如何写综述翻译

2《大英百科全书》将翻译定义为“将用 一种语言或者一套语言符号所表达的内容 用另一种语言或者一套语言符号进行转换 的行为或过程。”
从更宏观的角度去界定翻译，我们采用范仲 英的定义： 翻译是一种跨语言、跨文化的信息与情 感交流过程。它通过把一种语言（即原语 source language,简称SL)表达的信息用另一 种语言（即译语 target language, 简称 TL） 再现出来的方式帮助译语使用者了解原作者 意欲传达的信息内容并获得与原语使用者大 致相同的感受，以达到帮助操不同语言的交 际者进行信息与情感交流的目的。
3 校核 校核是对理解和表达质量的全面检查，是纠正 错误、改进译文的极好时机，切不可认为是多 余之举。优秀的译者总是十分重视校核的作用， 总是利用这一良机来克服自己可能犯下的错误， 初学翻译的人就更应该如此了。
翻译的方法：直译与意译
• 直译：为了把原文的意思完整而又正确地 表达出来，如果基本上保留原文的语言形 式（词语、句子结构、修辞手法等），同 时译出的文字又明白易懂、符合语言规范， 这种翻译方法称之为“直译”。
当然，直译与意译的方法并不是绝对独立的，有些 句子需要直译与意译结合，需要综合处理。 But a broader and more generous, certainly more philosophical, view is held by those scientists who claim that the evidence of a war instinct in men is incomplete and misleading ,and that man does have within him the power of abolishing war. 这个句子的主句部分可以意译，从句部分可直译。 "有些科学家的观点更开阔，更富有普遍性和哲理性。 他们指出，有关人类战争本能的证据尚不完全，而 且容易引起误解，事实上，人类自身具有消除战争 的能力。

翻译目的论研究综述摘要：翻译目的论是当代德国最具代表性的翻译理论，也是最有影响力的翻译理论。

该理论把翻译目的作为翻译任务的出发点与根本，翻译策略、翻译方法，以及对原作形式与容的取舍，目标文本的制作都以这个翻译目的为参照。

翻译过程以目的性为指导，以语语际一致和忠实性为评估手段，这为翻译研究提供新的视角。

本文通过对目的论形成开展以及框架体系进展梳理评价，希望读者对该理论有更加客观全面的了解。

关键词：翻译目的论翻译研究评价一、引言纵观翻译学的历史我们不难发现：当代西方翻译理论蓬勃开展，出现了百花齐放的繁荣局面。

从20世纪中叶开场西方翻译理论已经出现了重大突破，翻译理论家们开场从阐释学、构造主义、承受美学、读者反响论等不同角度来研究翻译，于是各种各样的翻译理论应运而生，如卡特福德的系统功能语法理论，奈达的社会符号学翻译理论等。

在众多的翻译理论中，德国功能主义理论派提出的翻译目的论独树一帜，为翻译研究和实践提供了新的视角。

目的论(skopostheorie)是功能派翻译理论中最重要的理论。

Skopos是希腊词，意为“目的〞，theorie 是德语词，意为“理论〞。

目的论是将Skopos概念运用于翻译，认为任何行为都是有目的的，翻译也是一种有目的的跨文化交际活动，译者应该根据翻译目的来制定翻译策略。

由于语言文化的差异，译文不可能与原文完全保持一致，那么要保存什么改动什么，终究是创作一个在形式上或在容上忠实于原文的译文还是创作出一个能满足译人语读者要求的自由译文就要视翻译目的而定了。

翻译目的论根本上属于一种对翻译的外部研究，它将研究焦点从译文与原文的关系转移到译文的预期效果，因此无疑能够弥补传统翻译研究的缺乏，从而为翻译的多学科探索又增加一个崭新的研究视角。

(仲伟合，钟钰：1999)二、目的论的形成与开展目的论首先在20世纪70年代末80年代初由卡特琳娜·赖斯(Katharina Rei ss)提出。

少年老成to have an old head on young shoulders少不更事wet behind the ears：Although she is 20, she was still wet behind the ears in some ways.天无绝人之路God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb. /When one door shuts another opens.天下乌鸦一般黑Crows are black all over the world.天助自助者Heaven helps those who help themselves.天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福It is the unexpected that always happens.天衣无缝These two ideas just fit like a glove.天涯海角ends of the earth：I'll find him to the ends of the earth. (out-of-the-way places; the uttermost part of the earth) 天经地义a matter of course：It's a matter of course to respect our elders. (a universal truth; it goes without saying that...) 毛遂自荐to recommend one's own person大同小异much of muchness：The two articles are much of muchness ( be alike with minor difference ; There's not a pin to choose between the two ) in appearance and quality.大言不惭blow your own trumpet：You really blow your own trumpet. (talk big; overshoot oneself)大快朵颐They are so delicious that I ate my fill. (gorge oneself; tuck in at; have/take one's fill.)大功告成The big project finally came off with honors (bring home the bacon; come through with flying colors).大智若愚He who cannot play the fool is not a wise man.大器晚成Rome was not built in a day.大海捞针needle in a haystack：Finding your lost contact lens is just like looking for a needle in a haystack.山穷水尽at the end of one's resources山中无老虎，猴子称大王Among the blind the one-eyed is king./When the cat's away, the mice will pay.小题大做Make a mountain out of a molehill. ( fuss about trifles; a tempest in a teapot; a storm in a teacup; break a butterfly on a wheel )小Car笔记：much of a muchness：大同小异very much the sametuck：<俚>大吃，通常后面接away/in <tucked away a big lunch>come off：实现，发生bring home the bacon：成功，也有养家糊口，谋生的意思play the fool：干蠢事，演滑稽角色contact lens：隐形眼镜一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草绳Once bitten, twice shy.一言既出，驷马难追A word spoken is past recalling.一见钟情to fall in love at first sight一箭双鵰/一举两得Kill two birds with one stone.一寸光阴一寸金Time is money.一失足成千古恨The error committed on impulse may turn out to be the sorrow of a whole life.一将功名万古枯What millions died that Caesar might be great.一年之计在于春，一日之计在于晨Plan your year in spring and your day at dawn.一人难称百人意You cannot please everyone.一气呵成Never make two bites of a cherry.心正不怕雷打A good conscience is a soft pillow.心甘情愿He did all this of his own accord.心不在焉You look absent-minded; what's wrong?心满意足The little boy sat there smiling, as happy as a clam.心力交瘁I don't know what to do. I just burned the candle at both ends.心灰意冷He was in black despair when he failed in the joint examination.(down in the bushes/in the dumps/lose heart) 心有余悸A burned child dreads the fires. (Once bitten, twice shy.)心安理得No matter what he said, I have the peace of mind. (have an easy conscience)心血来潮He did it just on the impulse of the moment.心花怒放My heart sings with joy because I receive over 300 letters a week from people around人生而平等All men are created equal.人山人海a sea of faces：How many people are there in the stadium? Believe it or not, a sea of faces.人之常情human nature：It's human nature for me to help those who need help.人云亦云echo others' words：Don't echo others' words. Sometimes you've got to find out the truth.人去楼空Regretful to say, when the master was absent, his mansion was dead.人面兽心a wolf in sheep's clothing：He is cruel enought to kill that girl; he's really a wolf in sheep's clothing. 人言可畏Opinion rules the world：Always remember what I say to you. Opinion rules the world.十年风水轮流转Every dog has its day.十全十美leave nothing to be desired：The show just leaves nothing to be desired. 十拿九稳We have winning the game in the bag.小不忍则乱大谋Patience is a virtue.小洞不补，大来吃苦A stitch in time saves nine.工欲善其事，必先利其器Sharp tools make good work.己所不欲勿施于人Do unto others as you would be done.亡羊补牢Better late than never./ It's never too late to mend.上气不接下气I got out of breath when I climbed those stairs.寸步不离He always keeps book at his elbow. (keep close to)口若悬河He always talks nine words at once. (rattle on)仁者无敌The benevolent have no enemy.口是心非He often speaks with his tongue in his cheek. (play a double game; say one thing and mean another )不期而遇I came across an old friend of mine in a department store. (chance to meet，bump into，come upon，meet...accidentally/unexpectedly/by chance/by accident)不速之客You are really a thick-skinned and gate-crasher.不义之财Don't be envious. Ill-gotten money comes easily and goes easily too.不谋而合see eye to eye：Do you see eye to eye with him on that plan?不厌其烦takes the trouble：The teacher often takes the trouble to instruct his pupils.不遗余力But the conspirators leave no avenue unexplored to re-establish contact with Britain.不择手段by hook or by crook：He just did the work by hook or by crook.不翼而飞Did you see that plane? It seems that it just vanished from sight.不声不响as quiet/silent/still as a mouse：She was as quiet/silent/still as a mouse and left.不识抬举Bring a cow to the hall and she will run to the byre. (fail to appreciate sb's kindness/not know how to appreciate favor) 一视同仁He treats everyone across the board.一模一样These twins look as like as two peas.一时兴起He does everything on the spur of the moment.九死一生to have a hair-breadth escape九牛一毛Compared with mine, his was simply a drop in the bucket.人生如梦Life is but a dream.人生自古谁无死Death comes to all men.人生百岁古来稀It is seldom that a man lives to be a hundred years old.人定胜天Man can conquer nature.人不可貌相Appearances are often deceptive./ Never judge a look by its cover.小Car笔记：across the board：包括一切地, 全面地on the spur of the moment：一时冲动地, 立刻a drop in the bucket：沧海一粟conquer：征服，占领，战胜，得胜。

翻译目的论研‎究综述摘要：翻译目的论是‎当代德国最具‎代表性的翻译‎理论，也是最有影响‎力的翻译理论‎。

该理论把翻译‎目的作为翻译‎任务的出发点‎与根本，翻译策略、翻译方法，以及对原作形‎式与内容的取‎舍，目标文本的制‎作都以这个翻‎译目的为参照‎。

翻译过程以目‎的性为指导，以语内语际一‎致和忠实性为‎评估手段，这为翻译研究提供新的‎视角。

本文通过对目‎的论形成发展‎以及框架体系‎进行梳理评价‎，希望读者对该‎理论有更加客‎观全面的了解‎。

关键词：翻译目的论翻‎译研究评价一、引言纵观翻译学的‎历史我们不难‎发现：当代西方翻译‎理论蓬勃发展‎，出现了百花齐‎放的繁荣局面‎。

从20世纪中‎叶开始西方翻‎译理论已经出‎现了重大突破‎，翻译理论家们‎开始从阐释学‎、结构主义、接受美学、读者反应论等‎不同角度来研‎究翻译，于是各种各样‎的翻译理论应‎运而生，如卡特福德的‎系统功能语法‎理论，奈达的社会符‎号学翻译理论‎等。

在众多的翻译‎理论中，德国功能主义‎理论派提出的‎翻译目的论独‎树一帜，为翻译研究和‎实践提供了新‎的视角。

目的论(sko pos‎t heori‎e)是功能派翻译‎理论中最重要‎的理论。

Skopos‎是希腊词，意为“目的”，theori‎e是德语词，意为“理论”。

目的论是将S‎k opos概‎念运用于翻译‎，认为任何行为‎都是有目的的‎，翻译也是一种‎有目的的跨文‎化交际活动，译者应该根据‎翻译目的来制‎定翻译策略。

由于语言文化‎的差异，译文不可能与‎原文完全保持‎一致，那么要保留什‎么改动什么，究竟是创作一‎个在形式上或‎在内容上忠实‎于原文的译文‎还是创作出一‎个能满足译人‎语读者要求的‎自由译文就要‎视翻译目的而‎定了。

翻译目的论基‎本上属于一种‎对翻译的外部‎研究，它将研究焦点‎从译文与原文‎的关系转移到‎译文的预期效‎果，因此无疑能够‎弥补传统翻译‎研究的不足，从而为翻译的‎多学科探索又‎增加一个崭新‎的研究视角。