第四讲表语从句
定义
表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，从句作的是主语的表语成分。
The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪.
主语连系动词一个句子作表语---表语从句
系动词用法
定义
例如：He felt ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（feel是（连）系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）■连系动词be 后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语：
1).My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。
2).All you have to do is to listen. 你只需要听。
■ seem, appear, prove, turn out, grow 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)短语作表语：
1).The man seemed to be ill. 这个人好像病了。
2).The plan proved to be useful. 这个计划证明是有用的。
3).He appears to know this. 他好像知道这一点。
4).The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。
5).He has grown to like studying English. 他渐渐喜欢学英语了。若所接不定式为to be，通常可以省略be。
■ sound, smell, feel, taste, become 等连系动词后通常不能接不定式：(也可以理解为用主动表被动）
误：These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉to be) 误：The roses smell to be nice. (应去掉to be)
■连系动词look后有时也可接to be，但以省略to be为多。
分类
二、我们高中阶段把英语系动词分为四类：
A．五大感官系动词B．状态系动词C．动态系动词D．双谓语系动词
A．五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都是半系动词。
1．look“看起来像是”，后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。
The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.这位女孩咬着嘴唇，看上去若有所思。
2．smell“闻起来”，后接adj.分词。The flowers smell sweet. 这些花气味真香。
3．sound“听起来”，后接adj.\分词。The music sounds sweet.这首诗听起来真悦耳。
4．taste“尝起来”，后接adj.\分词。The apples taste very good. 这些苹果很好吃。
5．Feel ①“摸起来，给……感觉”；②“觉得”，后接adj./p.p.
You will feel better after a night’s sleep. 睡上一晚，你会觉得好些。
B．状态系动词：
1．be，“是”，属完全系动词。I am a student. 我是一个学生。
2．seem,“似乎，好像”，完全系动词。They seem quite happy. 他们似乎很快乐。
3．appear,“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。It appeared(to be)a true story.看来这是一个真实的故事。4．keep, “保持……的状态”，半系动词，后接adj或介词短语。
You’d better go to bed and keep warm. 你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。
5．remain,“仍是”，半系动词。I remained silent. 我仍然缄默。
6．stay“保持（某种状态）”，半系动词，后接adj.、过去分词。The window stayed open all the night.
7.prove “证明是”，半系动词，后接adj.\n. The treatment proved to be successful. 这种疗法证明是成功的。C．动态系动词：都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。
1．get“变成，变得……起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。
The days are getting longer and longer. 白天变得越来越长了。
2．fall“进入（某种状态），成为”，后常接以下形容词：asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat.
The old men, unable to express himself, fell silent. 那位老人说不清自己的意思，就不做声了。
My father fell ill and died. 我的父亲生病死了。
3．grow“渐渐变得……起来，长得” It’s growing warm. 天气渐渐暖和起来了。
4．turn“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）”。
Maple trees turn red in autumn. 枫叶在秋天变红了。It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine. 5．go，“变成（某种坏的状态）”
The telephone has gone dead. 电话不通了。The material has gone a funny colour. 这料子的颜色变得奇怪了。
go之后常接的adj. 还有：bad, blind, wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry, mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey. 6．become“变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）”
I became interested in drawing. 我开始对素描感兴趣了。He became angry with me. They became good friends. 7．come，“变成为（已知的状态）/ 证实为”，后常接形容词或un-的过去分词作表语，表示状态或情况的变化。
His wish to become a pilot has come true. If you look into the matter, everything will come clear.
后常接的形容词还有：apart, dear（昂贵）natural, open, short, right（好了），unstuck（没有粘住）untied（松开）。 8．run,“变成”，后接adj. The price ran high. 价格上升了。
9．make，“达到某种状态[后接形容词]，如sure, certain, merry, bold, free
We must make certain of facts.我们一定要弄清事实。
D．双谓语系动词此类系动词既有系动词的功能，后接表语，又保留原实义动词本身的含义。
例如：The run rose red.太阳升起红艳艳。She stopped and stood quite still.她停下来然后一丝不动地站着。
The snow lay thick on the ground. 雪厚厚地堆积在地上。He married young. 他结婚很早。
Lei Feng died young.雷锋早逝。He continued silent.他继续沉默不语。
常用系动词用法比较
1．形容词在这类系动词后面作表语
go和come相比，“go＋形容词”多表示“从好的状态变成坏的状态”,后面的形容词为mad, crazy, blind, lame或表示颜色的形容词，go前面的主语一般为人
E.g. He went mad last year. Hearing this, she went red.
“come＋形容词”多表示“从坏的状态变成好的状态”
E.g. Thing will come right in the end.
run后面接short, dry, low, deep等形容词作表语时，其前的主语多为能流动的或消耗掉的东西。若后面的形容词为wild,则主语可以是人。 E.g. Their money was running short. Still water runs deep. The child run wild.
grow 后面可以接表示人或物的特征的静态形容词作表语，也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语。侧重于“逐渐变成某种状态”。 E.g. The girl grew thinner and thinner. Soon the sky grew darks.
turn 后面多接表示颜色的形容词，也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语，侧重于“变得与以前完全不同”。
E.g. The man turned blue with fear. The weather suddenly turned much colder.
f all 可以接asleep, silent等静态形容词或表示疾病的形容词作表语，但不能接形容词的比较级作表语。
E.g. She fell ill from cold.
“get +形容词”多用在口语中。get 能替代become, 但become较为正式。get 与become前面的主语既可以是人也可以是物；get 经常与形容词的比较级连用。
E.g. He became\ got angry with his son. His coat has become\ got badly torn.
The days are getting longer and longer after the winter solstice.
注：become一般不可以用来表示“将来变得……”的意思。
2．become，turn，get, go, fall后面能跟名词作表语，其他的“变成”类系动词后面不能跟名词作表语
E.g. His dream has become a reality. He has turned scientist. Her cheeks went a very pretty pink.
He fell a victim to cancer. 注：在turn后面作表语用的名词前通常不带冠词。
3. come和go后面多接有否定前缀的过去分词。“get＋pp”表示一次行为；“become＋pp”表示事物发展的最后结果。
E.g. The string comes untied. His report went unnoticed. The fence gets white-washed every year.
The room soon became crowded.
4. 系动词get，go，come后面可接现在分词，但含义不是“成为”。
E.g. They went in and got chatting together. We often go swimming. He came running in.
5. come, grow，get后面接不定式，表示变化过程。come表示“最终变得”；get表示“由……变得”；grow表示“渐渐变得” E.g. I’ve really come to love this place. Mary’s growing to be more and more like her mother.
You’ll soon get to like it. 注：这种结构不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
IV.系动词与高考及其练习
1.系动词出现于单项选择题中
①The story sounds_________________(MET 89) A. to be true B. as true C. being true D. true
②Those oranges taste__________(MET 91) A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well
③---Are you feeling___________? ---Yes, I’m fine now/(NMET92)
A. any well
B. any better
C. quite good
D. quite better
④----Can I join the club, Dad.
----You can when you _________a bit older.(NMET 94) A. get B. will get C. get D. will have got
⑤---Do you like the material? ----Yes, it _______very soft.(NMET 94) A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
⑥I love to go to the seaside on Summer. It_____ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.(NMET 96)
A. does
B. feels
C. gets
D. makes
⑦Cleaning women in big cities usually get _______by the hour.(NMET 98) A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
⑧Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will _____ for several days.(NMET2003）
A. be stayed
B. stay
C. be staying
D. have stayed
(以上七题答案分别如下：1.D, 2.A, 3.B, 4.A, 5.C, 6.B, 7.C, 8.B)
2.系动词与短文改错
They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.(were)
I’d like to your pen friend, and get to know more about your country.(be)
3.系动词巩固练习
①What you have said_______.
A．is sounded interesting B sounds interesting
C．sound interested D．listens interested
②The class begins. Please keep________.
A．silent B．silence C．the silence D．silently
③Look! Several people in the crowd seemed_______.
A．to be fighting B．to have fought
C．being fought D．having fought
④How _____the song she sings sounds! I have never ______a better voice.
A．beautifully, sounded B．beautiful, sounded
C．sweet, listened to D．sweet, heard
⑤Her feeling about the marriage ______rather strange.
A．is looked B．is seemed C．seems D．is appeared
⑥The new shirt______ right.
A．doesn’t feel B．isn’t felt C．isn’t feeling D．doesn’t touch
⑦How happy it_______ for me to be home again after twenty years abroad! A．gives B．feels C．is felt D．is given
⑧John _____driver since two months ago. A．became a
B．has become a C．has turned D．has been a
⑨He _____he felt very _______over the death of the boy.
A．seemed that, sad B．seemed as if, sadly
C．looked as though, sad D．looked that, sadness
⑩The ice_____ thick on the river. A．is lain B．lay C．laid D．lie
(其答案分别是：1——5：BAADC，6——10：ABDCB)
注意事项
1．系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。
一般地说，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如：He is being kind. 他装出和蔼可亲的样子（一时而不能持久的性质）
二是表示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如：
I hope you are keeping well.（语气委婉）我希望你保持健康。
Are you feeling any better?（语气亲切）你感觉好了些吗？
试比较：
Your hand feels cold.（无意识的静态性质。）你的手摸起来冰凉。
不可以说：Your hand is feeling cold.(×) 但可以说：The doctor is feeling her pulse. （有意识的动态动作）The soup tastes good.（静态性质，无进行时）这汤的味道不错。
The cook is tasting the soup.（动态动作，有进行时）厨师在尝汤的味道。
总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说feel，smell无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如smell的用法可见一斑。
①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与can, could, be able to连用。The camels can smell the water a mile off. 骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。
②指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。The girl is smelling the flower.
③smell指“含有……气味”，“发出……气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。The dinner smells good.
2．系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。
某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越……”。例如：He is growing taller and taller. Our life is getting better and better.
3．所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。
英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。例如：不能说：The apple is tasted good.（因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）但可以说：The apple is tasted by me. 这苹果被我尝了一下。（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）4．瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题
英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间，so far”等直接连用。例如：①不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years. 应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years.
②不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago. 应改为：He has been a write since 3 years ago.
5．系动词能接几种表语（从句）
系动词除了接adj.\n.\prep.短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：
①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look（看起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（觉得）；appear（显得），seem（似乎）。例如：
It looks as if we are going to have snow.
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.
She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there.
It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.
She felt as if her head were splitting.
The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.
t seems as if it were spring already.
②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如：
It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.
It appeared that he was talking to himself.
③能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.
Her job is to look after the children.
He seems not to look after the children.
He looks to be a young girl of twenty.
He didn’t appear to dislike it.
He will grow to like this work gradually.
④能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem.
There appeared to be only one room.
There seems(to be)no need to go.
6．能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个：seem, appear.
举例说明：
It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back. = It seems that we can’t get our money back.
He seems not to be her father. = He doesn’t seem to be her father.
The baby doesn’t appear to be awake. = The baby appears not to be awake.
7．后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构
能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个：第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等)；第二个是get，口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时，它们均表示一种存在状态，而不表示被动动作；当二者作助动词用时，后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。
Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替，但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况：
1）表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。
Last night I got caught in the downpour. 昨夜我被雨淋了（表示意想不到）
The new car got scratched. 新车给刮坏了。（表突发性）
2）表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。
John got injured while playing football last Saturday. 约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。
They got married last month. 他们上个月结婚了。
另外，要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。
专项训练
1. —What is Mr Wang like?
—____.
A. He is a teacher
B. He is old and kind
C. He looks like a balloon
D. He likes English
2. What Mr White said sounds____. A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely
3. The poor boy ____ blind at the age of three. A. turned B. goes C. became D. went
4. When he was a child he____ . A. grew patience B. was alive C. ran wild D. came true
5. His voice____ as if he has a cold. A. sounds B. listens C. hears D. seems
6. This shirt___ as if it is made of cotton. A. is B. looks C. feels D. seems
7. He looks ___ he hadn’t had a good meal for a month A. that B. as if C. when D. so far
8. It ____that he was late for the train. A. looks B. turns C. gets D. seems
9. These apples taste_____. A. to he good B. to be well C. well D. good
10. —Do you like the shirt? —Yes, it ____ very soft. A. feels B. felt C. is feeling D. is felt
11. The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he____ asleep A. kept B. got C. fell D. fall
12. When I went home yesterday, it was ____ dark. A. going B. getting C. running D. coming
13. Their plan ____ to be a perfect one. A. proved B. was proved C. is proving D. proving
14. The flowers in the garden ____ sweet. A. sound B. taste C. become D. smell
15. She____ like her mother in character. A. looks B. seems C. is D. feels
16. It____ another fine day tomorrow. A. seems B. promises C. appears D. looks
17. He ____ much younger than he really is. A. appears B. grows C. becomes D. turns
18. You____ very pale. Do you feel sick? A. looked B. look C. looking D. are looked
19. His wish to become a driver has ____true. A. turned B. realized C. come D. grown
20. Her father ____a writer. A. turned B. grew C. has turned D. has become
注意
A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。
False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.
Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
B 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。
引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether 位于介词后要用whether
位于句首时要用whether
引导表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句时要用whether
False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.
C不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.
D that在表语从句中不可以省掉。
基本用法
表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。
名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句
例如：The problem is how we can get the things we need. (how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)
The scissors are not what I need.。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语)
What I told him was that I would find him a good play. (what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略)
That is what I want to tell you. (what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)
That is why she failed to pass the exam.。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)
注意
“That is why...”是常用句型，意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，又如：That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. // That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。
下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构，它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：
(1)“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样，例如：That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。
(2)“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由，“That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，例如：He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. (第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因) He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. (第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果)
案例分析
［考题1］The traditional view is __ we sleep because our brain is “p rogrammed” to make us do so. (07上海)
A. when
B. why
C. whether
D. that
［答案］ D
［解析］下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句，如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此，应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。
［考题2］You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree. (2004)
A. why
B. where
C. what
D. how
［答案］ B
［解析］下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语(“disagree”属于不及物动词，“I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构)，下划线应填入引导词where，表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、我不同意的地方”。
［考题3］—I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
—Is that ____ you had a few days off? (1999)
A. why
B. when
C. what
D. where
［答案］ A
［解析］下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语，下划线应填入表示“因此……”(指因某种原因所造成的结果)的引导词why。
［考题4］____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. (00上海)
A. What; why
B. That; what
C. What; because
D. Why; that
［答案］ A
［解析］第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当宾语，特指她所不理解的事情，应填入关系代词型的引导词what；第二个下划线处表示“因此……”(指因某种原因所造成的后果，由why引导对应的名词性从句)而不是“为什么……”(指原因、理由，由because引导对应的名词性从句)，应填入引导词why。
［考题5］____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春)
A. What; because
B. What; that
C. That; what
D. That; because
［答案］ B
［解析］第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当主语，特指令校方骄傲的事情，应选用关系代词型的引导词what；第二个下划线处引导表语从句表示原因、理由，应由that引导对应的名词性从句。
［考题6］—Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
—Oh, that’s ____. (2003北京春)
A. what makes me feel excited
B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it
D. when I feel excited
［答案］ A
［解析］A选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的事物”；B选项的意思是“我觉得激动的任何事物”；C 选项的意思是“我对它感觉的方式”；D选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的时间”。四个选项中A最适合跟代表“game”的主语that对应，充当表语从句。
表语从句与宾语从句的关系
宾语从句对于宾语从句要掌握以下三点
①语序: 从句的语序必须是陈述句语序, 即“主语 + 谓语”这种形式。
②时态: 当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候, 从句可以是任何时态, 而当主句是一般过去时的时候, 从句, 从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态, 即(一般过去时, 过去进行时, 过去完成时, 过去将来时)。
③连接词: 当从句意思完整, 主句意思肯定时, 连接词用that, 且可以省去, 当从句意思完整, 主句意思不确定或含否定含意时, 常用if或whether(是否), 当从句意思不完整时, 连接词则是代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词。
表语从句
What the police want to know is when you entered red the room
The trouble is that we are short of funds
That”s why I want you to work there
His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet
as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。
She seems as if she had done a great thing
It is because you eat too much
系动词 1. 最常用连系动词：be(am; is/was; are/were)。 2. 表变化的系动词：get; turn; go; fall; become; grow; come; run。用法注意：在英语中，系动词一般只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态变化形式，没有其他时态变化形式。但表变化的这类系动词除外，它们有各种时态变化。 Eg: It is becoming colder and colder. The food has gone bad. 此处还需注意的是become和turn后接表职业的名词时冠词的有无： Eg: Two years later, he became a teacher. 但Two years later, he turned teacher. 另外，go表变化时一般指事情向消极、不好的方面转化。 3. 所谓“感官动词”:look; sound; taste; smell; feel。一般它们在句子中译成：。。。起来；。。。上去。此类系动词为高考 高频词。Eg: The food tasted good.食物尝起来很香。 其中必须注意到它们本身也用作实义动词，所以在平常的教学和应用中一定多比较、关注它们的用法。 Eg: He looked sadly at the picture. / She looked sad after hearing the news. Tom tasted the food and it tasted good. 4. 表状态的系动词：keep; stay; remain;（依然是；保持） Eg: She remains loyal to her father despite his cruelty towards her. What a lovely day today! I love fine weather and I hope it will stay fine for some more days. Much remains to be done. 5. 表像系动词：seem; appear。汉语意义：看起来像、似乎、好像。这两个动词有一个共同的特点，即如果要表达时态的变化，需要后接不定时来完成。 Eg: He seemed to have caught cold./ When Father came in, Tom seemed to be eating something. 另外此处一句型转换也要要求学生牢记 It seemed that he had caught cold. When Father came in, it seemed that Tom was eating something. 6. 终止系动词：prove; turn out。表达“证实、证明、结果为。。。”之意。
表语从句 Ⅰ. Definition（定义） 表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、代词、数词、动词过去分词、动词的-ing形式、副词、介词短语、形容词、不定式和从句等来充当。 Eg. （例子） n The person stood in front of you just now is my headmaster. 刚才站在你前面的那个人是我的校长。 n I didn’t know that it was you at that time. 当时我不知道那是你。 n The door remained closed. 门仍然关着。 n Mary’s daily job is cleaning the house. 玛丽的日常工作就是打扫这间房子。 n The house is not only large but also beautiful. 这所房子不仅大而且漂亮。 n When I went to your house, you were out. 当我到你家的时候，你不在家。 n No one was in the dorm, when she arrived. 当她到达的时候，宿舍里没有人。 n My job is to teach you English. 我的工作是教你们英语。 n The reason why he came late was that his clock didn’t work. 他迟到的原因是他的闹钟坏了。 2. 表语从句的构成 主语+ 系动词+ 引导词+ 简单句 This is why he did it. What I want to say is that I am tired 表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。 可以接表语从句的系动词有： 1: be（being,been,am,is,are,was,were) 2: feel , seem , look, appear ,sound, taste , smell 3: stand , lie , remain ,keep, stay 4: become ,get , grow , turn ,go ,come, run,fall 5: prove, turn out
名词性从句的作用相当于名词，因此主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。本单元主要学习宾语从句和表语从句。 5种基本句型 The weather is very cold. 主语+谓语（连系动词）+表语 He laughed. 主语+谓语（vi.） I like Chinese food. 主语+谓语(vt.)+宾语 She taught them physics. 主语+谓语(vt.)+间接宾语+直接宾语 We must keep the room warm. 主语+谓语(vt.) +宾语+宾语补足语 表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的系动词有be, look, remain, seem This is his job.（表语）They are my friends.(表语） The fact is that we have lost the game. （that 引导的表语从句） 引导名词性从句的关联词： 从属连词that, whether,as if/as though (不作成分） 连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which, wh+ever （作成分） 连接副词when, where, how, why.because （作状语） 1）The question is _ weather____we can rely on him. 2）That’s _because____we were in need of money at that time . 3）He looked __as if__he was going to cry . 4）That’s _why____I was late . 注意：在表语从句中，表“是否”时，只能用“whether”不能用“if”。 引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略：My idea is (that) we should do it right away. 我的意见是我们应该马上干。The trouble is (that) he is ill. 糟糕的是他病了。 1.It is /was because ….It is because I love you too much. 那是因为我太爱你了。 2. It is /was why…. That’s /it is why I object to the plan. 这就是我反对这个计划的原因。 3. The reason (why…/for…)is /was that….是.... 的原因 Summer is so hot. That is the reason why I don’t like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。. 4 .The reason is that....原因是....... The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for ourselves.
名词性从句 在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。名词性从句的作用相当于名词，因此主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。主语从句：Who will win the match is still unknown. 宾语从句：I want to know what he has told you. 表语从句：The fact is that we have lost the game. 同位语从句：The news that we won the game is exciting. 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词(不充当从句的任何成分)： 连接代词：what, who, whom, whose, which, wh+ever 连接副词：when ,where ,how ,why Object Clauses 宾语从句 一、宾语从句的概念：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。 位置：通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。 句子结构：主句+连词(引导词)+ 宾语从句 e.g. She asked if these answers were right. We can learn what we do not know. He will talk to us about what he saw in the U.S.A. I don’t know where we will hold the meeting. 通过观察，我们可以知道宾语从句的语序用陈述语序： 连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分 1)Could you tell me______. A. you will get here when B. when will you get here C. get here when you will D. when you will get here 2) Mother asked his son what ______for lunch at school. A. did he had B. does he had C. he has D. he had 3) Pointing to the young plant, he asked me ____ that was the one we had seen in the picture. A. what B. if C. where D. how 二、连接词 1、从属连接词(不充当从句的任何成分)：that ,whether ,if 1）、I hear (that) he will be back in an hour. 2）、I want to know if /whether he will go to the park with us 用it做形式宾语的宾语从句时，it常可以放在动词think, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语——that从句则放在句尾）（此时that一定不可以省略）
表语从句用法讲解 1、表语从句概述 The trouble is that we are short of money.困难是我们资金短缺。 That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.这就是为什么在新英格兰用石头墙而不用栅栏的原因。 At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.当时,我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。 2、由从属连词that，whether引导的表语从句。 that在引导表语从句时无词义，而whether有词义，意为、“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question(问题)，trouble(麻烦)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。 The trouble is (that) she has lost his money. 麻烦的事是他丢了钱。 The question is whether we need more ice cream.问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。 The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.问题是它作为日常之用太贵重了。 What she couldn’t understand was that fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. 我们不能理解越来越少的学生对他的课不感兴趣。 3、由关系代词引导的表语从句。 关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句，在句中作主语、宾语、表语，关系代词不能省略。
表语从句 【教学内容】表语从句 【教学目标】熟练掌握表语从句的用法 【教学重难点】连接词的使用 【教学过程】 什么是表语从句：在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。能引导宾语从句的连词皆可引导表语从句。 例：1.She is a girl. 2.The question is who are you.（整个句子作表语) ▼表语从句的连接词 引导表语从句的连接词主要有以下几类： 一、从属连词 引导表语从句的从属连词有that和whether.that和whether在表语从句中不作任何成分，that无具体意义，whether仍有“是否”的意义。 →The reason for your mistake is (that) you lack confidence in yourself.你犯错误的原因是你本身缺乏信心。 →The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the product.问题是我们能否降低产品的成本。 注：一般不用if引导表语从句。 二、连接代词 引导表语从句的连接代词主要有who(ever),whom(ever),whose(ever),what(ever),which(ever)等 →This is what I am interested in.这就是我所感兴趣的。 →The doubt is who has got away with the document.疑点就是谁拿走了文件。 →Actually,girls can be whatever they want to be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, an astronaut, or a manager. 实际上，女孩可以和男孩一样想从事什么职业就从事什么职业——不管是飞行员、宇航员还是总经理。 三、连接副词 引导表语从句的连接副词主要有when(ever),where(ver),why,how(ever)等 →That was where we can camped last time.那就是上次我们野营的地方。 →The question is however we can do the work better.问题是我们究竟如何才能将这项工作做得更好。 →What I wonder is when he left.我想知道他是何时离开的。 →That is why he didn’t come here.那就是他没到这儿来的原因。 四、其他连接词
必修三Unit3表语从句 表语:位于系动词之后,用来说明主语的特征,属性,状态,身份等. 表语从句:一般位于主语和系动词之后,通常对主语的内容起解释和进一步说明的作用. 表语从句的链接词 连接词：that / whether /as if /as though (if不引导表语从句) 连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what 连接副词：when / where / why / how /because 详细讲解： 1. 以that 引导的表语从句，that无意义，通常不能省略，但在口语或非正式文体中可以省略。 The truth is （that）I have never seen him. 2. 以whether 引导的表语从句。注意：If 不能引导表语从句 The question is whether he is able to do it alone. The question is whether we can rely on him. 3. 以wh-引导的表语从句 This is what I am interested in. That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 4. as / as if / as though 引导的表语从句 此类表语从句常跟特定动词后面，如seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel等。 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. He looked as if he was going to cry . 注意： （1）在as if, as though 等引导表语从句中,表示与事实相一致时,要用陈述语气。 It looks as if we?ll be late. This meat tastes as if it has already gone bad. （2）在as if/as though引导的表语从句可用虚拟语气，常用的系动词有look，seem，taste，smell，sound等。 It seems as though the meeting would never end. She felt as if Harriet were a member of her own family. 5.because / why 引导的表语从句 That's because he didn't understand me. （That…s because…强调原因） That's why he didn?t understand me.（That's why…强调结果） That?s we were in need of money at that time . That?s I was late . 填空: The reason why we didn't trust him is ______ he has often lied． 注意：The reason 做主语时，表语从句只能用that引导, 不能用why 引导。 句型结构为：The reason (why…/for…)is /was that….The reason is that…… 6.使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令、请求、要求含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea,demand, request, command 等。 My suggestion is that we （should）start early tomorrow. Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only. My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. 7.系动词be, appear, seem, look等之后可以跟表语从句。
第四讲表语从句 定义 表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，从句作的是主语的表语成分。 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪. 主语连系动词一个句子作表语---表语从句 系动词用法 定义 例如：He felt ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（feel是（连）系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）■连系动词be 后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语： 1).My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。 2).All you have to do is to listen. 你只需要听。 ■ seem, appear, prove, turn out, grow 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)短语作表语： 1).The man seemed to be ill. 这个人好像病了。 2).The plan proved to be useful. 这个计划证明是有用的。 3).He appears to know this. 他好像知道这一点。 4).The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。 5).He has grown to like studying English. 他渐渐喜欢学英语了。若所接不定式为to be，通常可以省略be。 ■ sound, smell, feel, taste, become 等连系动词后通常不能接不定式：(也可以理解为用主动表被动） 误：These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉to be) 误：The roses smell to be nice. (应去掉to be) ■连系动词look后有时也可接to be，但以省略to be为多。 分类 二、我们高中阶段把英语系动词分为四类： A．五大感官系动词B．状态系动词C．动态系动词D．双谓语系动词 A．五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都是半系动词。 1．look“看起来像是”，后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。 The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.这位女孩咬着嘴唇，看上去若有所思。 2．smell“闻起来”，后接adj.分词。The flowers smell sweet. 这些花气味真香。 3．sound“听起来”，后接adj.\分词。The music sounds sweet.这首诗听起来真悦耳。 4．taste“尝起来”，后接adj.\分词。The apples taste very good. 这些苹果很好吃。 5．Feel ①“摸起来，给……感觉”；②“觉得”，后接adj./p.p. You will feel better after a night’s sleep. 睡上一晚，你会觉得好些。 B．状态系动词： 1．be，“是”，属完全系动词。I am a student. 我是一个学生。 2．seem,“似乎，好像”，完全系动词。They seem quite happy. 他们似乎很快乐。 3．appear,“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。It appeared(to be)a true story.看来这是一个真实的故事。4．keep, “保持……的状态”，半系动词，后接adj或介词短语。 You’d better go to bed and keep warm. 你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。 5．remain,“仍是”，半系动词。I remained silent. 我仍然缄默。 6．stay“保持（某种状态）”，半系动词，后接adj.、过去分词。The window stayed open all the night. 7.prove “证明是”，半系动词，后接adj.\n. The treatment proved to be successful. 这种疗法证明是成功的。C．动态系动词：都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。 1．get“变成，变得……起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。 The days are getting longer and longer. 白天变得越来越长了。 2．fall“进入（某种状态），成为”，后常接以下形容词：asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat. The old men, unable to express himself, fell silent. 那位老人说不清自己的意思，就不做声了。 My father fell ill and died. 我的父亲生病死了。 3．grow“渐渐变得……起来，长得” It’s growing warm. 天气渐渐暖和起来了。
表语从句 请告诉我以下句子的基本成份 I am a teacher . 动词分类： 1）系动词&普通动词 中学阶段常用的系动词有哪些呢？ Be, become, feel, look, sound,taste… 请再来判断一下句子成份。 Eg1:I became a doctor. 表语是什么？ 表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的，那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。也就是说在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。 表语从句的定义 The question is difficult. 简单句 The question is who will do it.复合句 从句：是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。表语从句的定义： 在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于主句的系动词后。表语从句说明主语是什么或者怎么样,对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内具体化。 2. 表语从句的构成 This is why he did it. 主语系动词表语从句 结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句” 可以接表语从句的系动词有： be，feel , seem , look , sound, taste , smell ，appear，remain ,keep, stay become ,get , grow , turn ,go , prove, turn out 等。 连接词：that / whether /as if /as though 连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what 连接副词：when / where / why / how / because 1. The question is whether we can rely on him. 2. That’s because we were in need of money at that time . 3. He looked as if he was going to cry. 4. That’s why I was late. Predictive clause 表语从句 1. that引导的表语从句 1) that 在从句中仅起连接作用，无实际意义，在句中不做任何成分，不能省略。 2)在表“建议，劝说，命令”的名词idea,suggestion, request, proposal 后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略 1)My opinion is that it’s getting better and better. 2)My suggesstion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 引导词的用法（二）
表语从句 定义 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。 表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，从句作的是主语的表语成分。 A The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人困惑。 主语+连系动词+形容词作表语 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪。 主语+连系动词+句子作表语（表语从句） B 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等。还有如because, as if, as though等。 He has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。 His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。 His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。 The question is confusing. 这个问题令人困惑。 The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。 注意 A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B 引导名词性从句时if/whether（是否）用法辨析： if不能引导表语从句，只能用whether 来引导。 引导宾语从句时if/whether可以互换，但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether来引导。
一、表语从句的定义： 表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。 二、表语从句的构成： 关联词+简单句 三、引导表语从句的关联词的种类： 1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，seem，sound，appear等。 China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还是他们能否帮我们。 At that time，it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。 2. 从属连词whether，as，as if / though引导的表语从句。 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。 3. because，why引导的表语从句。 That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（That's because…强调原因） That's why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。（That's why…强调结果） what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because. The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.4. 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever 连接副词where，when，how，why The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 5. 从属连词that The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 6. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。 My suggestion is that we （should）start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。 四、应注意的问题： 1. 连系动词be，appear，seem，look等之后可以跟表语从句。 It was because he didn't pass the exam.那是因为他没有通过考试。 It seems（that）he was late for the train. 看来他没搭上火车。 It appears that she was wrong看来她错了。 It seems to me that we should answer for this. 在我看来，我们似乎应该对此事负责。 It appears to her that he wants to teach us all he has. 在她看来，他似乎要把他所会的都教给我们。 2. 引导表语从句的引导词有以下几类。 1）wh-疑问词 My question is who left. 我想问的是谁离开了。
英语表语从句 表语从句： 就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。表语从句是名词性从句的一种。 表语从句的基本结构是： “主语+连系动词+关联词+表语从句”。 连接表语从句的连接词有： that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever ， whatever 等。 例如：The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. His suggestion is that we should stay calm. ①语序： 从句的语序必须是陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语”这种形式。 ②时态： 当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候，从句可以是任何时态，而当主句是一般过去时的 时候，从句，从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态，即（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时）。 ③连接词：
当从句意思完整，主句意思肯定时，连接词用that，且可以省去，当从句意思完整，主句意思不确定或含否定含意时，常用if 或whether （是否），当从句意思不完整时，连接词则是 代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词。 根据关联词来区分,表语从句可以分为六种: 一、由that 引导的表语从句 The trouble is that he misunderstood me.麻烦的是他误解了我。 有时，引导表语从句的连词that 可以省略 The truth is (that) I didn’t finish my term essay. 事实是我没有写完学期论文。 二、由连接代(副)词引导的表语从句 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever； 连接副词where, when, how, why。 That was what she said this morning in her bedroom.那就是她今天早晨在卧室中说的。 三、由关系代词型的what 引导的从句 I want to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想当老师，那是我的志愿。 四、关联词是连词because 比较下面这两个句子:
高中语法表语从句详解 表语从句 一．定义 表语：说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，说明主语是什么或者怎么样。总之表语是对主语的解释和说明，是主语具体化，并且常与连系动词一起使用。 This book looks expensive. (形容词做表语) We are Chinese. (名词做表语) 表语从句：在复合句中作表语的从句, 就叫做表语从句。表语从句一般放在系动词之后,结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。 连系动词：be动词、表示持续的系动词（keep, remain, stay）、感官动词feel(摸起来，感觉) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , taste(尝起来，吃起来) 等、表示变化的系动词（become, grow, turn, fall, get, go,）、表终止的系动词prove, turn out(结果是，证明是)、seem, appear（看起来···） 连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。 His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。 二．表语从句的引导词 1.从属连词：that / whether /as if /as though/as/because (1) that引导表语从句本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。That fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water. 连接词that一般不能省略，但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时，that可以省略。 What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。(2) whether引导表语从句表示“是
系动词及表语从句 一系动词的分类 1.状态系动词be He is a teacher. You are correct. My dream is to be a scientist. 2.变化系动词become,get,turn,go,come.fall,grow He became an English teacher.=He turned Enlish teacher. After that, he became more and more interested in English. He got married to a girl of poor family. I can not fall asleep with the light on. You can grow wise by practice. His dream came true at last. 3.感官系动词look,smell,taste,feel,sound This kind of cloth feels very soft. The soup tastes delicious． This flower smells very sweet. 4.表象系动词seem,appear, He seems (to be) very sad. It seems that he has known about it. 5.持续系动词keep,stay,remain Doing exercise can keep healthy. This matter remains a mystery. 6.终止系动词prove，turn out The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. 二．系动词使用注意事项： ◇系动词一般不用进行时态。但也有例外，变化意义的系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越……”。 He is growing taller and taller. Our life isgetting better and better. The things are getting worse. Are you feeling better now? ◇系动词无被动语态。 The baby's skin feels soft and smooth. The medicine proved very effective. ◇系动词常用在某些词组中：stay healthy=keep fit（保持健康）, come true（实现）, fall asleep（睡觉）, fall ill (生病），go bad（变质），go mad（发疯），go wrong, go hungry,fall apart（分开） 三．特殊词汇使用 remain remain + n. remain + adj. remain + v-ed / ing remain + prep. phrase
表语从句详解 一、概念 表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句.放在系动词之后,一般结构是主语+系动词+表语从句可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等. 可以接表语从句的系动词有： being,been,am,is,are,was,were 2. feel , seem , look, appear ,sound, taste , smell 3. stand , lie , remain ,keep, stay 4. become ,get , grow , turn ,go ,come, run, fall 5. prove, turn out The trouble is that we are short of money.困难是我们资金短缺. That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.这就是为什么在新英格兰用石头墙而不用栅栏的原因. At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.当时,我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来. 引导表语从句的词： 从属连词that、whether、as though、as ifThat引导表语从句时,在口语中,间或可以省略. 关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等； 关系副词when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等. 由从属连词that,whether引导的表语从句. that在引导表语从句时无词义,而whether有词义,意为、是否.这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如question问题,trouble 麻烦,problem问题,result结果,chance可能性,suggestion建议,idea想法,reason理由等.表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释,使主语的内容具体化.例如： The trouble is that she has lost his money. 麻烦的事是他丢了钱. The question is whether we need more ice cream.问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋. The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.问题是它作为日常之用太贵重了. What she couldn’t understand was that fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. 我们不能理解越来越少的学生对他的课不感兴趣. 由关系代词引导的表语从句. 关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句,在句中作主语、宾语、表语,关系代词不能省略.例如：The question is which of us should go.问题是我们哪一个应该去. The problem was who could do the work.问题是谁能做这项工作. That's what he is worrying about.那就是他在担心的事.That's what we should do.那是我们应该做的. 由关系副词引导的表语从句. 关系副词when, where, how, why 除在句子起连接作用外,在从句中还充当时间,地点,方式或原因状语,本身具有词义.例如：Go and get your coat. It's where you left it. 去把雨衣拿来.就在你原来放的地方. I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s why I got wet through. 我们既没伞也没雨衣,这是我们淋湿的原因. That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.那就是老鼠是怎样每年损害大量粮食的. That is what he is worried about.那就是他所担心的.