全国自学考试试卷考卷语言与文化试题

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838Ⅰ.Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement.(20%) 1．“Negro”,once a euphemism for “_______”, is now an offensive racist term.（）A．a black man B．niggerC．an African D．black boy2．The expression that can be used as the euphemism for “gardener”is “_______”.（）A．landscape architect B．garden designerC．beautician D．botanist3．I may be back tonight; I’m not sure. _______,just make yourself at home.（）A．However B．Despite thisC．Either way D．Still4．He showed no pleasure at hearing the news. _______ he looked even gloomier.（）A．Alternatively B．I meanC．In addition D．Instead5．“他住在美国马萨诸塞州剑桥神德街2号”can be translated into _______.（）A．He lives at Divinity Avenue 2, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.B．He lives at Divinity Avenue 2 in Cambridge of Massachusetts, U.S.A.C．He lives at 2 Divinity Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.D．He lives in U.S.A, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Divinity Avenue 2.6．_______ is a weapon name.（）A．Brenda B．ArthurC．Rhoda D．Timothy7．When receiving a gift, the English speakers normally say_______.（）A．“It’s very nice”B．“Where did you get it? This is really what I want”C．“It must have cost you a lot. Thank you very much”D．“How much is it? Thank you very much”18．_______can be said as a reply to thanks.（）A．“You’re too polite.” B．“It’s my pleasure.”C．“It’s my duty.” D．“No.”9．To be sexy is to possess a _______ in English culture.（）A．vicious character B．narrow minded featureC．loose sex morality D．positive human quality10．“Propaganda”connotes _______, so it is a pejorative term in English.（）A．giving publicity to something B．exchanging useful knowledgeC．spreading biased information D．motivating people to do something11．The Chinese equivalent for“stop watch”is “跑表”,which reveals that the Chinese people lay stress on _______.（）A．the way in which it is usedB．the purpose for which it is usedC．the mechanic qualityD．the appearance by which people can recognize12．The English equivalent for “温室”is “greenhouse”,which reveals that the English speakers emphasize its _______.（）A．capacity B．physical characteristicC．function D．effectiveness13．The proverb“one falls into Scylla in seeking to avoid Charybdis”is related to _______.（）A．Christianity B．the BibleC．Greco-Roman civilization D．geography14．“A child who roams the street”can be referred to as _______.（）A．a Sherlock Holmes B．an Uncle TomC．a Don Juan D．an Oliver Twist15．“The Garden of Eden”is an allusion derived from_______.（）A．literature B．mythologyC．religion D．history16．“We’ve generated a lot of ideas this week”illustrates the metaphor that _______.（）A．ideas are food B．ideas are plantC．ideas are products D．ideas are commodities17．“Brown paper”corresponds to _______.（）A．秘密文件 B．棕色纸2C．揭露社会黑暗的报纸 D．牛皮纸18．Many legal terms in English are from _______ and French.（）A．Greek B．LatinC．Indian D．Romania19．To avoid ambiguity, _______ are seldom used in English documents.（）A．personal pronouns B．loan wordsC．long sentences D．learned words20．Beckoning another person to come is an example of _______. （）A．accenting B．complementingC．regulating D．substitutionⅡ.Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives can complete the statement. There might be more than one correct answer.(10%)21．Even “the black people”is regarded as degrading word, for “black”has bad connotations.“_______”is the case in point.（）A．Black flag B．Black coalC．Black foot D．Black head22．It has been claimed that the flowery style of Chinese descriptive writing is related to _______the Chinese people are good at.（）A．artistic thinking B．deductive reasoningC．intuitive thinking D．dialectical reasoning23．Which of the following statements may be true? （）A．Branching and linear sentence patterns result from thinking patterns.B．Branching sentence patterns are related to analytic thinking pattern.C．Linear sentence patterns are related to analytic thinking pattern.D．Branching and linear sentence patterns can be related to emotional factors.24．Joyce Merrill Valdes is your colleague who is married. You can call her _______. （）A．Joyce B．MerrillC．Valdes D．Mrs. Valdes25．“To pull somebody’s leg”means _______.（）A．to tease somebody B．to let somebody lag behindC．to deceive somebody temporarily D．to prevent somebody from advancing26．“To ride one’s high horse”means _______.（）3A．to be glad B．to be haughtyC．to be arrogant D．to be confident27．Many English words refer to the historical aspects of English culture, such as _______.（）A．reformation B．lynchC．cocktail D．scalp28．In English culture,“red”can be associated with _______.（）A．celebrations B．embarrassment or shynessC．anger or excitement D．jealousy29．“Santa Clause”comes from _______.（）A．German B．FrenchC．Dutch D．Indian30．Chewing one’s finger nails signifies _______.（）A．emotional stress B．impatienceC．irritation D．worryⅢ.Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression.(12%)31.“Human resource development”is the euphemism for “_________.”32.The connective “so”in “If they see that you’re blue, they’ll look down upon you. So why should I bother to care.”indicates a(n) _________ relation.33.A ball game played by pitchers, batters, catchers and fielders is _________.34.Morphemes can be classified into two categories: inflectional and _________ morphemes.35.The Chinese meaning of the English name Alexander is _________.36.John Bull is _________ personified.37.“Self-made man”,in American English at least, is a _________ term.38.The English proverbial equivalent for“谋事在人，成事在天”is “_________.”39.Weak though he looked, he was as brave as a _________,as all the playground bullies came to learn.40.Cultures that allow people to interact at a great distance are referred to as _________ cultures.41.In general English speakers touch significantly less frequently than speakers of _________ languages do in everydayconversation.42.The word in American English for “教职员”is“_________.”Ⅳ.Answer the following questions briefly.(12%)43.What does“a red letter day”mean in English culture?44.Does“a marriage of convenience”covey the same meaning as “送上门的婚姻”？45.What do English speakers do when they receive gifts?46.What is the American equivalent for the British word “maize”?47.What is the English equivalent for “隐形眼镜”？448.Give examples to show the differences in what can be advertised between English and Chinese culture. Ⅴ.Translation.(16%)49.久仰大名。

绝密★考试结束前全国2013年10月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。

选择题部分注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。

2．每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试题卷上。

I. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement and blacken your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(20%)1. Language is vocal. This statement means that the primary medium of language is _____.A. writingB. speechC. body languageD. native language2. A person who cannot read or write is only an “illiterate”. However, a person who cannot speakis normally regarded as “disabled”. This fa ct shows _____.A. speech existed long before the writing system came into beingB. normal children always learn to speak firstC. speech is more important than writing for people’s daily lifeD. written symbols are designed to represent speech3. “Statesman” and “politician” can both be used to refer to a high gove rnment official. “Politician” conveys a derogative meaning while “statesman” does not. In this sense, the two words are mainly distinguished by their _____ meaning.A. conceptualB. connotativeC. socialD. affective4. Which of the following pairs of English expressions and their Chinese equivalents is NOT correct?A. house-warming—房屋供暖B. wall clock—挂钟C. stop watch—跑表D. contact lenses—隐形眼镜5. In which sentence does “it” function only as a grammatical subject and not refer to anything? Sentence 1: It is raining.Sentence 2: It is 9:00 o ’clock.Sentence 3: It is very cold.Sentence 4: It is my book.A. Sentence 1,2B. Sentence 3,4C. Sentence 1,2,3D. Sentence 2,3,46. How many morphemes are there in the word “international”?A.0B.lC.2D.37. You invite your English speaking friend to have dinner in your house. When he compliments that the food is very tasty, your response might be “_____”.A. No, it’s not good at all.B. Thank you. I’m glad you like it.C. You are so nice to say so.D. My cooking is poor.8. “Excuse me” can be used in the following occasions EXCEPT _____.A. when people want to pass in front of othersB. when people want to leave a partyC. when people are a few minutes late for an appointmentD. when people want to excuse themselves from company9. “Red tape” means _____.A. a red cassetteB. the rigid unnecessary official rules and regulationsC. the necessary official rules and regulationsD. a red string10. The English equivalent for “前车之覆，后车之鉴” can be“ _____”.A. rats desert a sinking shipB. a small leak will sink a great shipC. he that would sail without danger must never come on the main seaD. let another’s shipwreck be your seamark11. What does the expression “a blue fit” mean in informal English?A. a girl’s dressB. alarmC. unhappy feelingsD. a sad day12. What is the meaning of “a bear” in “He is a bear at fine arts.”?A. a huge guyB. a wealthy manC. good atD. clumsy13. A Chinese shows respect not only to a superior as his interlocutor. He uses honorifics to refer to his superior no matter whether his superior is present or not. For example, an emperor was called _____ when he was referred to in speeches or letters.A. 殿下B. 皇帝C. 陛下D. 圣上14. Euphemisms are also frequently used in education. If a teacher describes a student as “being able to do b etter work with help”, he might mean that the student is _____.A. slowB. lazyC. cheating in classD. lying15. The logical relation the sentences below exhibit is _____.－Are your parents coming to the Expo Sites?－Yes, they are.A. coherenceB. cohesionC. connectionD. conduction16. What is the logical relation of the sentences below?“Tickets, please. ” said the conductor. In a moment passengers were holding out their tickets.A. additiveB. adversativeC. causalD. temporal17. Uranium is the god of _____.A. heavens and father of TitansB. the sea, son of Saturn and brother of JupiterC. agriculture and father of JupiterD. the sky and the king of the gods18. In contemporary legal documents _____ are used thinly.A. loan wordsB. adjectivesC. punctuation marksD. long sentences19. Crossing one’s forefinger and middle finger signifies_____ in English speaking countries.A. surpriseB. good luckC. victoryD. frustration20. In proxemics scholars are particularly interested in the _____ between interlocutors in interpersonal communication.A. relative rightsB. relationshipC. distanceD. relative obligationII. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide what alternatives can complete the statement and blacken your answer(s) on the ANSWER SHEET. There might be more than one correct answer. (10%)21. Language is not entirely arbitrary. The words which have association with the sounds or the meaning of the compounds are not arbitrary. Which of the following English or Chinese words are NOT created arbitrarily?A. redB. greenhouseC. 钉子D. 叮当22. Affective meaning is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in language. Which of the following expressions are chiefly used to convey affective meaning?A. My god!B. It’s my book.C. You are a liar.D. You are a student.23. Which of the following words have more than one morpheme?A. beesB. mapC. herD. nicer24. The personal names related to the date of birth are quite popular in China. Which of the following names can reflect such feature?A. 蒋飞扬B.贾元春C. 蔡国庆D.潘长江25. “To ride one’s high horse” means _____.A. to be proudB. to be haughtyC. to be energeticD. to be arrogant26. “Purple” in English culture is often associated with_____.A. high rank or stationB. low rank or stationC. imperial or royal rankD. something best27. Which of the follow ing is the euphemism of “poor”?A. needyB. underprivilegedC. shabbyD. disadvantaged28. In the normal text sentences are connected _____.A. arbitrarilyB. hypotacticallyC. paratacticallyD. randomly29. Regulators, which help us to interact with other people, include _____.A. head-scratchingB. hand gesturesC. lip-bitingD. head nods30. Human beings have a strong sense of territory and their territories can be classified into the following categories _____.A. privateB. publicC. primaryD. secondary非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

全国自考语言学概论（语言与民族文化、语言与科学技术）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. 名词解释 4. 简答题 5. 分析题 6. 论述题7. 填空题名词解释1．广义文化正确答案：指精神现象和物质现象的总和，也就是说人类所创造的物质成果和精神成果都是文化。

比如“原始文化”“资本主义文化”“物质文化”等。

涉及知识点：语言与民族文化2．文化局限词语正确答案：由于每个民族的历史传统、生活环境、风俗习惯等的不同，往往都有一些比较独特的词语，例如汉语里的窝头、馒头、筷子、京剧都是中国所特有的，很多民族没有这种事物，只得把“馒头”译成“steamed bun(气蒸的面包)”，把京剧叫作“Peking Opera(北京歌剧)”。

而很多外来语如“热狗(hot dog)”“沙拉(salad)”“芭蕾(ballet)”等在汉语中也找不到对应的词，只好采用直译或音译。

这样的词语就是所谓的“文化局限词语”。

涉及知识点：语言与民族文化3．吉祥话正确答案：从正面说一般就是靠“词语谐音”来“讨口彩”，就是利用汉语中同音的字或词语来表示相应的祈求幸福吉祥的意思。

从反面说也就是“词语避讳”，不说不尊敬或不吉利的词语。

它随着社会变迁不断花样翻新，并且深刻地折射出汉民族的文化心理。

涉及知识点：语言与民族文化4．布洛卡失语症正确答案：1861年法国医生布洛卡最先发现大脑左半球前部有个部位受到外力损伤后，患者会出现语言障碍。

基本上不能说话，但仍能听懂别人说的话。

这个部位后来就被称作“布洛卡区”，布洛卡区受损伤而造成的语言障碍就叫作“布洛卡失语症”。

涉及知识点：语言与科学技术5．语言遗传机制正确答案：语言遗传机制也叫“语言获得机制”，是指人出生时大脑的构造就已经决定了人具有一定的语言能力，这部分能力人人都有，每个人都一样。

涉及知识点：语言与科学技术6．语音实验正确答案：指用各种仪器做实验来研究人的发音机制、语音的物理传播机制及语音听觉过程。

狂憎矮己锯悠体豹吝汕新舆鳞喀啄丰姑椽嚎联熬寡师鳃铬张踪窑追闷透畸拇独萨熏挂啃绰澳吧药码腾莽础眩捐惫兹院全国2013年10月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838I. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement and blacken your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(20%)1. Language is vocal. This statement means that the primary medium of language is _____.A. writingB. speechC. body languageD. native language2. A person who cannot read or write is only an “illiterate”. However, a person who cannot speak is no rmally regarded as “disabled”. This fact shows _____.A. speech existed long before the writing system came into beingB. normal children always learn to speak firstC. speech is more important than writing for people’s daily lifeD. written symbols are designed to represent speech3. “Statesman” and “politician” can both be used to refer to a high gove rnment official.“Politician” conveys a derogative meaning while “statesman” does not. In this sense, the two words are mainly distinguished by their _____ meaning.A. conceptualB. connotativeC. socialD. affective4. Which of the following pairs of English expressions and their Chinese equivalents is NOT correct?A. house-warming—房屋供暖B. wall clock—挂钟C. stop watch—跑表D. contact lenses—隐形眼镜5. I n which sentence does “it” function only as a grammatical subject and not refer to anything? Sentence 1: It is raining.Sentence 2: It is 9:00 o ’clock.Sentence 3: It is very cold.Sentence 4: It is my book.A. Sentence 1,2B. Sentence 3,4C. Sentence 1,2,3D. Sentence 2,3,46. How many morphemes are there in the word “international”?A.0B.lC.2D.37. You invite your English speaking friend to have dinner in your house. When he compliments that the food is very tasty, your response might be “_____”.A. No, it’s not good at all.B. Thank you. I’m glad you like it.C. You are so nice to say so.D. My cooking is poor.8. “Excuse me” can be used in the following occasions EXCEPT _____.A. when people want to pass in front of othersB. when people want to leave a partyC. when people are a few minutes late for an appointmentD. when people want to excuse themselves from company9. “Red tape” means _____.A. a red cassetteB. the rigid unnecessary official rules and regulationsC. the necessary official rules and regulationsD. a red string10. The English equivalent for “前车之覆，后车之鉴” can be“ _____”.A. rats desert a sinking shipB. a small leak will sink a great shipC. he that would sail without danger must never come on the main seaD. let another’s shipwreck be your seamark11. What does the expression “a blue fit” mean in informal English?A. a girl’s dressB. alarmC. unhappy feelingsD. a sad day12. What is the meaning of “a bear” in “He is a bear at fine arts.”?A. a huge guyB. a wealthy manC. good atD. clumsy13. A Chinese shows respect not only to a superior as his interlocutor. He uses honorifics to refer to his superior no matter whether his superior is present or not. For example, an emperor was called _____ when he was referred to in speeches or letters.A. 殿下B. 皇帝C. 陛下D. 圣上14. Euphemisms are also frequently used in education. If a teacher describes a student as “being able to do better work with help”, he might mean that the student is _____.A. slowB. lazyC. cheating in classD. lying15. The logical relation the sentences below exhibit is _____.－Are your parents coming to the Expo Sites?－Yes, they are.A. coherenceB. cohesionC. connectionD. conduction16. What is the logical relation of the sentences below?“Tickets, please. ” said the conductor. In a moment passengers were holding out their tickets. A. additive B. adversativeC. causalD. temporal17. Uranium is the god of _____.A. heavens and father of TitansB. the sea, son of Saturn and brother of JupiterC. agriculture and father of JupiterD. the sky and the king of the gods18. In contemporary legal documents _____ are used thinly.A. loan wordsB. adjectivesC. punctuation marksD. long sentences19. Crossi ng one’s forefinger and middle finger signifies_____ in English speaking countries.A. surpriseB. good luckC. victoryD. frustration20. In proxemics scholars are particularly interested in the _____ between interlocutors in interpersonal communication.A. relative rightsB. relationshipC. distanceD. relative obligationII. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide what alternatives can complete the statement and blacken your answer(s) on the ANSWER SHEET. There might be more than one correct answer. (10%)21. Language is not entirely arbitrary. The words which have association with the sounds or the meaning of the compounds are not arbitrary. Which of the following English or Chinese words are NOT created arbitrarily?A. redB. greenhouseC. 钉子D. 叮当22. Affective meaning is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in language. Which of the following expressions are chiefly used to convey affective meaning?A. My god!B. It’s my book.C. You are a liar.D. You are a student.23. Which of the following words have more than one morpheme?A. beesB. mapC. herD. nicer24. The personal names related to the date of birth are quite popular in China. Which of the following names can reflect such feature?A. 蒋飞扬B.贾元春C. 蔡国庆D.潘长江25. “To ride one’s high horse” means _____.A. to be proudB. to be haughtyC. to be energeticD. to be arrogant26. “Purple” in Engl ish culture is often associated with_____.A. high rank or stationB. low rank or stationC. imperial or royal rankD. something best27. Which of the following is the euphemism of “poor”?A. needyB. underprivilegedC. shabbyD. disadvantaged28. In the normal text sentences are connected _____.A. arbitrarilyB. hypotacticallyC. paratacticallyD. randomly29. Regulators, which help us to interact with other people, include _____.A. head-scratchingB. hand gesturesC. lip-bitingD. head nods30. Human beings have a strong sense of territory and their territories can be classified into the following categories _____.A. privateB. publicC. primaryD. secondaryIII. Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression. (20%)31. The thinking in which images are particularly attended to is called _____ thinking, which the Chinese people are particularly good at.32. The Thames is a _____ in Britain.33. The derivational morpheme in word “teacher” is_____.34. Terms of family relationships like mother, father, son, uncle, or more familiar terms like mom, dad, and aunty are termed as standard _____.35. The English equivalent for “坐失良机” is “to miss the _____”.36. In English _____ is often used metaphorically to mean gloomy or dismal.37. Terms of humility are used to show the speaker’s _____.38. Induction means the drawing of a general _____ from a number of known facts.39. ____ in English is often used metaphorically to refer to a formidably fierce, cruel person, especially a woman.40. Of the five categories of gestures _____ are perhaps the most important one because they are intentional behaviours with widely agreed meanings in a society.IV. Answer the following questions briefly. (12%)41. What are the properties of culture?42. Bot h “pretty” and “handsome” mean nice looking. But “pretty” is often used together with “girl”, “woman”, “flower”, etc. “Handsome” frequently appears together with “boy”，“man”,“car”, etc. In what meaning are these two words different?43. Give examples to show the differences in what can be advertised between English and Chinese culture.44. How hitchhiking is symbolized in English culture?V. Translation. (18%)45. He is not a man to act rashly.46. She is in a family way.47. your father(用敬语翻译)48．您先请进。

全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838Ⅰ.Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement.(20%)nguage is ________.( )A.the product of the human brainB.rule governedC.independent of cultureD.the result of social institutions2.Culture is a loan word from ________.A.FrenchtinC.RomanD.Norwegian3.In South Africa, Australia and New Zealand the first week day after Christmas is________.( )A.Boxing DayB.Thanksgiving DayC.EasterD.St.Valentine's Day4.A bun or bread roll containing fried or grilled steak is called .( )A.hamburgerB.sandwichC.hot dogD.pudding5.In the following words,________ contains a derivational morpheme.A.nicerB.mapsC.precedeD.worked6.In the following statements,________ is not true.( )A.“English is a language with explicit grammar and Chinese is a language with implicitgrammar.”B.“Compared with Chinese, English has more grammatical morphemes that are used morefrequently in either speech or writing.”C.“Chinese has no grammatical morphemes.”D.“Grammatical explicitness and consistency are required in English.”7.We can often find personal names in English that are related to .( )A.historical eventsB.natural phenomenaC.influential figuresD.the place of birth8.Abraham is a ________.( )A.religious nameB.flower nameC.weapon name of authority9.The Chinese personal letters generally sound more ________ in tone than their corresponding English ones.A.formalrmalC.ornateD.plain10.“To have the tendency to stretch the truth”can be used as the euphemism for“________”.( )A.to provide true informationB.to tell others’ fortuneC.to lieD.to steal11.The expression that can be used as the euphemism for “garbage collector”is “________”.A.collecting engineerB.garbage engineerC.sanitary engineerD.sanitation engineer.12.寒舍is equivalent to ________ in English.A.my homeB.my humble homeC.my cold houseD.my shabby hut13.The Chinese expression“给我一座金山，我也不干”corresponds to the English idiom________.( )A.to keep one's nose cleanB.not for all the tea in ChinaC.not to bat an eyelidD.to make one's flesh creep14.“Not to mince one's words”means ________.A.speak frankly,bluntly or coarselyB.speak indirectlyC.speak thoughtfullyD.speak mindlessly15.The expression “that young man is a bear at mathematics”has a similar meaning to________.( )A.that young man is bad at mathematicsB.that young man is good at mathematicsC.that young man is clumsy at mathematicsD.that young man is a mathematician16.In English culture “white”connotes ________.( )A.deathB.crueltyC.reactionD.innocence17.British English is spoken in ________.( )A.Great BritainB.AustraliaC.New ZealandD.A,B,and C.18.Rubbing one's thumb against one's forefinger and middle finger means in Englishbody language system.A.moneyB.dirtC.OKD.victory19.Gestures that can fully take the place of spoken words are .( )A.illustratorsB.emblemsC.regulatorsD.adapters20.Generally ________ is the most difficult among the following in the learning of foreignnonverbal communication.( )A.transferB.reassociationC.conflictD.reinterpretationⅡ.EAch of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives.Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives can complete the statement. There might be more than one correct answer.(10%)21.In English culture “blue”is often associated with ________.( )A.unhappy feelingsB.high social positionC.jealousy and envycking experience22.The idiomatic expression“to put one's foot in one's mouth”means .( )A.to say something embarrassingB.to just make itC.to have an angry attitudeD.to say something wrong or unsuitable23.________is an outright offensive racist world.A.GirlB.BoyC.NiggerD.Negro24.At first we thought we would go for a holiday.________we learned we were needed at home.A.UnfortunatelyB.And thenC.UnexpectedlyD.Subsequently25.In British English,to gain the attention of a stranger, speakers often rely on“______”.( )A.Excuse meB.HelloC.Miss/Ma'am/Mister/sirD.I beg your pardon26.________are named after their designers or manufacturers.A.FordB.ChanelC.SalemD.Rolex27.Westerners often draw a cross by touching the forehead,breast and shoulders to invoke theblessing of Christ,when they are ________.( )A.angryB.shockedC.sadD.amusednguage is ________.( )A.an instrument used in the communication of thought.B.the function of the human brain.C.nonverbal from the very beginningD.closely related to thinking.29.In the following cultural interpretations for the differences in word order between English andChinese,________ is reasonable.A.English people are inclined to think inductively, while Chinese people tend to thinkdeductively.B.English people are inclined to think deductively, while Chinese people tend to thinkinductively.C.English people are direct and Chinese people are indirect.D.English is a hypotactic language and Chinese is a paratactic language.30.One can get ________ in a drugstore or chemist's shop.A.medicinesB.chemicalsC.toiletriesD.magazines.Ⅲ.Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression.(12%)nguage is the carrier and ___________ of culture.32.Many English words are distinguished by their ___________ meanings,which are normallyattached to conceptual meanings.33.In English all the prefixes are ___________ morphemes.34.Given names used as vocatives suggest ___________ between the addresser and theaddressee.35.In ___________ argumentation the supporting facts or details are located before theconclusion.36.“Son of a bitch”, as a swear word, is more ___________ than “damn it”.37.When describing a place English speakers prefer ___________ language representing freshideas.38.The English proverbial expression ___________ corresponds to “明珠暗投”in Chinese.39.When I finally secured a small part in a television play my mother was as proud as a ___ andtold all the neighbours about it.40.Similes and metaphors must have two components:___________ and ___________.41.___________in English is often used metaphorically to refer to a formidably fierce, cruelperson, especially a woman.42.Nonverbal communication is often used with ___________ behaviours to convey meaning. Ⅳ.Answer the following questions briefly：(12%)43.What is the American equivalent for the British word “maize”?44.What does the gesture “touching or pointing to one's own nose by raised thumb ”signify inwestern culture?45.What does “a shylock" allude to ?46.How would you explain in relation to culture the metaphorical statement “his skin was whiteas leprosy”?47.Why has it been claimed that English texts develop in a linear fashion?48.How will you explain the contrast of explicit grammar in English and implicit grammar inChinese?Ⅴ.Translation:(16%)49.Do you see anything green in my eye?50.I can't thank you enough.——Don't mention it.51.The young man sitting between Mary and John is the editor-in-chief of our campus newspaper.52.The calmest husbands make the stormiest wives.53.Those born to the purple are destined to live in the public eye.54.敬请光临55.作了婆婆忘了作媳妇时的苦。

绝密★考试结束前全国2013年10月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。

选择题部分注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。

2．每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试题卷上。

I. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement and blacken your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(20%)1. Language is vocal. This statement means that the primary medium of language is _____.A. writingB. speechC. body languageD. native language2. A person who cannot read or write is only an “illiterate”. However, a person who cannot speak is normally regarded as“disabled”. This fa ct shows _____.A. speech existed long before the writing system came into beingB. normal children always learn to speak firstC. speech is more important than writing for people’s daily lifeD. written symbols are designed to represent speech3. “Statesman” and “politician” can both be used to refer to a high gover nment official. “Politician” conveys a derogative meaning while “statesman” does not. In this sense, the two words are mainly distinguished by their _____ meaning.A. conceptualB. connotativeC. socialD. affective4. Which of the following pairs of English expressions and their Chinese equivalents is NOT correct?A. house-warming—房屋供暖B. wall clock—挂钟C. stop watch—跑表D. contact lenses—隐形眼镜5. In which sentence does “it” function on ly as a grammatical subject and not refer to anything?Sentence 1: It is raining.Sentence 2: It is 9:00 o ’clock.Sentence 3: It is very cold.Sentence 4: It is my book.A. Sentence 1,2B. Sentence 3,4C. Sentence 1,2,3D. Sentence 2,3,46. How many morphemes are there in the word “international”?7. You invite your English speaking friend to have dinner in your house. When he compliments that the food is very tasty, your response might be “_____”.A. No, it’s not good at all.B. Thank you. I’m glad you like it.C. You are so nice to say so.D. My cooking is poor.8. “Excuse me” can be used in the following occasions EXCEPT _____.A. when people want to pass in front of othersB. when people want to leave a partyC. when people are a few minutes late for an appointmentD. when people want to excuse themselves from company9. “Red tape” means _____.A. a red cassetteB. the rigid unnecessary official rules and regulationsC. the necessary official rules and regulationsD. a red string10. The English equivalent for “前车之覆，后车之鉴” canbe“ _____”.A. rats desert a sinking shipB. a small leak will sink a great shipC. he that would sail without danger must never come on the main seaD. let another’s shipwreck be your seamark11. What does the expression “a blue fit” mean in informal English?A. a girl’s dressB. alarmC. unhappy feelingsD. a sad day12. What is the meaning of “a bear” in “He is a bear at fine arts.”?A. a huge guyB. a wealthy manC. good atD. clumsy13. A Chinese shows respect not only to a superior as his interlocutor. He uses honorifics to refer to his superior no matter whether his superior is present or not. For example, an emperor was called _____ when he was referred to in speeches or letters.A. 殿下B. 皇帝C. 陛下D. 圣上14. Euphemisms are also frequently used in education. If a teacher describes a student as “being able to do better workwith help”, he might mean that the student is _____.A. slowB. lazyC. cheating in classD. lying15. The logical relation the sentences below exhibit is _____.－Are your parents coming to the Expo Sites?－Yes, they are.A. coherenceB. cohesionC. connectionD. conduction16. What is the logical relation of the sentences below?“Tickets, please. ” said the conductor. In a moment passengers were holding out their tickets.A. additiveB. adversativeC. causalD. temporal17. Uranium is the god of _____.A. heavens and father of TitansB. the sea, son of Saturn and brother of JupiterC. agriculture and father of JupiterD. the sky and the king of the gods18. In contemporary legal documents _____ are used thinly.A. loan wordsB. adjectivesC. punctuation marksD. long sentences19. Crossing one’s forefinger and middle finger signifies_____ in English speaking countries.A. surpriseB. good luckC. victoryD. frustration20. In proxemics scholars are particularly interested in the _____ between interlocutors in interpersonal communication.A. relative rightsB. relationshipC. distanceD. relative obligationII. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide what alternatives can complete the statement and blacken your answer(s) on the ANSWER SHEET. There might be more than one correct answer. (10%) 21. Language is not entirely arbitrary. The words which have association with the sounds or the meaning of the compounds are not arbitrary. Which of the following English or Chinese words are NOT created arbitrarily?A. redB. greenhouseC. 钉子D. 叮当22. Affective meaning is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in language.Which of the following expressions are chiefly used to convey affective meaning?A. My god!B. It’s my book.C. You are a liar.D. You are a student.23. Which of the following words have more than one morpheme?A. beesB. mapC. herD. nicer24. The personal names related to the date of birth are quite popular in China. Which of the following names can reflect such feature?A. 蒋飞扬B.贾元春C. 蔡国庆D.潘长江25. “To ride one’s high horse” means _____.A. to be proudB. to be haughtyC. to be energeticD. to be arrogant26. “Purple” in English culture is often associated with_____.A. high rank or stationB. low rank or stationC. imperial or royal rankD. something best27. Which of the following is the euphemism of “poor”?A. needyB. underprivilegedC. shabbyD. disadvantaged28. In the normal text sentences are connected _____.A. arbitrarilyB. hypotacticallyC. paratacticallyD. randomly29. Regulators, which help us to interact with other people, include _____.A. head-scratchingB. hand gesturesC. lip-bitingD. head nods30. Human beings have a strong sense of territory and their territories can be classified into the following categories _____.A. privateB. publicC. primaryD. secondary非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838Ⅰ.Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement.20%is ________.product of the human brain governedof culture result of social institutionsis a loan word from ________.South Africa, Australia and New Zealand the first week day after Christmas is ________.Day Day's Daybun or bread roll containing fried or grilled steak is called .dogthe following words,________ contains a derivational morpheme.the following statements,________ is not true.A.“English is a language with explicit grammar and Chinese is a language withimplicit grammar.”B.“Compared with Chinese, English has more grammatical morphemes that are usedmore frequently in either speech or writing.”C.“Chinese has no grammatical morphemes.”D.“Grammatical explicitness and consistency are required in English.”can often find personal names in English that are related to .events phenomenafigures place of birthis a ________.name namename of authorityChinese personal letters generally sound more ________ in tone than their corresponding English ones.10.“To have the tendency to stretch the truth”can be used as the euphemism for“________”.provide true information tell others’ fortunelie stealexpression that can be used as the euphemism for “garbage collector”is “________”.engineer engineerengineer engineer.12.寒舍is equivalent to ________ in English.home humble home cold house shabby hutChinese expression“给我一座金山,我也不干”corresponds to the English idiom ________.keep one's nose clean for all the tea in Chinato bat an eyelid make one's flesh creep14.“Not to mince one's words”means ________.frankly,bluntly or coarsely indirectlythoughtfully mindlesslyexpression “that young man is a bear at mathematics”has a similar meaning to ________.young man is bad at mathematics young man is good at mathematicsyoung man is clumsy at mathematics young man is a mathematicianEnglish culture “white”connotes ________.English is spoken in ________.Britain Zealand ,B,and C.one's thumb against one's forefinger and middle finger means in English body language system.that can fully take the place of spoken words are .________ is the most difficult among the following in the learning of foreign nonverbal communication.Ⅱ.EAch of the following incomplete statements is followed by four each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives can complete the statement. There might be more than one correct answer.10%English culture “blue”is often associated with ________.feelings social positionand envy experienceidiomatic expression“to put one's foot in one's mouth”means .say something embarrassingjust make ithave an angry attitudesay something wrong or unsuitablean outright offensive racist world.first we thought we would go for a learned we were needed at home.thenBritish English,to gain the attention of a stranger, speakers often rely on “______”.meMa'am/Mister/sir beg your pardonnamed after their designers or manufacturers.often draw a cross by touching the forehead,breast and shoulders to invoke the blessing of Christ,when they are ________.is ________.instrument used in the communication of thought.function of the human brain.from the very beginningrelated to thinking.the following cultural interpretations for the differences in word order between English and Chinese,________ is reasonable.people are inclined to think inductively, while Chinese people tend to think deductively.people are inclined to think deductively, while Chinese people tend to think inductively.people are direct and Chinese people are indirect.is a hypotactic language and Chinese is a paratactic language.can get ________ in a drugstore or chemist's shop..Ⅲ.Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression.12%is the carrier and ___________ of culture.English words are distinguished by their ___________ meanings,which are normally attached to conceptual meanings.English all the prefixes are ___________ morphemes.names used as vocatives suggest ___________ between the addresser and the addressee.___________ argumentation the supporting facts or details are located before the conclusion.36.“Son of a bitch”, as a swear word, is more ___________ than “damn it”. describing a place English speakers prefer ___________ language representing fresh ideas.English proverbial expression ___________ corresponds to “明珠暗投”in Chinese.I finally secured a small part in a television play my mother was as proud as a ___ andtold all the neighbours about it.and metaphors must have two components:___________ and ___________.English is often used metaphorically to refer to a formidably fierce, cruel person, especially a woman.communication is often used with ___________ behaviours to convey meaning.Ⅳ.Answer the following questions briefly：12%is the American equivalent for the British word “maize”does the gesture “touching or pointing to one's own nose by raised thumb ”signify in western culturedoes “a shylock" allude towould you explain in relation to culture the metaphorical statement “his skin was white as leprosy”has it been claimed that English texts develop in a linear fashionwill you explain the contrast of explicit grammar in English and implicit grammar in ChineseⅤ.Translation:16%you see anything green in my eyecan't thank you enough.——Don't mention it.young man sitting between Mary and John is the editor-in-chief of our campus newspaper.calmest husbands make the stormiest wives.born to the purple are destined to live in the public eye.54.敬请光临55.作了婆婆忘了作媳妇时的苦;into an English proverb56.他的钱全被抢光了;Ⅵ.Define the following terms:10%timeⅦ.Discuss the following topics:20%similarities and differences can you find between “red”and “红”system of meaning represented by the words in a language is culture specific. How do you interpret this statement全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题参考答案课程代码：00838Ⅰ.Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives.Ⅱ.Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives.10%Ⅲ.Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression.12%your pearls before swinetenor, the vehicleⅣ.Answer the following questions briefly:12%American equivalent for the British word “maize”is “corn”.'s me or I'm the one.alludes to a cruel, greedy, money-grabbing person who will go to no ends to gain wealth.is a skin disease that may cause discolored patches. It was at least once common in England. However lepers are seldom seen in China.English texts normally focus on the central theme and a sentence is often derived directly form the previous sentences both in from and in meaning.is highly probably that English speakers prefer to indicate explicitly the logical relationships between words, phrases or clause, whereas the Chinese people, when logical relationships can be inferred from the context or have been known, allow them to be expressed implicitly.Ⅴ.Translation:16%49.你以为我可欺吗50.非常感谢;——不客气;51.坐在玛丽和约翰之间的年轻人是我们校报主编;52.丈夫懦弱妻子凶;53.那些出身高贵的人注定广受瞩目;the honour of your presence.mother-in-law remembers not that she was a daughter-in-law.was robbed of all his money.Ⅳ.Define the following terms:10%are used to address others to draw their attention.metaphor is an implied comparison between two or more like things.,the acronyms of English for Science and Technology, is used to discuss topics about sciencs and technology.time refers to precise, scientific measurements of time counted in ordered, logical sequences.refers to the view that all men have equal social and political rights.Ⅶ.Discuss the following topics:20%62.“Red”and “红”are both associated with celebration and joyful occasions. Theymay be both associated with anger and embarrassment. And they are both associated with revolution and communism as well.“The red light district”and “red tape”are foreign to the Chinese people and 牛羊肉becomes “red meat”in English.“See red”,“wave a red flag”, and “red rag”may be derived from bullfighting which is foreign to the Chinese people.system of meaning shaped in a particular cultural context is culture specific. That means each language represents a system of meaning that is different from any other such systems. We know that each culture develops in a particular geographical and historical framework and is a unique way of life favored by a particular population. Culture shapes the system of meaning represented by language, especially, words. Moreover, each language represents a system of meaning in ways particular to its own, For instance, different language may represent the color system differently, breaking the colour spectrum at different points. As a whole, each language represents a unique system of meaning in unique ways.。

全国2005年10月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838Ⅰ. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement and put the answer in the brackets. (20%)1. In educational settings “depend on others to do his/her work” is often preferred to “______”.A. fail to do one’s homeworkB. fail to do one’s schoolwork wellC. cheat in examsD. cheat in class2. A “file clerk” is often said euphemistically to be a(n) “______”.A. information directorB. research consultantC. office executiveD. assistant manager3. I wonder whether Nick isn’t better off, after all. ______—they do look after him, don’t they?A. I meanB. In other wordsC. ActuallyD. Incidentally4. The next morning she was glad and proud that she had not yielded to a scare. ______ he was most strangely and obviously better.A. ThoughB. At this pointC. ForD. So5. “2000年7月25日上午10点” can be translated into ______.A. At 10 o’clock of the morning of 25 July of 2000B. At 10 o’clock on the morning of 25 July, 2000C. At 10 o’clock, the morning of 25 July, 2000D. At 10 o’clock in the morning of 25 July, 20006. Which of the following names is associated with Christianity?A. EdgarB. JosephC. AlexanderD. Iris7. When you introduce Mary Smith to John Jones, you may say ______.A. “John Jones, this is Mary Smith”B. “Mr. Jones, may I introduce Mrs. Smith?”C. “Mary Smith, this is John Jones”D. “Mary Smith, this is Mr. Jones”8. “______” is inappropriate as a reply to an apology.A. It’s O. K.B. It’s all right.C. Not at all.D. Never mind.9. It is suggested that Chinese people are good at holistic ______.A. writingB. speakingC. thinkingD. doing10. The thematic model emphasizes three culture elements:______.A. traits, values and world viewsB. personal behaviours, thinking patterns and valuesC. norms, customs and circumstancesD. time, space and dimension11. The Chinese equivalent for “high school” is ______.A. 中等学校B. 高等学校C. 技术学校D. 职业学校12. In English culture, “old” is associated with all the following except ______.A. uselessB. traditionalC. senileD. skilled13. The phrasal verb “look into” corresponds in meaning to the single word ______.A. expectB. investigateC. despiseD. watch14. “To be very careful and correct in one’s behaviour” is synonymous to ______.A. “Mr. Right”B. “keep one’s own company”C. “to mind one’s p’s and q’s”D. “to keep one’s nose clean”15. “To make a cat laugh” means ______.A. to be tragicB. to be comicC. to be proudD. to be serious16. In English culture “white” connotes ______.A. innocenceB. deathC. crueltyD. reaction17. The English equivalent for “害了红眼病” is ______.A. a white hopeB. grey-headedC. pinkeyeD. green-eyed18. Uranus is the Roman god of ______.A. heavens and father of SaturnB. the sea, son of Saturn and brother of JupiterC. agriculture and father of JupiterD. the sky and the king of the gods19. American English and ______ English are two varieties of the English language and they are of equal status.A. CanadianB. AustralianC. New Zealandic EnglishD. British20. Stamping one’s foot signifies ______ in English body language.A. angerB. strengthC. remorseD. impatienceⅡ. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of thefour alternatives can complete the statement and put the answer(s) in the brackets. There might be more than one correct answer. (10%)21. “______” is more offensive than “damn” or “damn it”.A. HellB. God damn youC. Damn youD. Jesus Christ22. He was the popular candidate. ______he will be elected.A. So thatB. As suchC. ConsequentlyD. Accordingly23. In the following statements,______ is true.A. English has gone through the stage of explicit grammar, while Chinese has.B. Modern European languages are grammatical simpler and demonstrate less grammatical explicitly than classical European language.C. English and Chinese are at different developmental stages.D. English and Chinese are at same developmental stages.24. When John Smith picks up the phone, he may say ______.A. Hello. This is John speaking.B. Hello.C. Who’s calling, please?D. Good morning. John Smith here.25. When English speakers respond to thanks, they normally say ______.A. “Don’t mention it”B. “It’s my pleasure”C. “Not at all”D. “No. It’s my duty”26. The idiomatic expression “to put one’s foot in one’s mouth” means ______.A. to just make itB. to say something embarrassingC. to have an angry attitudeD. to say something wrong or unsuitable27. “A blue fit” is close in meaning to ______.A. annoyanceB. happinessC. satisfactionD. irritation28. In English culture, ______ are positive in meaning.A. ambitiousB. self-made manC. do-gooderD. aggressive29. In Chinese newspapers ______ are not reported so frequently as in English newspapers.A. political achievementsB. cultural achievementsC. crimesD. disasters30. Touching or bodily contact is more common among ______ in English speaking countries.A. malesB. the oldC. femalesD. the youngⅢ. Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression. (12%)31. “To fresh up” can be used by a female as an euphemism for ________.32. In an English letter of request there are three parts: the purpose for which the letter is written, the supporting information and a ________.33. It is hard for ________ to understand why “走狗” is a pejorative term in Chinese.34. Each culture develops a particular way of ________ favoured by a particular population.35. English uses frequently inflectional morphemes to indicate the ________ relations between linguistic elements.36. “Good-bye” is the contracted form of ________ and therefore carries a religious connotation.37. “Good night” is usually as an expression of ________.38. The English proverbial expression ________ corresponds to “对牛抚琴” in Chinese.39. The English expression ________ corresponds to “胆小如鼠” in Chinese.40. The branch of learning that studies how we perceive, structure, reacts to, and interpret messages of time is referred to as ________.41. American English differs from British English mainly in pronunciation and ________.42. The phrase in British English for “私立学校” is ________.Ⅳ. Answer the following questions briefly. (12%)43. What are some examples in Australian English illustrating racist language?44. How do English speakers respond to compliments?45. What is large c culture?46. How would you explain the fact that “greenhouse” and its equivalent in Chinese “温室” are formed differently?47. Which idiomatic expression in English corresponds to “捧腹大笑” in Chinese?48. What is the word for “hard liquor” in British English?Ⅴ. Translation. (16%)49. 您有何高见?50. Most surprise attacks against the enemy have now become pre-emptive strikes.51. I’m sorry, Mr. Jones is occupied right now. Would you like to leave a message, please?52. Hello. This is Mary speaking. Who is calling?53. He that increases knowledge increases sorrow.54. 巧妇难为无米之炊。

2017年4月语言学概论真题高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试语言学概论试卷一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.【题干】汉语属于（）。

【选项】A.孤立语B.屈折语C.粘着语D.复综语【答案】A【解析】p53,汉语属于没有形态变化的“孤立语”和“分析性语言”。

【考点】语言的性质和类型2.【题干】“种花”的“花”和“花钱”的“花”是（）。

【选项】A.同义词B.多义词C.同音词D.近义词【答案】C【解析】P132,同音词指语音形式相同而意义完全不同的词。

“种花”中“花” 为名词，表供观赏的一种植物，“花钱”中“花”为动词，表示耗费。

【考点】词的分类3.【题干】苏美尔人发明了（）。

【选项】A.楔形文字B.甲骨文C.腓尼基字母D.阿拉伯字母【答案】A【解析】p239,苏美尔人发明了苏美尔文字，因为字的笔道像一个个“楔子” 所以后人给这种文字起名为楔形文字。

【考点】文字的类型4.【题干】第二语言学习者在使用外语时常常借助于母语的发音、词义、结构规则或习惯来表达思想的现象叫（）。

【选项】A.语言相关B.语言辅助C.语言影响D.语言迁移【答案】D【解析】p297,语言迁移是指第二语言学习者在使用外语时常常借助于母语的发音、词义、结构规则或习惯来表达思想的现象。

【考点】第二语言学习5.【题干】“郭明义是当代的雷锋”中，“雷锋”属于借代中的（）。

【选项】A.以部分代整体B.以特征代本体C.以具体代抽象D.以专称代通称【答案】D【解析】p308, “雷锋”代表所有全心全意为人民服务的人。

【考点】修辞格6.【题干】“成立”和“建立”这两个词的词义区别主要是（）。

【选项】A.理性意义不同B.感情色彩不同C.语体色彩不同D.形象色彩不同【答案】A【解析】p192,近义词之间差别主要表现在词的理性意义和词的非理性意即附加色彩两方面。

全国高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码全国2009年1 0月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838I. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statementand the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement. (20%)1. “A Chauvinist pig” refers to a person who believes that women are ______.( )A. prone to tearsB. sociableC. frailD. inferior2. A hot, freshly cooked sausage sandwiched in a split roll of bread is called ______.( )A. hamburgerB. sandwichC. hot dogD. pudding3. Language is ______.( )A. the product of the human brainB. rule governedC. independent of cultureD. the result of social institutions4. Language is used for communication in that communication is the ____ function of language.( )A. primaryB. peripheralC. mediumD. personal5. Which of the following statements is NOT true?( )A. English is a language with explicit grammar and Chinese is a language with implicit grammar.B. Compared with Chinese, English has more grammatical morphemes that are used more frequently in either speech or writing.C. Chinese has no grammatical morphemes.D. Grammatical explicitness and consistency are required in English.6. English is the language which ______.( )A. demonstrates more hypotactic relations than Chinese doesB. demonstrates more paratactic relations than Chinese doesC. demonstrates only hypotactic relationsD. only relies on conjunctions for sentence construction7. ____ can be used as a title for an English woman whose marital status is unknown or is not indicated.( )A. Mrs.B. Ms.C. MissD. Madam8. “To kick the bucket” means“to _____ ” ( )A. dieB. workC. playD. study9. “Marry in May, repent always.” is related to ______.( )A. geographyB. ChristianityC. individualismD. Greco-Roman civilization10. “A Cleopatra” is an allusion from______.( )A. mythologyB. religionC. literatureD. sports11. A simile is a direct _____ between two or more unlike things, normally introduced by “like” or “as”.( )A. meaningB. comparisonC. linkD. way12. Terms of colours can be used either literally to refer to different colours or metaphorically to convey their ______ meanings.( )A. directB. impliedC. associativeD. comparative13. ______ are pleasant, polite or harmless sounding words or expressions used to mask harsh, rude or infamous truths.( )A. Terms of humilityB. HonourificsC. Similes and metaphorsD. Euphemisms14. Honourifics are used t o show respect to one’s interlocutors and persons mentioned in conversations, while ______ are used to show the speaker’s modesty.( )A. honourificsB. complimentsC. terms of humilityD. euphemisms15. The term “text” refers to any piece of spoken or written language, which expresses a(n) ______ meaning.( )A. completeB. incompleteC. regularD. irregular16. A: Do you mind my smoking here ?( )B: This is non-smoking area.There is ______between the above two sentences.A. logicB. lexicalC. cohesionD. coherence17. Which of the following words is a coinage, which is often used in the advertisements or brand names?( )A. homelyB. packageC. smoothnessD. home office18. The Chinese meaning of “Mars” is ______ .( )A. 水星B. 金星C. 火星D.木星19. What does punctuality mean to Americans and Englishmen?( )A. in timeB. on time if not a little beforeC. a couple of minutes lateD. half an hour late20. ______ communication is communication without words.( )A. ActionB. GesturesC. VerbalD. NonverbalII. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which alternatives can complete the statement. There might be more than one correct answer. (10%)21. Affective meaning is communicated when ______ are expressed directly or indirectly in language.( )A. communicative valuesB. attitudesC. feelingsD. referential meanings22. Many English words refer to the historical aspects of English culture, such as ______.( ) A. reformation B. lynchC. cocktailD. scalp23. Which of the following statements is right?( )A. Hypotactic language is unambiguous and paratactic language is ambiguous.B. Hypotactic language like English relies on conjunctions for sentence construction.C. Paratactic language like Chinese never relies on conjunctions for sentence construction.D. Hypotactic and paratactic relations can be found in both English and Chinese.24. “ ______ ”is an appropriate reply to an expression of gratitude.( )A. Don’t mention itB. Don’t say thatC. It’s my pleasureD. It’s my duty25. ______ is an allusion from a historical event.( )A. NewcastleB. MarathonC. WaterlooD. Paris26. In English, green is usually associated with ______.( )A. jealousyB. lacking experienceC. authoritative permissionD. profit27. In English, we can use such euphemisms as ______ for “die”.( )A. “go”B. “depart”C. “go to a better world”D. “go the way of all flesh”28. The logical relationships between adjoining sentences can be classified into ______. ( )A. additiveB. adversativeC. causalD. temporal29. A news report normally consists of ______.( )A. a headlineB. a leadC. a subtitleD. a story30. Thumbing one’s nose is used to show one’s ______.( )A. defianceB. greeting othersC. arousing other’s interestD. contemptIII. Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression. (20%)31. Language is the carrier and ______ of culture.32. Each culture develops a particular way of ______ favoured by a particular population.33. The prefix “super-” and suffices “-logy”, “-ics” are all from______.34. ______ is used to talk about a person or event that attractsa lot of notice and is the subject of much talk for a short time but is soon forgotten.35. If the person calling is a stranger and does not tell who he or she is, English speakers normally ask“ ______ ”36. Which of the following words in the sentence “There are too many facts here for me to digest them all”is a metaphor?______37. In English a developing country is used to refer to a poor country. Here a developing country is a______.38. A: Are you from China?B: Yes, I am.The sentences in the above dialogue are connected by both grammatical and lexical means, so we say that they exhibit ______.39. In American English, the letters “er” in the word “clerk” are pronounced as______.40. “ ______ ”is signified by moving several times the hand whose forefinger touches one’s own cheek.IV. Answer the following questions briefly.(12%)41. Could you say something about the language features of English advertising?42. How is nonverbal communication related to culture?43. What does abstract thinking refer to?44. How would you explain the fact that “greenhouse”and its equivalent in Chinese “温室”are formed differently?V. Translation.(18%)45．趁热打铁。