科目代码：613四川外国语大学XXXX年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称：基础法语答题要求:所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。
全卷150分，3小时完成。
I.Vocabulaire(10%)A.Formez des noms d’actions avec les verbes suivants.1.résoudre2.convaincre3.établir4.imprimer5.bloquerB.Mettez les mots suivants au sens contraire avec un préfixe.1.semblable2.prévisible3.humain4.limité5.contentementplétez les trous par des prépositions:(20%)1.L’eau se transforme____vapeur____l’effet de la forte chaleur.2.Afin de faire connaître leur lutte,les grévistes de l’usine Lip ont mis____place unecommission d’accueil.3.Sa mauvaise humeur tient____sonétat de santé:il souffre____l’insomnie depuis deuxjours.4.Hier,Paul s’est querelléavec Jacques,ce matin,Paul a tendu la mainàJacques,____signe de réconciliation.5.Le temps oùles réactionnaires au pouvoir se jouaient____la vie des hommes sont____jamais révolus.6.Plusieurs ouvriersâgés ontétémis en retraite anticipée____vue de laisser places libres auxjeunes.7.L’échec successif de la navette spatiale a plongéles gens____la consternation.8.En raison de la“psychose du nucléaire”,les habitants sont hostiles____la constructiond’une centrale nucléaire dans leur région.9.Cette universitéest réputée____ses disciplines de littérature,d’histoire et de philosophie.10.Chaque année,les Français doivent payer4cents euros pour s’assurer____les accidents.11.____deux choses l’une,ou vousêtes ignorant,ou bien vous faites l’ignorant.12.Il est déjàdiplômé____cet Institut universitaire de Technologie.De là____deveniringénieur,il n’y a qu’un pasàfranchir.13.Le style de cetécrivain anglais s’apparente____celui de Victor Hugo.14.Conditionnés dès leur plus tendre enfance par la théorie de la lutte de classes,les villageoisse montrent fort méfiants____l’égard de cet homme habillé____l’européenne.15.Ce n’est qu’au XXème siècle que l’homme arriveàdégager____le noyau atomique uneénergie gigantesque.III.Remplacez le verbe«avoir»par des verbes de sens plus précis(10%)àchoisir parmi:A.jouir deB.exercerC.dégagerD.offrirE.mesurerF.entretenirG.adopterH.occuperI.entraînerJ.éprouver1.Avoir une grande influence.2.Cette fleur a un parfum délicieux.3.Avoir une bonne réputation.4.Il a d’excellents rapports avec Jean.5.Avoir une attitude active.6.Avoir les conséquences les plus graves.7.Avoir de l’admiration pour...8.Avoir le second rang.9.Cette affaire a de grands avantages.10.Cette salle a quatorze mètres de long.plétez les trousàl’aide des expressions de l’hypothèse proposées(10%)au cas où;même si;suivant que;sinon;pour peu que;en aucun casau risque de;comme si;àcondition que;si1._____par chance la pharmacie est ouverte ce dimanche,je pourrai commencer le traitement aussitôt.2._____nous parvenonsàatteindre cet objectif,nous sommes très loin d'être tirés d'affaire pour autant.3.Je prendrai la chambre la plus petite_____vous y installiez la télévision.4._____je sorte du bureau avec cinq minutes de retard,je manque la correspondance du RER.5._____vousêtes en bonne santéou(que vousêtes)malade,vous supportez plus ou moins bien les changements de régime.6.Il faut composter votre billet,_____il n’est pas valable.7._____te vexer,je dois te dire que je n’aime pas beaucoup ta coiffure.8.Elle ne bouge pas,_____elle n’entendait pas la sonnerie du téléphone.9._____vous verriez Jean,dites-lui de m’appeler.10.Les enfants qui font le stage de voile ne doivent_____quitter leurs gilets de sauvetage.plétez les trousàl’aide des expressions de l’opposition proposées(10%)àl’opposéde;sinon;avant de;or;il ne suffit pas de;alors que;en réalité;au contraire;en contrepartie;loin de là1._____pouvoir donner des leçons aux autres,il fautêtre exemplaire chez soi.2._____éprouver des sentiments,il est parfois nécessaire de les montrer aux personnes qui vous aiment.3._____la flexibiliténe touchait auparavant que les cadres supérieurs,elle concernedésormais toutes les catégories de salariés.4.Je n’ai pas souffert de ces années passées en internat._____,j’en garde un excellent souvenir.5.Didier n’est pas quelqu’un de patient,_____!6.Tu prétends l’avoir vue hier,_____elle est actuellementàShanghai!7.Au rez-de-chaussée vous aurez moins de lumière mais,_____,vous pourrez disposer du jardin.8.Il a refusécette invitation en disant qu’ilétait malade._____,il voulait passer la soirée avec sa fiancée.9._____son frère cadet qui adorait son grand-père,Marc se sentait malàl’aise en sa présence.10.Vous devez remettre votre mémoire avant samedi,_____,il ne sera pas noté.VI.Lisez les phrases suivantes et choisissez le mot ou l’expression dont le sens est le plus proche de celui de la partie soulignée(10%)ment vas-tu t'y prendre pour lui annoncer la nouvelle?A)s'expliquer B)étudier C)agir D)traduire2.Pierre parlait beaucoup,mais au bout du compte,on s'aperçoit qu'il n'a rien proposé.A)àce compte-làB)àce sujet C)généralement D)finalement3.Cet architecte sacrifie l'éléganceàla solidité.A)considéme...B)apprécier…en dépit de...C)lier spontanément...à...D)négliger...au profit de...4.On ne s'engage pas dans une telle entreprise sans en mesurer toutes les conséquences.A)prévoir B)compter C)ranger D)arranger5.Il aétéforcéd'embaucher quelques personnes pour l'été.A)licencier B)renvoyer C)engager D)instruire6.Il est sur le point de s'endormir.A)Il va s'endormir.B)Il s'est endormi depuis peu.C)Il dort depuis longtemps.D)Il vient juste de s'endormir.7.Dans ce club,les moniteurs prennent totalement les enfants en charge.A)s'occupent des enfants B)portent les enfantsC)transportent les enfants D)se débarrassent des enfants8.L'enfant n'a-t-il pas besoin pour sonéquilibre de rêveràun monde irréel oùtous ses vœux seraient exaucés!A)oùses souhaits seraient utopiques.B)oùses souhaits seraient satisfaits.C)oùses espoirs seraient permis.D)oùses plaintes seraient rejetées.9.Le patron doit régler une dette importante.A.tenirB.payerC.examinerD.annuler10.Quantàl'électronique,elle apporte des solutionsàla plupart des problèmes que nous rencontrons dans tous les domaines.A.FaceàB.EnversC.RelativementàD.EnVII.Mettez les verbes entre parenthèsesàla forme correcte:(15%)Uneétonnante carrière artistiqueUn jour qu'il rentrait tard,sa femme,tout excitée,lui dit qu'un directeur de café-concert1 (venir)pour lui proposer de jouer seul au piano,quelques pièces musicales entre deux numéros comiques.Raphael2(refuser)tout net;sa femme le3(supplier).Il se sacrifia et signa un engagement de six mois.Dès le premier soir,il4(comprendre)qu'un piège5 (venit de)se refermer sur lui.Le public6(être)mis en gaietépar le numéro précédent; quand Raphael,serrédans son costume trop court pour lui,se présenta,l'air7(embarrasser), tout8(paraître)calculépour montrer un numéro comique.Il9(être)saluépar des hurlements de rire.Pour son malheur,le tabouret10(être)trop bas.Afin de le remonter, dans son trouble,il dévissa complètement le siège et11(se trouver)avec les deux morceaux de tabouret devant un public déchaîné.Dans une situation normale,quelques secondes12(suffire)àremettre le siège en place,mais la maladresse de Raphael augmenta et,malheur suprême,il13(faire)tomber ses lunettes sans lesquelles il ne14 (voir) joie du publicétaitàson comble.Il15(réussir)toutefoisàjouer quelques mesures.VIII.Refaites les phrases en utilisant différents moyens pour exprimer la concession ou la cause:(10%)1.Le père grondait,cependant le fils ne céda pas.(avoir beau)2.Il a participéauxélections présidentielles bien que sa femme ne le veuille pas.(préposition+ substantif介词+名词)3.Quoique vous ne lui ayez pas fait d’excuse,il veut bien vous pardonner.(sans)4.Il est mort un soir au retour de l’école,parce qu’il s’était baignédans unétang pollué. (pour)me la récolte est bonne,tout le monde s’en réjouit.(proposition participe absolue独立分词句)préhensionécrite(20%)«Le vélo,quel bonheur,mais quelle galère!»Pierre Toulouse,ingénieur et cyclisteàParisJe travailleàParis et j'habite en proche banlieue.Quel bonheur de faire ce trajetàvélo! Cela fait trente ans que je roule dans Paris,et je suis ravi.On avance assez vite,onéchappe aux embouteillages,il n'y a pas d'impondérables.Le seul souci,c'est la crevaison,une ou deux fois par an.Mais,dans Paris,on peut trouver assez facilement un magasin spécialisé.J'y laisse ma bicyclette le matin,je la reprends le soir,cela coûte20euros:une sacrée différence avec la voiture!J'arrive réveilléet frais au travail.Dans la journée,une course que j'hésiteraisàfaire en voiture ou en transports en commun ne pose pas de problème:le vélo permet de multiplier les activités.Le soir,quand je repars du bureau stressé,cela fait du bien de remuer.J'arrive chezmoi détendu.Enfin,le cycliste participeàla vie de la rue.J'ai le sentiment de faire partie des vrais citoyens.Malgréces avantages,le cyclisme ne représente que3%des déplacements de surfaceàParis.Car il y a encore beaucoup de progrèsàfaire du côtédes pouvoirs publics.En banlieue, les aménagements pour les cyclistes sont rares.Il faut plonger au milieu des poids lourds.Une foisàParis,ça va mieux.On y trouve des voies cyclables,bien conçues,mais mal entretenues et souvent squattées par les motards et des voitures en stationnement.La progression est aussi ralentie par les me leur synchronisation est adaptéeàla vitesse des automobiles,c'est-à-dire40kilomètresàl'heure,les cyclistes se prennent tous les feux rouges!Or le moment le plus pénible pour nous,c'est l'arrêt.On est toujours un peu de guingois et ensuite il faut redémarrer,dans des conditions parfois périlleuses.Ce qui explique-sans le justifier-qu'un certain nombre d'entre nous négligent de respecter les feux rouges.Si l'on voulait vraiment réduire la circulation automobile,on ne les ajusterait pasàla vitesse des voitures.Autre difficulté:malgréles itinéraires aménagés,rien n'est prévu pour qu'on puisseéviter certaines places désagréables,comme la Bastille ou la Concorde.Souvent,il n'y a qu'une solution pour les contourner:emprunter des sens interdits.J’ai encore le sentiment d'être un intrus.Si l'on veut vraiment convertir davantage de Françaisàla petite reine,pourquoi ne pas répondre sérieusement aux difficultés rencontrées cyclistes?1.En banlieue,«il faut plonger au milieu des poids lourds»:A.Il faut rouler entre de gros camions.B.Il faut rouler entre des personnes grosses.C.Il faut rouler entre de gros arbres.D.Il faut plonger dans l'eau de la piscine avec des nageurs de catégorie lourds.2.A la fin du3e paragraphe,«voie squattée»veut direA.voie occupée légalement.B.voie occupée illégalement.C.voie cédée.D.voie enviée.3.D'après Monsieur Toulouse,les cyclistes se prennent tous les feux rouges,A.parce qu'ils roulentà40kilomètresàl'heure en ville.B.parce que les autorités veulent réduire la circulation des bicyclettes.C.parce que les feux ontétéajustésàla vitesse des voitures,mais nonàcelle des vélos.D.parce qu'ils ne veulent pas du tout les respecter.4.D'après Monsieur Toulouse,A.il respecte toujours le code de la route.B.tous les cyclistes respectent le code de la route.C.certains cyclistes ne respectent pas le code de la route et il les critique.D.certains cyclistes,lui-même compris,commettent des infractions au code de la route,mais ils n'ont pas de choix.5.A la fin du texte,«la petite reine»veut dire bicyclette. voiture. Bastille. Concorde.Plutôt seul(e)que mal accompagné(e)Il y a aujourd'hui18millions de Français qui vivent seuls,soit35%de l'ensemble de la population.Le phénomène est particulièrement important dans les grandes villes.ÀParis,un ménage sur deux est une personne seule...Parmi ces personnes seules,il y a bien sûr les personnesâgées,souvent des veuves.Mais il y a aussi beaucoup de célibataires et de divorcés,pour lesquels la vie solitaire est plus ou moins choisie ou subie.Les hommes et les femmes célibataires sontàpeu près en nombreéquivalent,mais ils n'appartiennent pas aux mêmes catégories sociales.Les hommes célibataires sont plus souvent de milieu modeste,avec un faible niveau d'instruction.Les petits paysans,notamment,ont du malàtrouver uneépouse.Pour les femmes,ce sont au contraire les femmes diplômées qui vivent moins souvent en couple que celles ayant un bas niveau de qualification.Mais on peut supposer que c'est parce que leur situation matérielle leur permet de vivre seules si elles le souhaitent.6.Aujourd'hui en France,les gens vivent seuls représententA.une moitiéde la population totaleB.un tiers de la population totaleC.un quart de la population totaleD.une grande partie de la population totale7.Ceux qui ont une vie solitaire sont surtout chez'A.les jeunesB.les veuvesC.les célibataires et les divorcésD.les célibataires,les personnesâgées et les divorcés8.Les hommes célibataires sont_A.plus nombreux que les femmesB.moins nombreux que les femmesC.aussi nombreux que les femmesD.très peu9.Dans la phrase«mais ils n'appartiennent pas aux mêmes catégories sociales...»,«appartenirà»signifieA faire partie deB teniràC se reteniràDêtreà10.Quelle est la raison la plus importante pour les femmes diplômées qui vivent seules?A.Avoir un diplôme.B.Avoir un bon avenir.C.Avoir une vie tranquille.D.Avoir une bonne condition de vie.X.Rédaction(35%)Les avantages du travailàdistance et le bénéfice qu’une entreprise pourrait en tirer.(250mots environ)。
暨南大学2016考研真题之211翻译硕士英语考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。
I. Vocabulary & Grammar (30%)Directions: There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. Whenever possible, Ina ________ how well she speaks Japanese.A. shows upB. shows aroundC. shows offD. shows out2. As the director can’t come to the reception, I’m representing the company________.A. on his accountB. on his behalfC. for his partD. in his interest3. The price of the coal will vary according to how far it has to be transported and how expensive the freight ________ are.A. paymentsB. chargesC. fundsD. prices4. The ball ________ two or three times before rolling down the slope.A. swayedB. bouncedC. hoppedD. darted5. He has been transferred to the University of Maryland Medical Center and is waiting to ________ surgery.A. undergoB. unfoldC. underestimateD. undertake6. We hold these truths to be self-_______: that all men are created equal.A. essentialB. eternalC. evidentD. exquisite7. The bear clawed the hunter within _______ of his life.A. closeB. reachC. a spaceD. an inch8. The third candidate is a ________. She’s new to politics and is just beginning her campaign.A. white elephantB. dark horseC. sleeperD. big hit9. We go to the Summer Palace on foot ________.A. on purposeB. on occasionsC. on behalfD. on trial10. It was cloudy this morning, but it ________ fine.A. turned onB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out11. In his ________ to further knowledge of the universe, man has now begun to explore space.A. attemptB. expeditionC. trialD. chase12. The bus moved slowly in the thick fog. We arrived at our ________ almost two hours later.A. designationB. destinyC. destinationD. dignity13. The nuclear family ________ a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to14. Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that elderly Americans are ________ by social isolation and loneliness.A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended15. The Pacific island attracts shoals of tourists with its rich ________ of folk arts.A. heritageB. heredityC. heroismD. hermitage16. It is imperative that students ________ their term papers on time.A. handing inB. handed inC. hand inD. would hand in17. An old woman was badly hurt in ________ the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whatever18. ________ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.A. If walkingB. While walkingC. WalkingD. When one is walking19. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys ________ to go to school.A. to be encouragedB. been encouragedC. being encouragedD. be encouraged20. Joan didn’t go to the party last night because she ________ the baby for her sister until 9:30.A. must have looked afterB. would have to looked afterC. had to look afterD. should have looked after21. We are going to London next month. This will be the first time I________ there.A. have traveledB. travelC. will travelD. am traveling22. John is ________ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.A. no lessB. no moreC. not lessD. no so23. Americans eat ________ as they actually need every day.A. twice as much proteinB. twice protein as much twiceC. twice protein as muchD. protein as twice much24. Who ________ was coming to see me in my office this afternoon?A. you saidB. did you sayC. did you say thatD. you did say25. She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit, ________?A. hadn’t sheB. hasn’t sheC. wouldn’t sheD. didn’t she26. ________ you ________ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice.A. If; hadB. Have; hadC. Should; haveD. In case; had27. ________ we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD.As well as28. Among the first to come and live in North America ________, who later prospered mainly in New England.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there29. _______ there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith ________ the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew; would have declinedB. If he had known; would declineC. Had he known; would declineD. Had he known; would have declined30. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could ________.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourningII. Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: This part consists of two sections. In Section A, there are three passages followed by a total of 15 multiple-choice questions. In Section B, there is one passage followed by a total of 5 short-answer questions. Read the passages and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Section A Multiple-Choice Questions (30%)Passage 1Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The head of the Library of Congress is to name Donald Hall, a writer whose deceptively simple language builds on images of the New England landscape, as the nation’s 14th poet laureate today.Mr. Hall，a poet in the distinctive American tradition of Robert Frost, has also been a harsh critic of the religious right’s influence on government arts policy. And as a member of the advisory council of the National Endowment for the Arts during the administration of George H. W. Bush, he referred to those he thought were interfering with arts grants as “bullies and art bashers”.He will succeed Ted Kooser, the Nebraskan who has been the poet laureate since 2004.The announcement of Mr. Hall’s appointment is to be made by James H. Billington, the Librarian of Congress. Mr. Billington said that he chose Mr. Hall because of “the sustained quality of his poetry, the reach and the variety of things he talks about”. Like Mr. Kooser, Mr. Billington said, “Mr. Hall evokes a sense of place. ”Mr. Hall, 77, lives in a white clapboard farmhouse in Wilmot, N. H., that has been in his family for generations. He said in a telephone interview that he didn’t see the poet laureateship as a bully pulpit. “But it’s apulpit anyway,”he said. “If I see First Amendment violations, I will speak up.’’Mr. Hall is an extremely productive writer who has published about 18 books of poetry, 20 books of prose and 12 children’s books. He has won many awards, including a national Book Critics Circle Award in 1989 for “The One Day”，a collection.In recent years much of his poetry has been preoccupied with the death of his wife, the poet Jane Kenyon, in 1995.Robert Pinsky, who was poet laureate from 1997 to 2000 said he welcomed Mr. Hall’s appointment，especially in light of his previous outspokenness about politics and arts. “There is something nicely symbolic，and maybe surprising,”Mr. Pinsky said, “that they have selected someone who has taken a stand for freedom.”The position carries an award of $35,000 and $5,000 travel allowance. It usually lasts a year, though poets are sometimes reappointed.31. Donald Hall ________.A. uses simple English to express the images of the New England landscapeB. dislikes the idea of impacting government by the right side of the religionC. is the 14th poet laureate appointed by the CongressD. is a member of the advisory council of the National Endowment for the Arts32. James H. Billington ________.A. likes the poems with great depth and widthB. speaks highly of poems in simple English rather than complex onesC. prefers the poems with sustained style and expressionD. likes the poems with the knowledge of various things33. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Mr. Hall has published many books and magazines on poems.B. Mr. Hall is a critic of literature in the U. S.C. Mr. Hall has got many prizes for his talents in writing.D. Mr. Hall has got support from his predecessors.34. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Mr. Hall loves his wife very much.B. Mr. Hall takes the new appointment for granted.C. Mr. Hall has got great ideas from his wife.D. Mr. Hall may hold the position for another year.35. What is the best title for the passage?A. A Guard for Politics and ArtsB. A New Poet LaureateC. A Representative for FreedomD. The Winning of a PoetPassage 2Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don’t always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don’t mean anything except “I’m letting off some steam. I don’t really want you to pay closeattention to what I’m saying. Just pay attention to what I’m feeling.”Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, “This step has to be fixed before I’ll buy.”The owner says, “It’s been like that for years.”Actually, the step hasn’t been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “I don’t want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can’t you?”The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed through examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend’s unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says “No!”to a serials of charges like “You’re dumb,”“You’re lazy,”and “You’re dishonest,”may also say “No!”and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is “And you’re good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, “If sure has been nice to have you over,”can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.36. Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners, if ________.A. they use proper words to carry their ideasB. they both speak truly of their own feelingsC. they try to understand each other’s ideas beyond wordsD. they are capable of associating meaning with their words37. “I’m letting off some steam”in paragraph 1 means ________.A. I’m just calling your attentionB. I’m just kiddingC. I’m just saying the oppositeD. I’m just giving off some sound38. The house-owner’s example shows that he actually means ________.A. the step has been like that for yearsB. he doesn’t think it necessary to fix the stepC. the condition of the step is only a minor faultD. the cost involved in the fixing should be shared39. Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if ________.A. linked to an abnormal amount of assertivenessB. seen as one’s habitual pattern of behaviorC. taken as part of an ordering sequenceD. expressed to a series of charges40. The word “ritualistically”in the last paragraph equals something done ________.A. without true intentionB. light-heartedlyC. in a way of ceremonyD. with less emphasisPassage 3Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Cellular slime molds are extraordinary life forms that exhibit features of both fungi and protozoa, although often classed for convenience with fungi. At one time they were regarded as organisms of ambiguous taxonomic status, but more recent analysis of DNA sequences has shown that slime molds should be regarded as inhabiting their own separate kingdom.Their uniqueness lies in their unusual life cycle, which alternates between a feeding stage in which the organism is essentially unicellular and a reproductive stage in which the organism adopts a multicellular structure. At the first stage they are free-living, separate amoebae, usually inhabiting the forest floor and ingesting bacteria found in rotting wood, dung, or damp soil. But their food supplies are relatively easily exhausted since the cells’movements are restricted and their food requirements rather large.When the cells become starved of nutrition, the organism initiates a new genetic program that permits the cells to eventually find a new, food-rich environment. At this point, the single-celled amoebae combine together to form what will eventually become a multicellular creature. The mechanism by which the individual members become a single entity is essentially chemical in nature. At first, a few of the amoebae start to produce periodic chemical pulses that are detected, amplified, and relayed to the surrounding members, which then move toward the pulse origin. In time, these cells form many streams of cells, which then come together to form a single hemispherical mass. This mass sticks together through the secretion of adhesion molecules.The mass now develops a tip, which elongates into a finger-like structure of about 1 or 2 millimeters in length. This structure eventually falls over to form a miniature slug, moving as a single entity orienting itself toward light. During this period the cells within the mass differentiate into two distinct kinds of cell. Some become prestalk cells, which later form into a vertical stalk, and others form prespore cells, which become the spore head.As the organism migrates, it leaves behind a track of slime rather like a garden slug. Once a favorable location has been found with a fresh source of bacteria to feed on, the migration stops and the colonymetamorphoses into a fungus-like organism in a process known as “culmination.”The front cells turn into a stalk, and the back cells climb up the stalk and form a spherical-shaped head, known as the sorocarp. This final fruiting body is about 2 millimeters in height. The head develops into spores, which are dispersed into the environment and form the next generation of amoebae cells. Then the life cycle is repeated. Usually the stalk disappears once the spores have been released.The process by which the originally identical cells of the slime mold become transformed into multicellular structures composed of two different cell types—spore and stalk—is of great interest to developmental biologists since it is analogous to an important process found in higher organisms in which organs with highly specialized functions are formed from unspecialized stem cells. Early experiments showed which parts of the slime mold organism contributed to the eventual stalk and which parts to the head. Scientists stained the front part of a slug with a red dye and attached it to the back part of a different slug. The hybrid creature developed as normal. The experimenters then noted that the stalk of the fruiting body was stained red and that the spore head was unstained. Clearly, the anterior part of the organism culminated in the stalk and the posterior part in the spore head. Nowadays, experiments using DNA technology and fluorescentproteins or enzymes to label the prespore and prestalk cells have been undertaken. This more molecular approach gives more precise results than using staining dyes but has essentially backed up the results of the earlier dye studies.41. How the slime should be classified used to be _________.A. unknownB. uncertainC. controversialD. unfamiliar42. According to the passage, what is unusual about the slime molds’life cycle?A. They inhabit their own kingdom.B. They are organisms whose classification is ambiguous.C. They alternate between unicellular and multicellular structures.D. They are free-living organisms.43. All of the followings are mentioned in the text as being parts of the multicellular slug EXCEPT ________.A. the headB. the stalkC. legsD. spores44. Why does the author refer to the fungus-like organism as a fruiting body?A. Because it has become one entity.B. Because it is 2 millimeters in height.C. Because it now has a stalk and head.D. Because it has reached its reproductive stage.45. According to the passage, the recent DNA studies _________.A. give similar results to the dye studiesB. contradict the dye studiesC. are less exact than the dye studiesD. have introduced confusion about the dye study resultsSection B Short-Answer Questions (10%)Passage 4Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Barry Schwartz did not expect to feel inspired on a clothes-shopping trip. “I avoid buying jeans; I wear one pair until it falls apart,”says Schwartz,an American psychology professor. “The last time I had bought a pair there had been just one style. But recently I was asked if I wanted this fit or that fit, or this color or that. I intended to be out shopping for five minutes but it took an hour, and I began to feel more and more dissatisfied.”This trip made him think: did more choice always mean greater satisfaction? “I’d always believed that choice was good, and more choice was better. My experience got me thinking: how many others felt like me?”The result was a widely discussed study that challenged the idea that more is always better. Drawing on the psychology of economics, which looks at how people choose what to buy, Schwartz designed a questionnaire to show the differences between what he termed‘maximisers’and ‘satisficers’. Broadly speaking, maximisers are keen to make the best possible choices, and often spend time researching to ensure that their purchases cannot be bettered. Satisficers are the easy-going people, delighted with items that are simply acceptable. Schwartz puts forward the view, which contrasts with what politicians and salesmen would have people believe, that the unstoppable growth in choice is in danger of ruining lives. “I’m not saying no choice is good. But the average person makes at least 200 decisions every day, and I don’t think there’s room for any more.”His study may help to explainthe peculiar paradox of the wealthy West—psychologists and economists are puzzled by the fact that people have not become happier as they have become richer. In fact, the ability to demand whatever is wanted whenever it is wanted has instead led to rising expectations. The search for perfection can be found in every area of life from buying soap powder to selecting a career. Certain decisions may automatically close off other choices, and some people are then upset by the thought of what else might have been. Schwartz says, “If you make a decision and it’s disappointing, don’t worry about it, it may actually have been a good decision, just not as good as you had hoped.”One fact that governments need to think about is that people seem more inclined to buy something if there are fewer, not more, choices. If that’s true for jeans, then it is probably true for cars, schools and pension funds. “If there are few options, the world doesn’t expect you to make the perfect decision. But when there are thousands it’s hard not to think there’s a perfect one out there, and that you’ll find it if you look hard enough.”If you think that Internet shopping will help, think again：”You want to buy something and you look at three websites. How long will it take to look at one more? Two minutes? It’s only a click. Before you know it you’ve spent three hours trying to decide which £10 item to buy. It’scrazy. You’ve used another evening that you could have spent with your friends.”Schwartz, who describes himself as a natural satisficer, says that trying to stop our tendency to be maximisers will make us happier. “The most important recommendation I can give is to lower personal expectations,”he says. “But no one wants to hear this because they all believe that perfection awaits the wise decision maker. Life isn’t necessarily like that.”46. Why may some advice be rejected?47. What confuses experts according to the passage?48. What can be the emotional effect of the result of making a choice?49. How was Schwartz’s research undertaken?50. How can personality be defined in the text?III. Writing (30%)Directions:In this part you are going to write an essay of about400-500 words within 60 minutes on the topic as follows. Write your response on the Answer Sheet.TopicSome people think that cultural traditions will be destroyed if they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Others, however, believe that is the only way to save these traditions. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on the issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.。
120401行政管理学专业推荐院校及初试科目表序列难度级别学校名称科目1代码、名称科目2代码、名称1 1 清华大学303数学三848公共管理基础（政治学20％、管理学30％、经济学50％）2 1 中国人民大学620学科基础 841公共管理与公共政策3 1 北京大学662行政学原理891综合（二）4 1 中山大学631公共管理学（A）829公共管理研究方法5 1 兰州大学638西方经济学(管理类) 853管理学6 1 吉林大学639行政管理学835当代中国公共部门人力资源开发与管理、领导科学7 2 华中师范大学610公共管理学823管理思想史8 2 北京师范大学728公共管理学987经济学原理9 2 南京大学613政治学原理933行政管理学10 2 南开大学733行政管理学882政策原理与政策分析11 2 武汉大学644公共管理学863综合知识（含西方行政学理论、国家公务员制度、政策科学）12 2 燕山大学701公共行政学814微观经济学13 2 华北电力大学693公共行政学893行政管理综合14 2 山东大学620专业综合一811行政管理学15 2 华中科技大学614管理学859 西方经济学16 2 中国人民公安大学626管理学828政治学17 2 浙江大学303数学三866管理学综合18 2 浙江大学737政治学866管理学综合19 2 厦门大学706政治学与公共管理学812政策科学与经济学20 2 重庆大学612行政管理学一 803综合考试(含管理学原理、政治学原理、社会学）21 2 郑州大学604公共管理学（一） 817政治学基础22 2 东北大学617管理学基础806政治学23 2 复旦大学718政治学原理834行政学24 2 暨南大学公共管理学公共政策25 3 哈尔滨工业大学303数学三848管理学原理26 3 哈尔滨工业大学303数学三849经济学原理27 3 哈尔滨工业大学303数学三850运筹学28 3 华东政法大学615公共管理学805行政学原理29 3 华东师范大学635管理学（B）894公共管理学30 3 南京师范大学620政治学概论815公共管理学31 3 北京航空航天大学712 行政管理基础812 公共政策分析32 3 北京科技大学621管理学原理841行政管理学33 3 上海交通大学625公共行政 847公共经济34 3 对外经济贸易大学781行政管理学881行政学综合35 3 辽宁大学612政治学814公共管理综合（公共行政学与公共政策）36 3 西南民族大学712管理心理学815管理学原理37 3 湖南师范大学709公共管理学819公共政策学38 3 北京体育大学604公共管理学804行政学及公共政策39 3 四川大学666管理学969公共管理综合40 3 中南财经政法大学608公共管理基础综合 826公共行政学41 3 河海大学303数学三881经济学原理42 3 河海大学617公共管理学882管理学基础43 3 中国矿业大学617政治学基本理论844行政管理学44 3 中国矿业大学623政治学理论879行政管理学45 3 东华大学629行政管理学835政治学原理46 3 湖南大学611管理学原理844教育学47 3 北京林业大学704公共管理基础 835行政管理学48 3 中央民族大学613政治学、管理学基础815行政管理学49 3 安徽大学617管理学821公共行政学50 3 大连海事大学611行政管理学816卷（含公共管理学概论、政治学原理、公共经济学）改革51 3 东南大学716政治学原理914管理学52 3 南京航空航天大学627政治学原理863行政管理学53 3 山西大学620公共管理学821行政管理学54 3 长安大学608行政管理 811政治学55 3 天津大学303数学三803机械原理与机械设计59 3 华南师范大学619公共管理学828综合课（公共经济学、公共政策分析）60 3 西南交通大学637公共经济学871公共管理学61 3 西南政法大学603政治学原理804行政管理62 3 华东理工大学610行政管理学834公共政策分析63 3 电子科技大学616公共管理综合 806行政管理综合64 4 北京理工大学303数学三865行政管理65 4 华南理工大学636综合考试(含政治学、经济学) 885行政管理学66 4 华南理工大学644体育竞赛组织与管理及运动训练学885行政管理学67 4 华南理工大学642政治学和经济学概论818行政学原理68 4 西北政法大学706管理学原理(100分)、西方行政学说史(50分) 806政治学概论(100分)、组织行为学(50分)69 4 中国地质大学601高等数学 837行政管理学综合(行政管理学、公共政策学)70 4 中国地质大学619管理学概论71 4 黑龙江大学733公共管理学833公共行政学72 4 武汉科技大学625公共行政学857政治学理论与实务73 4 中央财经大学802管理学74 4 东北财经大学617公共管理（一）812公共管理（二）75 4 同济大学303数学三818 管理学概论76 4 山东师范大学705公共管理学809行政管理学77 4 中南财经大学608公共管理基础综合 826公共行政学78 4 首都经济贸易大学702统计学901经济学79 4 中国科学技术大学638行政学与政治学857西方经济学二80 4 中南大学721公共管理学基础905公共管理综合考试81 4 浙江财经大学公共管理学公共政策学82 4 上海财经大学303数学三803经济学83 4 大连理工大学617行政管理学864政治学原理84 4 大连理工大学622教育管理学864政治学原理120401行政管理学专业参考书目种类序列图书类别类书目考察次数类书目考察百分比1 政治学41 56.94%2 管理学40 55.56%3 公共管理学35 48.61%4 行政管理学33 45.83%5 公共行政学22 30.56%6 经济学19 26.39%7 公共政策18 25.00%8 数学12 16.67%9 行政学11 15.28%10 公共经济学7 9.72%11 运筹学 5 6.94%12 管理心理学 4 5.56%13 行政法 3 4.17%总计36种图书，以上罗列了考试频率最高的13种书从历年来看，考试变化第一年，题目都比较简单因为还没有定下来，这只是教育部的初步文件而已前五门课是都要学习的。
各院校医学考研考研难度排名 1、 协和医科大学门槛高，医学生的圣地 2、 北京大学以精英教育为本 3、 上海交大己经连续两年的报考热度超过复旦，上二医合并后势头越來越猛 4、 复旦大学老牌高校，名声在外 5、 中山大学复试难度不小，但是挡不住考生的向往 6、 华中科技大学外科学实力在那摆着呢，每一个外科医师的向往地 7、 浙江大学牌子造就了热度，十年前的浙医是三流，现在绝对一流院校，每年一大 片考生挂掉
8、 首都医科大学没什么好说的，北京可是金字招牌 9、 中南大学湘雅名声远洋，很多考生冲着着这牌子就來了，但是每年分数线奇高， 死者无数 10、 四川大学同样的硕牌子，但是西部制约了它的报考热度 11、 吉林大学医学院几乎不可能指望它有调剂名额 12、 山东大学医学院山东-一个盛产医学院的省份，学生多，当然不愁没生源，以本 省为主，局限性明显
13、 苏州大学医学院每年90%的公费+地处发达的长三角和美丽江南+临近上海每年吸 引大批考生，连续三年报考热度不减，挂了一届乂一届的考生，近三年内部调剂都无名额, 可见其热度
14、 夭津医科大学前几年每年都很热，近两年势头有所缓解，以北方考生为主，基本 不接受调剂
15、 中国医科大学报考的人不少，但是难度也不大，据说上线就差不多能走，但是口 费多阿，一年一万多学费呢
16、 南京医科大学近三年偶有调剂，但是热门专业竞争激烈 17、 南方医科大学同上 18、 西安交通大学近三年也是偶有调剂，总体上难度不大一从西交的院校建议考生大 胆报考，过线就可以走了，但是非常热门的专业也耍谨慎，有可能有“小撞车”但比起前 边几所报考热度的“大撞车”算不了什么。基本上，考生里第一志愿报考院校这18所院 校能粪括60%的生源了，在这些考生里，很多是计划被刷以后，往下边院校调剂的 18、 河北医科大学据说以本校考生居多，过线就走，难度不大，但是也别指望它有调 剂名额给外边，本校考名校被刷的考生基本消化了
