author implies that ____.A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have turned advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because if ____.A. set a long-term rather than short-term goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses “IMF” as an example to illustrate the point that ____.A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries’ interests are being ignored by economic leadersSection IV Translation (20 points)Directions: In this section there is a paragraph in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The term “business model” first came into widespread use with the invention of the personal computer and the spreadsheet (空白表格程序) . Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and sub- components analyzed. You could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought? –and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model thebehavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V Writing (20 points)Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.以往许多人报考成人高校，是为圆文凭梦。
English Qualification Examination Paper For the 2008Postgraduates of Henan Province(Dec. 27, 2008)参考答案Part I ListeningSection A: 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. CSection B: 6. B 7. C 8. A9. D 10. D 11. A12. C 13. D 14. B 15 ASection C: 1. a great deal 2. affect 3. happier 4. effect5. character6. in one’s dreams7. wake up8. performances 9. aggressive 10. controlPart II. ReadingPassage 1. 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. B 20.DPassage 2. 21. B 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. CPassage 3. 26. D 27. D 28. D 29. D 30.CPassage 4. 31. D 32. C 33.A 34. B 35.CPart III. TranslationSection A: Translation from English to Chinese让我们抵制重走老路的诱惑，避免重新回到令美国政治长期深受毒害的党派纷争和由此引发的遗憾和不成熟表现。
让我们牢记，正是伊利诺伊州的一名男子首次将共和党的大旗扛到了白宫。
共和党是建立在自强自立、个人自由以及全民团结的价值观上，这也是我们所有人都珍视的价值。
虽然民主党今大晚上赢得了巨大的胜利，但我们是以谦卑的态度和弥合阻碍我们进步的分歧的决心赢得这场胜利的。
因此，让我们发扬新的爱国精神，树立新的服务意识和责任感，让我们每个人下定决心全情投入、更加努力地工作，并彼此关爱。
研究生英语学位考试真题及答案Part I Listening ComprehensionSection A (1 Point each)1. A. His paper has been published with the help of his adviser.B. His paper has won an award with the help of his adviser.C. His paper has been revised by his adviser.D. His paper has got the approval from his adviser.2. A. Tom is terribly ill. B. Tom is in low spirits.C. Tom is bad-tempered.D. Tom is nervous at the moment3. A. He saw his boss in person for the first time.B. He is now complaining in a different way.C. He has made his boss change his attitude.D. He has changed his opinion of his boss.4. A. He was not fond of the concert.B. He didn't like the tea offered at the concert.C. He left early to have some tea with somebody else.D. He doesn't want to tell the woman why he was not there.5. A. He always looks down upon others.B. He always lowers the value of others.C. He always judges people by their appearanceD. He is always reluctant to take newcomers.6. A. She is always stupid. B. She is always concentrated.C. She is always careless.D. She is always absent-minded.7. A. She wants to leave a way out. B. She doesn't trust her boss.C. She wants to repay her boss.D. She wants to stay with her boss as long as possible8. A. She should let her daughter decide.B. She should choose what the teacher is interested in.C. She should make the same choice as the other parents.D. She should choose what she is interested in.9. A. She felt very cold because of the weather. B. She was frightened by the scene.C. She sent the two boys to the hospital.D. She went to help the injured immediately. Mini-talk one10. A. He went mountain climbing. B. He went camping.C. He went to a party:D. He went to a concert.11. A. He was lost in the forest. B. He was caught in a natural disaster.C. He was woken up in the middle of the night.D. He burned his dinner.12. A. Because it was too noisy. B. Because he wanted to join the party.C. Because he was too tired.D. Because he turned on some music.Mini-talk Two13. A. They may be overweight. B. They may earn less money.C. The may suffer from serious diseases.D. They may have lasting damage in their brain.14. A. Improving children's nutrition in their country.B. Providing their people with cleaner conditions.C. Improving health care for their people.D. Providing their people with better education.15. A. Preschool period. B. Teenage period.C. Between birth and 15 years old.D. Between pregnancy and two years old.Section C (1 point each)16. "Facebook" and "MySpace" are some of the most popular blog sites for_______________.17. Blogs offer young people a place to show their writings and ______________.18. Personal information puts teenagers at risk of being sought out by dangerous people who ______.19. When teenagers include information on their blogs that can be seen as a threat to others they can ___________________.20. Parents are advised to read their children's blogs to make sure they are not giving out__________.PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)21. The city was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. positivelyD. practically22. In spite of the taxing business schedule, he managed to take some time off for exercise.A. imposingB. demandingC. compulsoryD. temporary23. The court held the parents accountable for the minor child's acts of violence.A. responsible forB. indifferent toC. desperate forD. involved in24.The visitors were impressed by the facilities planned and programmed in terms of their interrelationships.A. in units ofB. with reference toC. in aspects ofD. on condition of25. "There is a weird power in a spoken word," Joseph Conrad once said.A. mightyB. prospectiveC. oddD. formidable26. Poverty and inadequate health care take their toll on the quality of a community's health.A. destructionB. contributionC. chargeD. origin27. This old man had trouble expressing the attachment he felt when arriving at his native town.A. hospitalityB. affection C: appeal D. frustration28. If you become reconciled to your lot, you will never get a new start in life.A. submissiveB. resistantC. tolerableD. committed29. The little girl felt increasingly uneasy while waiting for hermother at the bus-stop.A. difficultB. excitedC. relievedD. restless30. A high official is likely to win respect and trust if he can stick to his principles.A. turn toB. add toC. keep toD. lead toSection B (0.5 point each)31. To achieve sustainable development, the of resources is assuming new importance.A. conservationB. reservationC. exhaustionD. devastation32. The sale of alcoholic beverages is ________ to those above21 in some regions.A. confinedB. inhibitedC. obligedD. restricted33. The importance of protecting rainforests from human invasion is increasingly realized by developing anddeveloped countries_______.A. bothB. eitherC. alikeD. apart34. Before the 1980s, the idea of health insurance was quite _______ to those living in the mainland of China.A. overseasB. abroadC. foreignD. offshore35. The government is expected to make new legislations to ______ foreign investment in real estate.A. manipulateB. regulateC. dominateD. prevail36. Despite the suspect's ________to be innocent, there is compelling evidence that he was involved.A. convictionB. assertionC. accusationD. speculation37. For many countries, being part of a global supply chain is like striking oil -- oil that may never ____.A. run outB. work outC. turn outD. call out38. Having been an office secretary for some years, she always _______chores in a responsible way.A. goes onB. goes forC. goes withoutD. goes about39. Without clear guidelines ______, executives of hospitals are sometimes at a loss about what to do.A. in orderB. in placeC. in needD. in trouble40. The age of other trees is variously estimated as ______ from two hundred to eight hundred years.A. changingB. differingC. varyingD. rangingPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Every year, as the price of goods rises, the inflation refuses to (41) even from the high educational institutions.In the US, according to a 2005 survey by the College Board, (42) at state universities rose by an average of 7.1 percent annually, after a year when inflation grew much less. At private schools it was up 5.9 percent. The survey which (43) more than 3,000 colleges and universities did not provide clear reasons for the continued increases. It did say that the price of goods and services at universities have risen rapidly. Some of the fastest growth has been in employee health (44), and professional salaries.Living expenses on campus have also (45). At the university of Southern California student dining hall, a buffet meal cost $5.50 in 2004. But now it's $9. The US government often provides (46) assistance to students' lunch in primary and high schools, but these favorable policies usually don't (47) universities.Some students said the food on campus is sometimes even more expensive than that at restaurants (48) campus.To compensate the rise in tuition and living expenses, the federal and state governments (49) universities and private sources have provided (50) for students. Of all the full time undergraduates about 62 percent have a grant covering 30-50 percent of their tuition, according to the College Board.41. A. stay away B. stand out C. step down D. set off42. A. fares B. payment C. charges D. tuition43. A. attended B. covered C. included D. composed44. A. welfares B. advantages C. benefits D. goods45. A. rolled up B. gone up C. sat up D. taken up46. A. management B. economic C. policy D. financial47. A. apply to B. suit for C. adjust to D. gear for48. A. in B. to C. off D. over49. A. as well as B. the same as C. as far as D. such as50. A. grasps B. grains C. grounds D. grantsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneDid your mum and dad go to university, or did they leave school and go straight to the Job Centre? The educational experience of parents is still important when it comes to how today's students choose an area of study and what to do after graduation, according to The Future-track research in the UK.The research was done by the Higher Education Careers Service Unit. It plans to follow university applicants for six years from 2006 through their early careers.The first year's findings come from a study of 130,000 university applicants. They show significant differences inprospective students' approach to higher education, depending on whether their parents got degrees (second-generation applicants) or didn't (first-generation applicants).First-generation applicants were more likely to say that their career and employment prospects were uppermost in their minds in deciding to go to university. About one-fifth of this group gave "to enable me to get a good job" as their main reason for choosing HE. And 37 percent said that a degree was "part of my career plan".A young person coming from a non-professional household where finances are stretched may find the idea of learning for its own sake to be a luxury. This explains the explosion in vocational courses.At Portsmouth University, first-year student Kim Burnett, 19, says that she specifically chose her degree in health research management and psychology to get a secure, well-paid job. Harriet Edge, 20, studying medicine at Manchester University, also wanted job security. Her parents lacked college degrees, though the fact that her uncle is a doctor appears to have influenced her choice."Medicine is one of those fields where it's pretty likely you'll get a job at the end. That's a big plus, as the debt levels after five years of study are going to be frightening," she says. Many experts believe that this situation affects those with no family tradition of higher education far more keenly. The fact that 26 percent of respondents said that they needed more advice implies that some students may end up feeling that their higher education investment was not worthwhile.For those with graduate parents, this lack of guidance may, the researchers suggest, be less of a problem. " But, for thosewithout the advantages, lack of access to career guidance before applying for higher education leaves them exposed to making poorer choices," the survey concludes.51. The main idea of the passage is that_________.A. parents' experiences are more important for their children's educationB. parents' careers are vitally important for their children's degreesC. students' approach to higher education correlates with their parents' educational experienceD. students' career and employment prospects are decided by their parents52. "HE" in the 4th paragraph probably refers to __________.A. health educationB. higher employmentC. Harriet EdgeD. higher education53. A young person coming from a non-professional household ____________.A. is less likely to get financial aid to go to universityB. is more likely to choose vocational educationC. may think learning for pleasure is a good ideaD. may choose to study for a professional degree54. In which of the following aspects do Kim Burnett and Harriet Edge have in common?A. They both chose their majors because of their family influence.B. They are both the first-year students in university.C. Both of their parents lack college degrees.D. Both of them chose degrees for job security.55. It is implied that ____________.A. the cost of a degree in medicine is very highB. higher education investment in medicine is not worthwhileC. a student without family medical tradition is less likely to choose medicineD. medicine is a field where every degree-holder can get a job56.Those with graduate parents may _________.A. make poorer choices when choosing their majorsB. make better choices when applying for higher educationC. not need career guidance before graduationD. have no problems in applying for a collegePassage TwoLast month, the public address system at Earl's Court subway station in London was ordered to get the noise down. Passengers, it seems, had had enough of being told the blindingly obvious: "Stand back or the train will run you over." "Don't lean on the doors." "Stand back from the opening doors." "Do this." "Don't do that."Bossiness is not just aural. It is also written. As a commuter, I'm continually bombarded by notices on car walls. "Please take your feet off the seat." "Please turn down your personal stereo." And when I drive past the local primary, a sign flashes: "School. Slow down!"The presumption behind these signs is that Britons must have everything spelled out because we are tow, uncivilized people who were raised by wolves.Britain didn't use to be so bossy. When I was a boy, for instance, the local cinema put a warning on screen before we settled down to watch. "Don't," it said, "make noises." In thosedays, long before mobile phones, it was the only bossiness we saw in the cinema. Since then, bossiness has become more commonplace. Television, that strongest guide to public morals and lifestyles in this country, is alive with dominant people. On screen, we see health experts holding some poor woman's breasts and demanding that she get in shape. Cooking programs tell us not to think of leaving toast crumbs on the kitchen table.There is no point in blaming TV for this new bossiness. We want to be bossed. We have behaved badly and now we yearn to feel the whip to correct us. On July 1, smoking will be banned in public places in England. My local government told churches in the area last week that no-smoking posters must be prominently displayed by church entrances.I love this: the governments are bossing people to make them more bossy. They are insisting that priests tell their congregations (教区的教民) what to do.My local government isn't the only source of bossiness. I find it everywhere. But the rise in bossiness does not seem to have been accompanied by a rise in socially well-adjusted behavior. In fact, the opposite. Perhaps this is because, if you feel as though you are treated with contempt, you will respond with the same.57. The case at Earl's Court subway station shows that _________.A. it is very noisy in public placesB. it is necessary to warn the passengers of their safetyC. people have realized the importance of public orderD. people have been tired of being bossed58. It is presumed that bossiness is everywhere because Britons__________.A. need to be bossed to behave themselvesB. want to be reminded of how to behave wellC. must have everything spelled outD. are raised in uncivilized society59. It is suggested in the passage that____________.A. now Britons behave much better than they did in the pastB. in the past Britons behaved much better than they do nowC. the dominant people on screen should be blamed for the new bossinessD. television has misguided the public morals and lifestyles in Britain60. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. Television should play a role in enhancing public morals.B. The local government has got involved in the church activities.C. The governments want to make themselves more authoritative by bossing people.D. The rise in bossiness has helped the improvement of people's behavior.61. The author writes this passage in a _________.A. funny toneB. criticizing toneC. friendly toneD. radical tone62. What is the appropriate title of this passage?A. British People Have Had Enough Bossiness AroundB. British People Want to Be BossedC. Bossiness in Great Britain: Its Past and PresentD. Bossiness in Great Britain Should Be IgnoredPassage ThreeIt began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston's McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence? Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn't think so. She mentioned the patients' striking mood shifts to her boss and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean's president and psychiatrist in chief: “I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."It's a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it's an example of newresearch on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.63. The first paragraph describes a project aimed at finding ____________.A. who has bipolar disorderB. what improves people's moodsC. whether magnetic scanning is a treatmentD. how some patients respond to some drugs64. What does the passage say about bipolar disorder?A.It mainly affects males.B. It may cause drug addiction.C. It is a mental problem.D. It is hard to detect.65. The word "ebullient" in Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by________.A. considerateB. quietC. excitedD. sorrowful66. The researchers' attitude toward the new finding can bedescribed as_________.A. confusedB. amusedC. carefulD. skeptical67. The new finding is significant because it shows that electromagnetic fields mayA. treat mental disordersB. cause mental disordersC. increase the effectiveness of some drugsD. reduce the effectiveness of some drugs68. The passage mainly_________.A. reports a discoveryB. challenges a discoveryC. explains the problems with a discoveryD. describes the background of a discoveryPassage FourMy kids tell me that I am "so 20th century", which troubles me. A person likes to feel that he is "with it", as we used to say in the 20th century.So I have been thinking how I might change myself into a true 21st-century man. Clearly, in my advanced state of age I would be foolish to attempt some wild leap into the contemporary fashion. And anyway, my distinctive taste attracts much favourable comment.But if my clothing is too characteristic to change, perhaps I should do something about my lifestyle. So last week I took myself to the NEC for the Smart Home Show which is "the exhibition dedicated to all the latest trends in smart home technology".It was a shock. How could I have lived for half a century without a fingerprint-operated front door? ("Never lock yourself out of your home again!") Or vacuum cleaners that suck dust straight into a dustbin, via a system of pipes in your house walls? (All you have to do is rebuild your entire home.) Or automatic garden sprinklers which are so smart that they turn themselves off when it starts to rain? Of course, you could just look out of the window, observe that it's raining and turn them off yourself, but that would be so 20th century.Besides, those were just the simpler things. For the true smart-home owner, a plasma (等离子) TV fireplace is a must. At first glance it's just an electric fire with a mantelpiece，but press your remote and a giant TV screen rises from the mantelpiece. "Thieves won't even know it's there," a spokesman claimed. Just as well. At ￡5,280，it would be a pity to have it broken. But the real revolution has happened in the bathroom. Never again need you feel cut off from world events as you go about your washing. Forget the mirrors that turn into TV screens. They're old hat. The buzz in bathrooms now is all about heated towel-racks that turn into TVs.Enough! I was convinced: I want a smart home. There's only one problem: The cost. You are looking at ￡18,000 to ￡25,000 for an average home. Hmm. I won't be entering the 21st century just yet, then.69. To be "21st century", the author decided to___________.A. move to a new houseB. change the way he livedC. improve his dressing styleD. talk in the most trendy fashion70. The author's comment on the vacuum cleaner impliesthat___________.A. he believed that it was uselessB. he wanted to purchase one himselfC. he hated to cause inconvenienceD. he thought that it was not worth the effort71. What is the most revolutionary smart home technology according to the author?A. The plasma TV fireplace.B. The automatic garden sprinkler.C. Mirrors that turn into TV screens.D. Heated towel-racks that turn into TVs.72. The Smart Home Show__________.A. seemed too good to be trueB. was a true eye-opener for the authorC. left a negative impression on the authorD. appealed less to the middle- and old-aged73. What does the author think of buying the smart home products?A. He was interested, but found them too expensive.B. He was fascinated, and determined to buy them.C. He wasn't attracted, and wouldn't buy them.D. He wasn't sure, so he would rather wait and see.74. Which of the following words could best describe the author's tone?A. Overstated.B. Objective.C. Ironic.D. Passionate.Passage FiveNever before has flying been so controversial. In the spaceof two years, the environmental damage done by planes has gone from being something quietly discussed by scientists and committed environmentalists, to a headline-grabbing issue no one can ignore.Even those who fly once or twice a year on holiday can't help but feel a growing sense of guilt, while those opting for trips by car, train or ferry have a self-righteous spring in their steps.Now, however, the backlash is beginning. The tourism and aviation industries are mobilizing, and pointing out some awkward facts. Did you know that some ferries emit far more carbon dioxide than some planes'? That driving can release twice as much carbon as flying? A new report from Balpa, the pilot's union, even claims that planes can be better than train.While there are the campaigners who plot their camp at Heathrow to protest the air travel, in Kenya plans are being drawn up for a very different camp. Looking out from a cliff over the deserts of Samburuland is a stunning hotel, the O1 Malo Eco-Lodge. Revenue from the small number of visiting tourists has allowed the 5,000 acres around it to be transformed from over-grazed cattle ranch to a conservation site. More impressive still is the O1 Malo eye project. Up to 80 per cent of adults in the area suffer sight loss, so the O1 Malo Trust runs regular surgical camps, bringing doctors from the UK to treat them. In January, the camp gave 102 people back their sight. "It's very simple--all of our visitors fly here," said Julia Francombe, the founder. "If they stopped coming, it would kill us."One thing on which all sides agree is that aviation is booming, so it becomes crucial to develop new and less polluting aircraft. Airbus's claim that it can save the world with the A380 may be far-fetched, but its "gentle giant" plane is far more efficient andquieter than those of 20 years ago.Some environmentalists, however, scorn these advances, saying such measures are a "delusion." "The aviation industry is likely to vastly overstate the gains that can be made from technological improvements but sadly a climate friendly plane isn't on the horizon," says Emily Armistead of Greenpeace.So the question is: who do you believe?75. Pollution caused by planes used to _____________.A. be heatedly debated in the scientific communityB. be a controversial issue no one could ignoreC. draw little attention among the general publicD. divert people's attention from more important issues76. Compared with people who fly, those who choose cars or trains for travel_________.A. feel equally guilty of causing environmental damagesB. seem to care more about the environment than about timeC. believe that they are doing the right thing for the environmentD. are more troubled by the latest facts on environmental pollution77. The camps in Kenya are mentioned to_________.A. demonstrate the necessity of flyingB. emphasize the problems of flyingC. persuade people to turn to flyingD. present the two sides of flying78. Emily Armistead suggests that the aviation industry___________.A. has not made great efforts to develop environmentally friendly planesB. cannot come up with environmentally friendly planes inthe near futureC. should not use environmentally friendly planes to solve their problemsD. will not save the world even with environmentally friendly planes79. What is the author's position on air travel?A. Air travel should be avoided if possible.B. Air travel is not as problematic as people believe.C. It is too early to say that air travel has caused damages.D. It is hard to decide whether we should continue air travel80. The best title for the passage is “___________”.A. Should We Stop Flying?B. When Can We Stop Flying?C. What Will Happen If We Stop Flying?D. Will Stopping Flying Make a Difference?PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)British previous colonial policies led to the spread of English across the world. This wide use of English has been reinforced by the sweeping influence of the U.S.. However, the dominance of English as an international language is considered both a blessing and a curse. For one thing, it has accelerated the extinction of some languages. People have been wondering about the possibility of creating a global language which might hold promises for an end to language-caused troubles and conflicts. Unfortunately, attempts to harmonize world languages have met with little success as a result of the reluctance of native speakers of a particular language to adopt another language as their mother tongue. To discard one's native language is to have the distinct features of his nation erased.。
