学术英语summary

AWL (Academic Word List)(英汉)abandon 放弃；抛弃abstract 抽象的；摘要academy 研究院；学院；access 接近；入口accommodate 容纳；给⋯提供住宿；使适应accompany 陪伴；伴随accumulate 积累accurate 准确的achieve 完成；取得acknowledge 承认；致谢acquire 获得adapt 使适应；改编adequate 足够的adjacent 毗连的adjust 调整administer 管理adult 成年人advocate 拥护者；拥护affect 影响aggregate 总的；总计aid 帮助albeit 虽然allocate 分派alter 改变alternative 替代物；替代的ambiguous 模棱两可的amend 修订analogy 类似；类推analyze 分析annual 每年的；年鉴anticipate 预料apparent 明显的append 附加appreciate 欣赏；感激approach 靠近；方法appropriate 恰当的approximate 近似的arbitrary 任意的；专断的area 面积；地区；领域aspect 方面assemble 集合；装配assess 估价；评价assign 分派assist 援助assume 假设；认为；承担assure 保证attach 贴；附加attain 达到；获得attitude 态度attribute 归结于；性质author 作者；创始人authority 当局；权威automate 使自动化available 可得到的aware 意识到的behalf 利益benefit 利益；津贴；有益bias 偏见bond 纽带；债券brief 简短的bulk 体积；大批capable 能够的；有能力的capacity 容量category 种类；范畴cease 停止challenge 挑战channel 海峡；频道chapter 章chart图表chemical 化学的；化学药品circumstance 情况cite 引用civil 公民的；国内的clarify 阐明classic 名著；经典的clause 条款；从句code 代码；法典coherent 连贯的coincide相符collapse 倒塌colleague 同事commence开始comment 评论commission 委任；委员会commit 犯commodity 日用品communicate 交流community 社区；界compatible 兼容的compensate 补偿compile编纂complement 补充complex 复杂的component组成部分compound 化合物；复合词comprehensive 综合的comprise 构成compute 计算conceive 构思；怀孕concentrate 浓缩；集中concept 概念conclude 下结论concurrent 同时的conduct 行为；指挥confer授予；协商confine 限制confirm 证实conflict 冲突conform 遵守；符合consent 同意consequent必然的considerable 相当大的consist 组成constant不断的constitute 构成constrain 限制；强制construct 建造consult 咨询；查阅；请教consume消费；消耗contact 接触；联系；联系人contemporary 当代的；同代人context 上下文；背景contract 合同；收缩contradict 矛盾contrary 相反的contrast 对比contribute 贡献；捐献；投稿controversy 争议convene 召集converse 相反convert 转化convince使信服cooperate 合作coordinate 协调core 核心corporate 公司的correspond 通信；对应couple 夫妇；两个create创造；产生credit 信用；学分；功劳encounter 遇到fund 资金criteria 标准energy 精力；能量fundamental 基本的crucial 决定性的enforce 实施furthermore 此外culture 文化enhance 增强gender 性别currency 货币enormous 巨大的；大量的generate 产生cycle 骑自行车；循环ensure 保证generation 一代；产生data 数据entity 实体globe 地球debate 辩论environment 环境goal 球门；目标decade 十年equate 使相等；使平等grade 等级；年级；成绩decline 下倾；下降；谢绝equip 装备grant 拨款；助学金deduce 演绎equivalent 对等guarantee 保证define 下定义；明确erode 腐蚀guideline 方针definite 明确的error 错误hence 因此demonstrate 表明；演示；establish 建立hierarchy 等级制度示威estate 房地产highlight 精华；加亮；强denote 表示estimate 估计调deny 否认ethic 伦理hypothesis 假设depress 使沮丧ethnic 种族的identical 相同的derive 起源evaluate 评价identify 识别design 设计；图案eventual 最后的ideology 思想体系despite 尽管evident 明显的ignorant 无知的detect 检测evolve 进化；演变illustrate 举例说明；图解deviate 偏离exceed 超过image 图像；形象device 装置exclude 排除immigrate 移民devote 奉献；为⋯献身exhibit 展览impact 影响differentiate 区分expand 扩大implement 工具；执行dimension 尺寸；维expert 专家；熟练的implicate 暗指diminish 减少explicit 明晰的；详述的implicit 暗指的discrete 分离的exploit 剥削；利用imply 暗指discriminate 区别；歧视export 出口impose 征收；强加displace 移置expose 暴露；揭露incentive 刺激display 展览；显示external 外部的incidence 发生dispose 处理extract 取出；摘录incline 斜坡；使倾斜；使distinct 清晰的；独特的facilitate 使容易倾向distort 歪曲factor 因素income 收入distribute 分布feature 特征incorporate 包含diverse 多样的federal 联邦的index 索引；指标document 文件fee 费indicate 表明domain 领域；域file 文件individual 个人domestic 国内的；家庭的final 最后的induce 引起dominate 支配finance 财政inevitable 必然的draft 草稿；通风；起草finite 有限的infer 推断drama 戏剧flexible 灵活的infrastructure 基础设施duration 持续时间fluctuate 波动inherent 固有的dynamic 有活力的focus 集中；焦点inhibit 抑制economy 经济；节约format 格式initial 最初的；词首的；edit 编辑formula 公式首字母element 元素forthcoming 即将到来的initiate 开始eliminate 消除found 建立injure 使受伤emerge 出现foundation 建立；基础；innovate 创新emphasis 强调基金会input 输入empirical 经验的framework 框架insert 插入；插页enable 使能够function 功能；函数insight 见识inspect 视察instance 例子institute 研究所；学院instruct 教；指示integral 整体的；整的integrate 使结合integrity 诚信；完整intelligent 聪明的intense 强烈的interact 相互作用intermediate 中间的；中级的internal 内部的interpret 解释；口译interval 间隔intervene 干预intrinsic 内在的invest 投资investigate 调查invoke 恳求involve 涉及isolate 孤立issue 问题；发行item 项目job 工作journal 杂志；日记justify 证明label 标签labor 劳动layer 层lecture 讲课；讲座legal 合法的；法律的legislate 立法levy 征收liberal 自由的；开明的license 执照likewise 同样地link 连接；环节locate 使位于；找到logic 逻辑maintain 维持；维修major 主要的；专业manipulate 操作manual 体力的；手册margin 页边mature 成熟maximize 使最大化mechanism 装置；机制media 媒体mediate 调停medical 医学的medium 媒介；中等的mental 心理的method 方法migrate 迁移military 军事的minimal 最小的minimize 使最小化minimum 最小值ministry 部minor 次要的；辅修专业mode 模式modify 修改；修饰monitor 监视motive 动机mutual 相互的negate 否定network 网络neutral 中立的nevertheless 然而nonetheless 然而norm 标准normal 正常的notion概念；想法notwithstanding 虽然nuclear 核的；核心的objective 客观的；目标obtain 获得obvious 明显的occupy 占领；使忙碌occur 出现odd 奇数的；奇怪的；临时的offset 抵消ongoing 进行中的option 选择orient 东方；使适应outcome 结果output 产量；产出overall 总体的overlap 重叠overseas 海外panel 专家小组；面板paradigm 范例paragraph 段落parallel 平行的parameter 参数participate 参加partner 搭档passive 被动的perceive 察觉；理解percent 百分之period 时期；句号persist 持续perspective 角度phase 阶段phenomenon 现象philosophy 哲学physical 身体的；物理的plus 加policy 政策portion 部分pose 摆姿势positive 积极的；阳性的potential 潜在的；潜力practitioner 从业者precede 先于precise 精确的predict 预测predominant 主要的preliminary 初步的；初赛presume 假设previous 先前的primary 初级的；主要的prime 首要的principal 主要的；校长principle 原则prior 在先的priority 优先；重点proceed 进行process 过程；加工professional 专业的；专业人员prohibit 禁止project 工程promote 促进；促销proportion 比例prospect 前景protocol 协议；礼仪psychology 心理学publication 出版；出版物publish 出版purchase 购买pursue 追赶；追求qualitative 定性的quote 引用radical 基本的；激进的random 随机的range 范围；山脉ratio 比rational 理性的react 反应recover 恢复refine 提炼regime 政权region 地区register 登记；挂号regulate 调节reinforce 加强reject 拒绝site 地点terminate 终止relax 放松so-called 所谓的text 文本release 释放sole 唯一的；脚底；鞋底theme 主题relevant 有关的somewhat 有点theory 理论reluctance 勉强source 来源thereby 从而rely 依赖specific 具体的thesis 论文remove 移走specify 详述topic 话题require 要求sphere 球体；领域trace 痕迹research 研究stable 稳定的；马厩tradition 传统reside 居住statistic 统计的transfer 转移；换车resolve 解决；决心status 地位transform 转变resource 资源straightforward 坦率的transit 运输；过渡respond 响应strategy 战略；策略transmit 输送restore 恢复stress 压力；重音；强调transport 运输restrain 抑制structure 结构trend 趋势restrict 限制style 风格trigger 触发；扳机retain 保留submit 使屈服；提交ultimate 最终的reveal 显示subordinate 下级的；从属undergo 经受revenue 收入；税收的underlie 是⋯的基础reverse 背面；倒车subsequent 随后的undertake 从事revise 修改subsidy 补助uniform 一致的；制服revolution 革命；旋转substitute 代替者；代替unify 统一rigid 僵硬的：刻板的successor 继任unique 独一无二的role 角色sufficient 足够的utilize 利用route 路线sum 金额valid 有效的scenario 剧本；方案summary 总结vary 变化schedule 时间表supplement 补充vehicle 车辆scheme 方案survey 调查version 译文；版本scope 范围survive 幸存via 经过section 部分suspend 暂停violate 违犯sector 部门sustain 维持virtual 实际上的；虚拟的secure 安全的symbol 象征；符号visible 可见的seek 试图；寻找tape 磁带vision 视力select 选择target 靶子；目标visual 视觉的sequence 顺序task 任务volume 卷；音量；体积series 系列team 队voluntary 自愿的；志愿sex 性；性别technical 技术的welfare 福利shift 转换technique 技巧whereas 而significant 重要的technology 技术whereby 由此similar 相似的temporary 暂时的widespread 普遍的simulate 模拟tense 紧张的；时态AWL 词汇（汉英）安全的secure 暗指implicate 暗指imply 暗指的implicit 靶子target 百分之percent 摆姿势pose 扳机trigger 版本version 伴随accompany 帮助aid 包含incorporate 保留retain 保证assure 保证ensure 保证guarantee 暴露expose 背景context 背面reverse 被动的passive 比ratio 比例proportion 必然的consequent 必然的inevitable 编辑edit 编纂compile 变化vary 辩论debate 标签label 标准criteria 标准norm 表明demonstrate 表明indicate 表示denote 拨款grant 波动fluctuate 剥削exploit 补偿compensate 补充complement 补充supplement 补助subsidy 不断的constant 部ministry 部分portion 部分section 部门sector 财政finance 参加participate 参数parameter 操作manipulate 草稿draft 策略strategy 层layer 插入insert 插页insert 查阅consult 察觉perceive 产出output 产量output 产生create 产生generate 产生generation 阐明clarify 超过exceed车辆vehicle 成绩grade 成年人adult成熟mature 诚信integrity 承担assume 承认acknowledge 持续persist 持续时间duration 尺寸dimension 冲突conflict 抽象的abstract 出版publication 出版publish 出版物publication 出口export 出现emerge出现occur 初步的preliminary 初级的primary 初赛preliminary 处理dispose 触发trigger 传统tradition 创始人author 创新innovate 创造create 词首的initial磁带tape 此外furthermore 次要的minor 刺激incentive 聪明的intelligent 从而thereby 从句clause 从事undertake 从属的subordinate 从业者practitioner 促进promote 促销promote 错误error搭档partner 达到attain 大量的enormous 大批bulk 代码code 代替substitute 代替者substitute 当代的contemporary 当局authority 倒车reverse 倒塌collapse 登记register 等级grade等级制度hierarchy 抵消offset 地点site 地球globe 地区area地区region 地位status 定性的qualitative 东方orient动机motive 独特的distinct 独一无二的unique 段落paragraph 队team 对比contrast 对等equivalent 对应correspond 多样的diverse 而whereas 发行issue 发生incidence 法典code法律的legal 反应react 犯commit 范畴category 范例paradigm 范围range范围scope估计estimate 估价assess 孤立isolate 固有的inherent 挂号register 管理administer 归结于attribute 国内的civil 国内的domestic 过程process 过渡transit 海外overseas 海峡channel 函数function 行为conduct 合法的legal 合同contract 合作cooperate 核的nuclear 核心core 核心的nuclear 痕迹trace 化合物compound 化学的chemical 化学药品chemical 话题topic 怀孕conceive 环节link 环境environment 换车transfer 恢复recover 恢复restore 货币currency 获得acquire 获得attain 获得obtain 机制mechanism 积极的positive 积累accumulate 基本的fundamental 基本的radical 基础foundation 基础设施infrastructure 基金会foundation 激进的radical 即将到来的forthcoming 集合assemble 集中concentrate 集中focus 计算compute 技巧technique 技术technology 技术的technical 继任successor 加plus 加工process 加亮highlight 加强reinforce 家庭的domestic 假设assume 假设hypothesis 假设presume 间隔interval 监视monitor 兼容的compatible 检测detect 减少diminish 简短的brief 见识insight 建立establish 建立found 建立foundation 建造construct 僵硬的：刻板的rigid 讲课lecture 讲座lecture 交流communicate 焦点focus 角度perspective 角色role 脚底sole 教instruct 阶段phase 接触contact 接近access 揭露expose 节约economy 结构structure 结果outcome 解决resolve 解释interpret 界community 金额sum 津贴benefit 紧张的tense 尽管despite 进行proceed 进行中的ongoing 进化evolve 近似的approximate 禁止prohibit 经典的classic 经过via 经济economy 经受undergo 经验的empirical方案scenario 方案scheme 方法approach 方法method 方面aspect 方针guideline 房地产estate 放弃abandon 放松relax 费fee 分布distribute 分离的discrete 分派allocate 分派assign 分析analyze 风格style 奉献devote 否定negate 否认deny 夫妇couple 符号symbol 符合conform 福利welfare 辅修专业minor 腐蚀erode 附加append 附加attach 复合词compound 复杂的complex 改编adapt 改变alter 概念concept 概念notion 感激appreciate 干预intervene 革命revolution 格式format 个人individual 给⋯提供住宿accommodate 工程project 工具implement 工作job 公民的civil 公式formula 公司的corporate 功劳credit 功能function 贡献contribute 构成comprise 构成constitute 构思conceive 购买purchase精华highlight 论文thesis 潜在的potential精力energy 逻辑logic 强加impose精确的precise 马厩stable 强烈的intense居住reside 矛盾contradict 强调emphasis举例说明illustrate 媒介medium 强调highlight巨大的enormous 媒体media 强调stress句号period 每年的annual 强制constrain拒绝reject 勉强reluctance 清晰的distinct具体的specific 面板panel 情况circumstance剧本scenario 面积area 请教consult捐献contribute 名著classic 球门goal卷volume 明确define 球体sphere决定性的crucial 明确的definite 区别discriminate决心resolve 明晰的explicit 区分differentiate军事的military 明显的apparent 趋势trend开明的liberal 明显的evident 取出extract开始commence 明显的obvious 取得achieve开始initiate 模棱两可的ambiguous 权威authority靠近approach 模拟simulate 然而nevertheless可得到的available 模式mode 然而nonetheless可见的visible 目标goal 认为assume客观的objective 目标objective 任务task恳求invoke 目标target 任意的arbitrary口译interpret 内部的internal 日记journal框架framework 内在的intrinsic 日用品commodity扩大expand 能够的capable 容量capacity来源source 能量energy 容纳accommodate 劳动labor 年级grade 入口access类似analogy 年鉴annual 山脉range类推analogy 纽带bond 上下文context礼仪protocol 浓缩concentrate 设计design理解perceive 排除exclude 社区community理论theory 抛弃abandon 涉及involve理性的rational 陪伴accompany 身体的physical立法legislate 毗连的adjacent 十年decade利益behalf 偏见bias 时间表schedule利益benefit 偏离deviate 时期period利用exploit 频道channel 时态tense利用utilize 平行的parallel 识别identify例子instance 评价assess 实际上的virtual连贯的coherent 评价evaluate 实施enforce连接link 评论comment 实体entity联邦的federal 普遍的widespread 使结合integrate联系contact 奇怪的odd 使沮丧depress联系人contact 奇数的odd 使忙碌occupy两个couple 歧视discriminate 使能够enable临时的odd 骑自行车cycle 使平等equate灵活的flexible 起草draft 使倾向incline领域area 起源derive 使倾斜incline领域domain 恰当的appropriate 使屈服submit领域sphere 迁移migrate 使容易facilitate路线route 前景prospect 使适应accommodate 伦理ethic 潜力potential 使适应adapt使适应orient 使受伤injure 使位于locate 使相等equate 使信服convince 使自动化automate 使最大化maximize 使最小化minimize 示威demonstrate 试图seek 视察inspect 视觉的visual 视力vision 是⋯的基础underlie 释放release 收入income 收入revenue 收缩contract 手册manual 首要的prime 首字母initial 授予confer 输入input 输送transmit 熟练的expert 数据data 税收revenue 顺序sequence 思想体系ideology 虽然albeit 虽然notwithstanding 随后的subsequent 随机的random 所谓的so-called 索引index 态度attitude 坦率的straightforward 特征feature 提交submit 提炼refine 体积bulk 体积volume 体力的manual 替代的alternative 替代物alternative 挑战challenge 条款clause 调查investigate 调查survey 调节regulate 调停mediate 调整adjust 贴attach 停止cease 通风draft 通信correspond 同代人contemporary 同时的concurrent 同事colleague 同样地likewise 同意consent 统计的statistic 统一unify 投稿contribute 投资invest 图案design 图表chart 图解illustrate 图像image 推断infer 歪曲distort 外部的external 完成achieve 完整integrity 网络network 为⋯献身devote 违犯violate 唯一的sole 维dimension维持maintain 维持sustain 维修maintain委任commission 委员会commission 文本text 文化culture 文件document 文件file 稳定的stable 问题issue无知的ignorant 物理的physical 戏剧drama 系列series 下定义define下级的subordinate 下降decline 下结论conclude 下倾decline先前的previous 先于precede 显示display显示reveal 现象phenomenon 限制confine 限制constrain限制restrict 相当大的considerable 相反converse 相反的contrary 相符coincide相互的mutual 相互作用interact 相似的similar 相同的identical详述specify 详述的explicit 响应respond 想法notion 项目item 象征symbol 消除eliminate 消费consume 消耗consume 校长principal协商confer 协调coordinate 协议protocol 斜坡incline 鞋底sole 谢绝decline 心理的mental 心理学psychology 欣赏appreciate 信用credit形象image 幸存survive 性sex 性别gender 性别sex 性质attribute 修订amend 修改modify 修改revise修饰modify 虚拟的virtual 旋转revolution选择option 选择select学分credit 学会academy 学院academy 学院institute寻找seek 循环cycle压力stress 研究research 研究所institute 研究院academy主要的 major 主要的predominant 主要的 primary 主要的principal 助学金 grant 专断的 arbitrary 专家 expert 专家小组 panel 专业 major 专业的 professional 专业人员 professional 转变transform 转化 convert 转换 shift 转移 transfer 装备 equip 装配assemble 装置 device 装置 mechanism 追赶 pursue 追求 pursue 准确的 accurate 咨询 consult 资金 fund 资源 resource 自由的 liberal 自愿的 voluntary 综合的 comprehensive 总的 aggregate 总计 aggregate 总结 summary 总体的 overall 足够的 adequate 足够的 sufficient 组成 consist 组成部分 component 最初的 initial 最后的 eventual 最后的 final 最小的 minimal 最小值 minimum 最终的ultimate 遵守 conform 作者 author演变 evolve 演示 demonstrate 演绎 deduce 阳性的 positive 要求require 页边 margin 一代 generation 一致的 uniform 医学的 medical 依赖 rely 移民 immigrate 移置 displace 移走 remove 抑制 inhibit 抑制 restrain 译文 version 意识到的 aware 因此 hence 因素 factor 音量 volume 引起 induce 引用 cite 引用 quote 影响 affect 影响 impact 拥护 advocate 拥护者 advocate 优先 priority 由此 whereby 有点 somewhat 有关的 relevant 有活力的 dynamic 有能力的 capable 有限的 finite 有效的 valid 有益 benefit 预测 predict 预料 anticipate 域 domain 遇到 encounter 元素 element 原则 principle 援助 assist 运输 transit 运输 transport 杂志journal暂停 suspend 增强 enhance 摘录 extract 摘要 abstract 债券 bond 展览 display 展览 exhibit 占领 occupy 战略 strategy 章 chapter 找到 locate 召集 convene 哲学 philosophy 争议 controversy 征收 impose 征收 levy 整的 integral 整体的 integral 正常的 normal 证明 justify 证实 confirm 政策 policy 政权 regime 支配 dominate 执行 implement 执照 license 指标 index 指挥 conduct 指示 instruct志愿的 voluntary 制服 uniform致谢 acknowledge 中等的 medium 中级的 intermediate 中间的 intermediate 中立的 neutral 终止 terminate 种类 category 种族的 ethnic 重点 priority 重叠 overlap重要的 significant 重音 stress 主题 theme在先的 prior 暂时的 temporary。

通用学术英语短语词汇教程本文档旨在为学术写作和口语交流提供一套通用学术英语短语词汇，以帮助读者更好地表达自己的观点和理解他人的观点。

在学术领域，正确运用学术英语短语不仅可以提升文章和演讲的质量，还能增加读者和听众对内容的理解和信服度。

2. 描述现象在描述现象时，我们可以使用一些常用的学术英语短语，如：It is widely believed that...（广泛认为……）、It is evident that...（显然……）、It is worth noting that...（值得注意的是……）等。

这些短语可以帮助我们在句子中准确地表达观点，并为读者提供清晰的理解。

3. 解释原因当我们需要解释原因时，可以使用以下学术英语短语：The main reason why... is that...（……的主要原因是……）、This can be attributed to...（这可以归因于……）、One possible explanation for this is...（一个可能的解释是……）等。

这些短语有助于我们清楚地说明问题，并将原因与结果联系起来。

4. 提供例证为了支持我们的观点，举出例证显得非常重要。

一些常用的学术英语短语如下：For instance...（例如……）、To illustrate this...（为了说明这一点……）、A good example of this is...（一个很好的例子是……）等。

通过使用这些短语，我们可以给读者带来具体的案例，加深他们对我们观点的理解和认同。

5. 表达观点当我们要表达自己的观点时，可以使用以下学术英语短语：In my opinion...（在我看来……）、From my perspective...（从我的角度来看……）、I strongly believe that...（我坚信……）等。

这些短语能够清晰地表达我们的观点，使读者对我们的立场和看法有更深入的了解。

Summary的写法1一、概括原文（一）阅读1.读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。

认真阅读给定的原文材料。

如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。

阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。

2.拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。

尽量简短，精炼。

段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。

有时也会变态的在当中。

3.概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。

（二）基本结构和技巧1.重新拟定标题给summary起一个标题。

用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。

也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。

2.阐述观点摘要应全部用自己的话完成。

不要引用原文的句子。

写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author…….）。

接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points（对主要观点的支持）。

3.词汇运用注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc.4.删除细节只保留主要观点。

5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。

6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。

“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”“H is courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。

英语作文学术报告模板Scientific Report Writing Template。

Title Page。

Title of the report (concise and informative)。

Authors' names and affiliations。

Date of submission。

Abstract。

Brief summary of the research objectives, methods, results, and conclusions (150-250 words)。

Keywords: 3-5 relevant terms for indexing。

Introduction。

Background information on the topic。

Statement of the research problem。

Hypotheses or specific aims。

Literature review: Summarize previous researchrelevant to the study。

Methods。

Detailed description of the research design, including: Participants or subjects。

Variables measured。

Data collection procedures。

Statistical methods。

Results。

Presentation of the data collected。

Statistical analyses and interpretation of findings。

Clear and concise tables, figures, or graphs。

Discussion of the significance of the results。

英语摘要如何写范文英文回答：An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, thesis, or other academic work. It provides a brief overview of the work's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. The abstract is typically the first part of a research paper, and it is often used by readers to decide whether or not to read the full paper.There are many different styles of abstracts, but they all typically include the following information:Purpose: The purpose of the research paper is stated in the abstract. For example, the purpose of the study might be to investigate the effects of a new drug or to test a new theory.Methods: The methods used in the research paper are described in the abstract. For example, the methods mightinclude a survey, an experiment, or a literature review.Results: The results of the research paper are presented in the abstract. For example, the results might show that a new drug is effective or that a new theory is supported.Conclusions: The conclusions of the research paper are stated in the abstract. For example, the conclusion might be that a new drug should be approved for use or that a new theory should be accepted.The abstract is a very important part of a research paper, and it should be written carefully. The abstract should be clear, concise, and informative. It should also be accurate and objective.中文回答：摘要是研究论文、论文或其他学术作品的简短总结。

Unit 11. What is definition?A definition is a statement which captures the meaning, the use, the properties, the function and the essence of a term, a thing or a concept.2. Why is it important to define things or concepts in a clear way?A clear definition helps to avoid misunderstandings or confusions.3. Why should the abstract concepts be defined?A clear definition is required for abstract concepts, such as ‘happiness’, because the definition may change from person to person.4. How many parts does a formal definition consist of? What are they?A formal definition contains three parts: the term, class and differentiating features.5. What types of definition have you learned? In what way do they mainly differ?One-sentence definition (a formal/naming definition) and an extended definition.They mainly differ in length.6. What are the narrative materials which can be used for an extended definition?An extended definition uses narrative materials such as facts, examples, anecdotes, etc. to interpret a term.7. Why should an extended definition be used?Extended definitions will help you get a concept or theory cross to the audience. Making an extended definition requires you to think more carefully about your intended audience and what they need to know.8. How will you write an extended definition?Step 1. Specify the term being defined and its category or class.Step 2. Present clear and basic information of the differentiating features.Step 3. Expand by adding more specific information.Step 4. Use such narrative materials as facts, examples, or anecdotes that readers can understand better.9. In academic contexts, narrative materials cover a broad scope. What can be used as narrative materials?Descriptions, book reports, proposals, presentation of data, explanation of ideas, illustration of evidence, examples, etc.Unit 21. What is contextualization?The process of introducing background information is called contextualization. In any kind ofwriting, providing background information is essential to familiarizing the reader with thetopic and helping the audience get a fuller picture of the topic.2. Could you list several types of context?The cultural, economic, political, historical, social, philosophical, or technological context.3. Where can you find the contextualization of a research problem in an academicarticle?In the introductory section.4. What kind of plane figure does the structure of an introduction resemble?An inverted triangle.5. Where does contextualization fit within the inverted triangle introduction?DefiningBriefly introducing and explaining the research topicContextualizingPutting the research problem into context and pointingout the gap in knowledge6. What are the different types of introduction?1) Inverted triangle introduction2) Contrast introduction3) Anecdote introduction4) Question/quotation introduction7. What kind of writing is mainly used in introducing background information?Description.Unit 31. What is classification?Classification is the process of arranging items into categories based on shared characteristics. Classification is a convenient way to organize information to make thingsclearer and to avoid confusion.2. A common standard should be employed to rate and rank the categories, and toensure that the categories follow a single organizing principle.3. What is the difference between comparison and contrast?Comparison emphasizes the similarities between things, ideas, concepts, or points of view, while contrast emphasizes the differences.4. What is the difference between comparison and mere description?1)The similarities or differences between things are analyzed in comparison in order tomake connections and generate an interesting analysis.2)Description is to present information, accepted knowledge, observations, process ormethod objectively.Unit 41. What are the possible relationships between two notions?1) a causal relationship2)an inclusive relationship3)an opposite relationship4) a parallel relationship2. How do the different relationships function in explaining a notion?Generally, these relationships will provide a clear outline for writers to present a notion and a clear structure for readers to obtain information from the explanation.3. What is an analogy?An analogy is a comparison between two things, usually for the purpose of explanation or clarification. It aims to explain one thing by comparing it to something that is familiar.4. What are the features of an effective analogy?1)On the basis of an exact or similar idea2)Simplicity3)Clear embodiment of the concept or relationship between things5. What effective tools can be used to draw an analogy?Metaphors and similes are tools used to draw an analogy. However, analogy is more extensive and elaborate than either a simile or a metaphor.6. What should be taken into consideration when explanations are given?Just like the targeted audience should be considered while you define new concepts or ideas, you should also consider contexts and situations.7. What are the suggested steps to achieve a logical structure of explanation?1)Clarify your thinking by writing down all the necessary and important details.2)Structure those details logically by deciding which should be explained first andwhich later.Unit 51. What is a summary?A summary is a condensed version of the original text or lecture.2. What is the purpose of a summary?The purpose of a summary is to give the reader a clear, objective picture of the original text.3. The summary of a research paper is found in its Abstract（摘要）.4. In general an abstract includes: objective/aim/purpose; design/methodology; results/findings; conclusions5. When reading a book, one can situate and evaluate the book by reading its publishing details（出版信息）, and navigate the book by reading its table of contents（目录）6. The three reading strategies helping readers to grasp the main idea of an academic text:Skimming and scanning （跳读和略读/浏览）Intensive reading （精读/细读）Analysis of cohesion （分析衔接/信息之间的逻辑关系）7. When you write summaries, you should follow some conventions. They are:1)Quote selectively (selectively or extensively? )2)When you quote, use quotation marks and document the quotation. Failure to do sois plagiarism3)Use present (present or past?) tense to summarize.4)Use summarizing language, for example : the article claims (provide one example)8. What criteria can be adopted to evaluate a summary?1)Accurately and objectively represents the author’s central claim and keysupporting details.2)The summary is not merely listing the main ideas, but show how the reasons supportthe central claim.9. What are the four steps to summarize an article?1)Read the original text intensively to grasp its meaning.2)Note down the main idea and the major supporting ideas.3)Draft your summary, using a mix of paraphrased and quoted material from the text.4)Revise the draft to meet the requirements (Length, grammar, format, documentation,etc.)Unit 61. What is synthesis?It is the act of combining separate things into a coherent whole. It involves analysis related to classification and division, comparison and contrast. It makes use of the ideas of other people, combining sources into one's own words in order to further understanding or establish context.2. What is key to a synthesis?Searching for the flaws, weaknesses, or limitations, and any potential links between various sources, is key to a synthesis.3. What is the difference between a summary and a synthesis?Summary: A summary is a recap or restatement of the important information of the source. The ideas, information and arguments of each source are stated in a concise manner. Synthesis: A synthesis critically analyzes and evaluates the information, including a critical analysis of the relationship between different sources, relate the sources to the author’s own research.Unit 71. What is a literature review?A literature review is a critical survey of important articles, books and other primary sources related to a research topic.2. What are the four ways of organizing a literature review?Literature reviews are often organized in one of these ways: chronologically, thematically, methodologically, or in a combination of these ways.3. What should an author do to make a chronological review?In a chronological review, the author groups and discusses selected sources in order of their publication, highlighting the changes in research over time.4.What should an author do to make a thematic review?In a thematic review, you group and discuss your sources in terms of the themes, theoretical concepts, findings, and topics.5. In what sequence should a thematic literature review proceed?The sequence of the concepts or themes should proceed from the broad to the specific.Unit 81. What is a report?A report is a logical and well-structured piece of writing that describes and analyses a particular subject or problem, communicates information collected from research or the analysis of data.2.What are the differences between a report and an essay?1) A report is fact-based and aim to convey information, while an essay is idea-basedand is written to discuss different opinions and arguments;2) A report is broken into sections and subsections, while an essay usually flow as acontinuous text;3) A report often includes graphics which rarely appears in an essay;4) A report may make predictions or recommendations while an essay does n’t.3.How many types of reports can you list?1)Scientific reports;2)Technical reports;3)Business reports;4)Field reports.4.What sections does a report normally have?1) A title page;2)An abstract;3)An introduction;4)Methods;5)Results;6)Discussion;7)Conclusion;8)Recommendations;9)References;10). Appendices.。

表示总结的英语短语在日常生活和工作中，我们常常需要总结和归纳一些信息、经验或观点。

当我们用英语表达这些总结时，一些常见的短语能够帮助我们更准确、简洁地传达我们的意思。

在本文中，我将分享一些常用于表示总结的英语短语。

首先，让我们从最简单、最基本的总结短语开始。

1. In conclusion （在结论中）- 这是一个常见的总结短语，用于表示一种结束的方式。

当你写一篇文章或者发表演讲时，可以用这个短语来总结你的主要观点。

2. In summary （概括起来）- 这个短语用于概括一个较长的信息或观点。

它可以用在正式场合，例如在商务报告或研究论文的结尾部分。

3. To sum up （总而言之）- 这个短语用于给出一个简洁的总结。

它适用于任何情境，包括正式和非正式的场合。

接下来，让我们看一些更加具体的总结短语，它们可以帮助你更好地概括不同类型的信息。

1. All in all （总体来说）- 这个短语用于总结一个整体的观点，或者给出一个综合的评价。

它强调将各个方面的信息综合考虑。

2. To conclude （总结起来）- 这个短语可以用于表示结束，也可以用于总结整个论点或观点。

它更常见于正式场合，例如学术写作或辩论演讲。

3. On the whole （总的来说）- 这个短语用于总结整体情况或观点。

它包含了所有重要的方面，并给出了一个总体评价。

4. To summarize （总结起来）- 这是一个非常常见的总结短语，用于概括一个信息或观点。

它可以用在任何情境中，无论是书面抑或口头表达。

最后，让我们看一些表示一般结论的短语。

1. Therefore （因此）- 这个短语用于引出一个结论或结果。

它表示一个因果关系，说明前面提到的所有信息都导致了这个结论。

2. As a result （结果）- 这个短语用于表示某种结果或影响。

它可以用于各种情况，无论是工作、学习还是日常生活。

3. In a nutshell （简而言之）- 这个短语用于以简明扼要的方式概括一个观点、信息或情况。

Module 1academic [,ækə'demik] adj. 学术的province ['prɒvins] n. 省enthusiastic [in,θju:zi'æstik] adj.热心的,amazing [ə'meiziŋ] adj.令人吃惊的；令人惊讶的information [,infə'meiʃən] n. 消息website [ web’sait] n.网站；网址brilliant ['briljənt] adj.(口语)极好的comprehension [,kɒmpri'henʃən] n. 理解,领悟instruction [in'strʌkʃən] n.（常作复数）指示；说明method ['meθəd] n. 方法bored ['bɒ: d] adj.厌烦的；厌倦的embarrassed [im'bærəst] adj.尴尬的；难堪的；困窘的attitude ['ætitju:d] n. 态度behaviour [bi'heivjə] n. 行为；举动previous ['pri:viəs] adj.以前的；从前的description [di'skripʃən] n.记述；描述amazed [ə'meizd] adj. 吃惊的;惊讶的embarrassing [im'bærəsiŋ] adj.令人尴尬的；令人难堪的technology [tek'nɒlədʒi] n. 技术impress [im'pres] vt.使印象深刻correction [kə'rekʃən] n. 改正；纠正encouragement [in'kʌridʒmənt] n. 鼓励；激励enjoyment [in'dʒɒimənt] n.享受；乐趣fluency ['flu:ənsi] n.流利；流畅misunderstanding [,misʌndə'stændiŋ] n. 误解disappointed [,disə'pɒintid] adj. 失望的disappointing [,disə'pɒintiŋ] adj.令人失望的system ['sistəm] n. 制度；体系；系统teenager ['ti:nidʒə] n.少年disappear [,disə'piə] vi. 消失move [mu:v] adj.搬家assistant [ə'sistənt] n. 助手, 助理cover ['kʌvə] vt.包含diploma [di'pləumə] n. 文凭, 毕业证书Module 2amusing [ə'mju:ziŋ] adj. 有趣的；可笑的energetic [,enə'dʒetik] adj. 精力充沛的intelligent [in'telidʒənt] adj. 聪明的nervous ['nə:vəs] adj.紧张的；焦虑的organized ['ɒ:gənaizd] adj.有组织的；有系统的patient ['peiʃənt] adj.耐心的serious ['siəriəs] adj. 严肃的shy [ʃai] adj.害羞的；羞怯的strict [strikt] a. 严格的；严厉的impression [im'preʃən] n. 印象avoid [ə'vɒid] vt.（故意）避开hate [heit] vt.讨厌；不喜欢incorrectly [,inkə'rektli] adv.不正确地completely [kəm'pli:tli] adv. 十分地;完全地immediately [i'mi:diətli] adv.立即；即刻appreciate [ə'pri:ʃieit] vt.感激admit [əd'mit] vt. 承认scientific [,saiən'tifik] adj. 科学的literature ['litərətʃə] n. 文学loudly ['laudli] adv. 大声地wave [weiv] vt.挥（手）；招（手）joke [dʒəuk] n. 玩笑；笑话summary ['sʌməri] n.总结；摘要；提要respect [ri'spekt] vt.&n.尊敬；尊重grade [greid] n.（美）成绩；分数headmaster ['hed'mɑ:stə] n.校长headmistress ['hed'mistris] n.女校长period ['piəriəd] n.一段时间revision [ri'viʒən] n.复习translation [træns'leiʃən] n. 翻译timetable ['taimteibl] n. 时间表topic ['tɒpik] n.话题；题目vacation [vei'keiʃən] n. 假期revise [ri'vaiz] vt.温习（功课）discipline ['disiplin] n.纪律relationship [ri'leiʃənʃip] n. 关系formal ['fɒ:məl] adj. 正式的relaxed [ri'lækst] adj.轻松的；松懈的；宽松的similarly ['similəli] adv.同样地，类似地Module 3helicopter ['helikɒptə] n.直升飞机motorbike ['məutə, baik] n.摩托车tram [træm] n.电车distance ['distəns] n. 距离abandoned [ə'bændənd] adj.被遗弃的camel ['kæml] n. 骆驼cassette [kæ'set] n.录音带desert ['dezət] n. 沙漠diamond ['daiəmənd] n. 钻石expert ['ekspə:t] n. 专家midnight ['midnait] n. 半夜product ['prɒdʌkt] n. 产品scenery ['si:nəri] n. 风景; 景色shoot [ʃu:t] vt.(shot,shot)射杀soil [sɒil] n. 土壤journey ['dʒə:ni] n. 旅程train [trein] vt. 训练circus ['sə:kəs] n. 马戏团seaside ['si:said] n. 海滨stadium ['steidiəm] n. 运动场；体育场eagle ['i:gl] n. 鹰frighten ['fraitn] vt.是吃惊；惊吓kindergarten ['kində,gɑ:tn] n.幼儿园apartment [ə'pɑ:tmənt] n.（美）公寓；单元住宅cartoon [kɑ:'tu:n] n. 卡通；漫画interview ['intəvju:] n.面试；面谈interviewer ['intəvju:ə] n.（面试时的）主考官；面谈者event [i'vent] n. 事件exhausted [ig'zɒ:stid] adj.疲惫不堪的downtown ['daun'taun] adj.商业区的；市中心的vacuum [`'vækjuəm] n. 真空；空白rail [reil] n.铁轨ceremony ['seriməni] n.仪式track [træk] n. 轨道souvenir [,su:və'niə] n. 纪念品Module 4survey [sə'vei] n. 调查neighbourhood n.四邻local ['ləukəl] adj.地方的；局部的suburb ['sʌbə:b] n.城郊；郊区hometown [həum'taun] n.家乡attractive [ə'træktiv] adj.有吸引力的;吸引人的fortunate ['fɒ:tʃənit] adj.幸运的；吉祥的pretty ['priti] adv.很；相当sound [saund] vi.听起来tourist ['tuərist]n.旅游者；观光客bother ['bɒðə] vt.打扰；烦扰；麻烦nuisance ['nju:sns] n.令人讨厌的人或事rent [rent] n. 租金district ['distrikt] n.地域；区域；行政区approach [ə'prəutʃ] vt. 接近harbour n.海港gorgeous ['gɒ:dʒəs] adj.美丽的；宜人的architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə] n. 建筑starve [stɑ:v] vi.饿死park [pɑ:k] vt. 停车traffic ['træfik] n. 交通committee [kə'miti] n. 委员会organization ['ɒ:gənai'zʃən] n.组织unemployed [,ʌnim'plɒid] adj.失业的；没有工作的household ['haushəuld] n.家属；家人occupation [,ɒkju'peiʃən] n. 职业professional [prə'feʃənl] adj.专业的manual ['mænjuəl] adj.用手的；手的employment [im'plɒimənt] n.就业；工作；职业gallery ['gæləri] n.美术馆；画廊exchange [iks'tʃeindʒ] vt. 交换fascinating ['fæsineitiŋ] adj. 迷人的, 吸引人的afford [ə'fɒ:d] vt. 买得起;有能力支付survive [sə'vaiv] vi.死里逃生；大难不死contact ['kɒntækt] vt.联络；联系（某人）Module 5liquid ['likwid] n. 液体expand [ik'spænd] vi.膨胀contract ['kɒntrækt] vi.收缩substance ['sʌbstəns] n. 物质mixture ['mikstʃə] n.混合物oxygen ['ɒksədʒən] n. 氧气electricity [,ilek'trisiti] n. 电stage [steidʒ] n. 阶段；时期conclusion [kən'klu:ʒən] n. 结论aim [eim] n. 目标；目的reaction [ri'ækʃən] n. 反应electrical [i'lektrikəl] adj.与电有关的；用电的equipment [i'kwipmənt] n. 设备；装备react [ri'ækt] vi.（化学）反应potassium n. 钾sodium ['səudiəm] n. 钠calcium ['kælsiəm] n. 钙magnesium [mæg'ni:ziəm] n. 镁aluminium [,ælju'miniəm] n. 铝zinc [ziŋk] n. 锌partial ['pɑ:ʃəl] adj.部分的；局部的copper ['kɒpə] n. 铜oxide ['ɒksaid] n. 氧化物rust [rʌst] vi. 生锈boil [bɒil] vt.生锈ordinary ['ɒ:dinəri] adj. 普通的;平常的steam [sti:m] n. 蒸汽;水气float [fləut] vi.漂浮form [fɒ:m] vi.形成dissolve [di'zɒlv] vt. 溶解；分解；分离balance ['bæləns] n.天平crucible ['kru:sibl] n. 坩锅tongs [tɒŋz] (复）夹子；小钳子flame [fleim] n. 火焰facility [fə'siliti] n.（常作复数）设备；工具lecture ['lektʃə] n. 演讲department [di'pɑ:tmənt] n.（大学的）科、系astonished [ə'stɒniʃt] adj.吃惊的；惊愕的Module 6contain [kən'tein] vt. 包含；包括access ['ækses] n.接近；通路crash [kræʃ] vi.(计算机)崩溃keyword ['ki: , wə:d] n.密码；口令log [lɒg] vt.记录；登录software ['sɒftwєə] n. 软件breakdown ['breikdaun] n.故障source [sɒ:s] n.来源；出处access ible [ək'sesəbl] adj.可进入的；可使用的data ['deitə] n.（复）数据defence [di'fens] n.保护；防卫create [kri:'eit] vt. 创造；发明network ['netwə:k] n. 网络via [vaiə] prep.途径；经由percentage [pə'sentidʒ] n.百分数；百分率design [di'zain] vt. 设计document ['dɒkjumənt] n. 文件invention [in'venʃən] n. 发明permission [pə'miʃən] n. 许可military ['militəri] adj.军事的；军队的concentrate ['kɒnsəntreit] vi.集中（注意力、思想等）definite ['definit] adj. 明确的fantastic [fæn'tæstik] adj.极好的；美妙的independent [,indi'pendənt] adj.独立的essay ['esei] n.文章pass [pæs] vt.超过frequently ['fri:kwəntli] adv.时常；经常disadvantage [,disəd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n.弊端；缺点average ['ævəridʒ] adj.平均的statistics [stə'tistiks] n.（复）统计数字shorten ['ʃɒ:tn] vt.缩短sideways ['saidweiz] adv.横着地；斜着地。