新视野大学英语2读写教程第三版课文练习参考答案
- 格式:docx
- 大小:37.96 KB
- 文档页数:48
新视野大学英语(第三版)第二册读写教程课后答案Unit 1 Language in missionText A An impressive English lessonEx.1 Understanding the text1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules.2、The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account; however, what the student could do was only one single utterance :“whoa!” without any any specific comment.3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselves have little knowledge of the vital structures of language.4、Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of t he students will easily get bored if it’s not properly dealt with.5、He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed their specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs.6、Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words in an English sentence before.7、The author uses “road map”and “car”to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here,“road map”is considered as grammar and “car”as vocabulary.8、Since the subjunctive mood his son used is a fairly advanced grammar structure, the interjection“whoa!”reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son; it also reflects the author’s humor in using the word because it was once used by his student, though in two differe nt situations and with two different feelings.Ex.3 Words in use1.condense2.exceed3.deficit4.exposure5.asset6.adequatepetent8.adjusting9.precisely 10.beneficialEx.4 Word building-al/-ial: managerial/editorial/substance/survival/tradition/margin-cy : consistency/accuracy/efficient-y : recovery/ministry/assemblyEx.5 Word building1.editorial2.recovery3.accuracy4.substance5.managerial6.margin7.assembly8.Ministry9.survival 10.tradition 11.consistency 12.efficientEx.6 Banked cloze1-5: L C J A I 6-10: O N E H FEx.7 Expressions in use1.feel obliged to2.be serious about3.run into4.distinguish between5.thrust upon6.was allergic to7.get lost8.be attracted to9.make sense 10.looked upon asEx.8 Structured writingSome bookworms in my dormitory often spend hours reading their “Bible”, Practical English Grammar, and do a lot of exercises in that book , but I don’t care about it at all. My assumption is sinceI have never learned Chinese grammar, what’s the sense of learning English grammar? In fact, English grammar has always been a big headache to me.English grammar is very complicated because, unlike Chinese, there are many verb tenses. Even stranger than verb tenses, English grammar also contains something very confusing. For example, I don’t remember how many times my middle school teacher tried to“impose”the differences between used to and be used to on us. Sometimes he would go on with the explanation for 20 minutes or so. He even summarized the differences by listing three or four points for us to memorize. However, they could never stay in my head . I don’t remember how many times I got it wrong with the sentences containing used to or be used to on my exams . I was really confused with these two phrases,and I can never get them right.In brief, I’m allergic to learning English grammar. Curiously, I just wonder if the native speakers of English have a microcomputer in their brain to help them utter the two phrases promptly with just a click of their brain mouse!Ex.9 E-C Translation人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言,经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。
Unit 1Language in missionText A An impressive English lessonEx.1 Understanding the text1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules.2、 The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account。
however, what the student could do was only one single utterance : “whoa! ” without any any specific comment.3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselves have littleknowledge of the vital structures of language.4、Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily get bored if it’s not properly dealt with.5、He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed theirspecific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs.6、Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words in an English sentence before.7、The author uses “ road map ” and “ car”to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here, “road map” is considered as grammar and “ car” as vocabulary.8、 Since the subjunctive mood his son used is a fairly advanced grammar structure, the interjection“ whoa! ”reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son。
Unit 1 Text A Understanding the Text1.Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules.2.(此题可能缺少具体的问题描述,但根据上下文推测,可能是在询问某种情况或现象的原因)o Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teacha little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselveshave little knowledge of the vital structures of language.1.Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily getbored if it's not properly dealt with.2.He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussedtheir specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs.3.Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words inan English sentence before.4.The author uses “roadmap” and “car” to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here,“roadmap” is considered as grammar and “car” as vocabulary.5.Since the subjunctive mood his son used is a fairly advanced grammar structure, theinterjection “whoa!” reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son; it also reflects the author's humor in using the word because it was once used by his student, though in two different situations and with two different feelings. Words in Use & Word Building●Ex. 3 Words in Use:a.condenseb.exceedc.deficitd.exposuree.asset●Ex. 4 Word Building (-al/-ial, -cy, -y):o-al/-ial: managerial, editorial, substance, survival, tradition, margino-cy: consistency, accuracy, efficiento-y: recovery, ministry, assemblyo Ex. 5 Word Building (给出词汇,要求识别或构建相关词汇,具体答案需根据题目给出的词汇而定,以下为示例):o editorialo recoveryo accuracyo substanceo managerialo(其他词汇根据题目要求填写)Banked Cloze & Expressions in Use●Ex. 6 Banked Cloze:o1-5: LCJAIo6-10: ONEHFo Ex. 7 Expressions in Use:a.feel obliged tob.be serious aboutc.run intod.distinguish betweene.thrust uponf.was allergic tog.get losth.be attracted toi.make sensej.looked upon asStructured Writing & TranslationEx. 8 Structured Writing:o(此题为写作题,答案不唯一,以下为一个示例段落):o Some bookworms in my dormitory often spend hours reading their “Bible”, Practical English Grammar, and do a lot of exercises in that book, but I don't care about it at all. My assumption is since I have never learned Chinese grammar, what's the sense of learning English grammar? In fact, English grammar has always been a big headache to me.o Ex. 9 E-C Translation:o人们广泛认为英语是一种世界语言,常常被很多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。
新视野大学英语(第三版)第二册读写教程课后答案Unit 1 Language in missionText A An impressive English lessonEx.1 Understanding the text1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules.2、The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account; however, what the student could do was only one single utterance :“whoa!” without any any specific comment.3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselves have little knowledge of the vital structures of language.4、Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily get bored if it’s not properly dealt with.5、He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed their specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs.6、Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words in an English sentence before.7、The author uses “road map”and “car”to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here,“road map”is considered as grammar and “car”as vocabulary.8、Since the subjunctive mood his son used is a fairly advanced grammar structure, the interjection“whoa!”reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son; it also reflects the author’s humor in using the word because it was once used by his student, though in two different situations and with two different feelings.Ex.3 Words in use1.condense2.exceed3.deficit4.exposure5.asset6.adequatepetent8.adjusting9.precisely 10.beneficialEx.4 Word building-al/-ial: managerial/editorial/substance/survival/tradition/margin -cy : consistency/accuracy/efficient-y : recovery/ministry/assemblyEx.5 Word building1.editorial2.recovery3.accuracy4.substance5.managerial6.margin7.assembly8.Ministry9.survival 10.tradition 11.consistency12.efficient Ex.6 Banked cloze1-5: L C J A I 6-10: O N E H FEx.7 Expressions in use1.feel obliged to2.be serious about3.run into4.distinguish between5.thrust upon6.was allergic to7.get lost8.be attracted to9.make sense 10.looked upon asEx.8 Structured writingSome bookworms in my dormitory often spend hours reading their “Bible”, Practical English Grammar, and do a lot of exercises in that book , but I don’t care about it at all. My assumption issince I have never learned Chinese grammar, what’s the sense of learning English gram mar? In fact, English grammar has always been a big headache to me.English grammar is very complicated because, unlike Chinese, there are many verb tenses. Even stranger than verb tenses, English grammar also contains something very confusing. For example, I don’t remember how many times my middle school teacher tried to“impose”the differences between used to and be used to on us. Sometimes he would go on with the explanation for 20 minutes or so. He even summarized the differences by listing three or four points for us to memorize. However, they could never stay in my head . I don’t remember how many times I got it wrong with the sentences containing used to or be used to on my exams . I was really confused with these two phrases,and I can never get them right.In brief, I’m allergic to learning English grammar. Curiously, I just wonder if the native speakers of English have a microcomputer in their brain to help them utter the two phrases promptly with just a click of their brain mouse!Ex.9 E-C Translation人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言,经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。
新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程2全册答案Unit 1 Text AEx.1 Understanding the text1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules.2、The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account; however, what the student could do was only one single utterance :“whoa!”without any any specific comment.3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselves have little knowledge of the vital structures of language.4、Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily get bored if it’s not properly dealt with.5、He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed their specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs.6、Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words in an English sentence before.7、The author uses “road map”and “car”to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here,“road map”is considered as grammar and “car”as vocabulary.8、Since the subjunctive mood his is a fairly advanced grammar structure, the interjection“whoa!”reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son; it also reflects the author’s humor in using the word because it was once used by his student, though in two different situations and with two different feelings.Ex.3 Words in use1.condense2.exceed3.deficit4.exposure5.asset6.adequatepetent8.adjusting9.precisely 10.beneficialEx.4 Word building-al/-ial: managerial/editorial/substance/survival/tradition/margin-cy : consistency/accuracy/efficient-y : recovery/ministry/assemblyEx.5 Word building1.editorial2.recovery3.accuracy4.substance5.managerial6.margin7.assembly8.Ministry9.survival 10.tradition 11.consistency 12.efficientEx.6 Banked cloze1-5: L C J A I 6-10: O N E H FEx.7 Expressions in use1.feel obliged to2.be serious about3.run into4.distinguish between5.thrust upon6.was allergic to7.get lost8.be attracted to9.make sense 10.looked upon asEx.8 Structured writingSome bookworms in my dormitory often spend hours reading their “Bible”, Practical English Grammar, and do a lot of exercises in that book , but I don’t care about it at all. My assumption is since I have never learned Chinese grammar, what’s the sense of learning English grammar? In fact, English grammar has always been a big headache to me.English grammar is very complicated because, unlike Chinese, there are many verb tenses. Even stranger than verb tenses, English grammar also contains something very confusing. For example, I don’t remember how many times my middle school teacher tried to“impose”the differences between used to and be used to on us. Sometimes he would go on with the explanation for 20 minutes or so. He even summarized the differences by listing three or four points for us to memorize. However, they could never stay in my head . I don’t remember how many times I got it wrong with the sentences containing used to or be used to on my exams . I was really confused with these two phrases,and I can never get them right.In brief, I’m allergic to learning English grammar. Curiously, I just wonder if the native speakers of English have a microcomputer in their brain to help them utter the two phrases promptly with just a click of their brain mouse!Ex.9 E-C Translation人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言,经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程2全册答案第一单元Part Ⅰ1. 华盛顿纪念碑2. 原住民3. 哥伦布日4. 新大陆5. 奠基石Part Ⅱ1. National Mall2. National Museum of the American Indian3. genocide4. language5. landmarksPart Ⅲ1. No information2. The National Mall is the heart of Washington, D.C. and a popular tourist attraction.3. There are many museums and monuments on the National Mall, including the National Museum of the American Indian and the Washington Monument.4. The National Park Service is responsible for maintaining the National Mall and ensuring that it remains a beautiful and enjoyable place for everyone.5. The National Mall is an important symbol of American history and culture, representing the values and aspirations of the United States.Part Ⅳ1. False2. True3. Not Given4. True5. FalsePart Ⅴ1. Many tourists come to Washington, D.C. tovisit the National Mall and its many museums and monuments.2. The National Museum of the American Indian is devoted to preserving the culture and history of Native Americans.3. The Washington Monument is a famous landmark on the National Mall.4. The National Park Service is responsible for maintaining the National Mall and ensuring that it remains a beautiful and enjoyable place for everyone.5. The National Mall is an important symbol of American history and culture, representing the values and aspirations of the United States.。
新视野读写2第三版课文练习参考答案—打印稿目录Unit 1 Text A (1)Unit 1 Text B (3)Unit 2 Text A (3)Unit 2 Section B (5)Unit 3 Text A Discovery of a new life stage (6)Keys to Unit 3 Text B (7)Unit 4 Text A (8)(Unit 4)Section B (9)Key to Unit5 Section A (11)Key to Unit5 Text B (12)Unit6 Section A (14)Unit 6 Text B (16)Unit 7 Text B (17)Unit 8 Section A (18)Unit 8 section B (20)Unit 1 Text AEx。
1 Understanding the text1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules.2、The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account; however, what the student could do was only one single utterance :“whoa!" without any specific comment.3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency。
新视野大学英语(第三版)第二册读写教程课后答案之巴公井开创作新视野大学英语(第三版)第二册读写教程课后答案 Unit 1 Language in missionText A An impressive English lessonEx.1 Understanding the text1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules.2、The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account; however, what the student could do was only one single utterance :“whoa!” without any any specific comment.3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselves have little knowledge of the vital structures of language.4、Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily get bored if it’s not properly dealt with.5、He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed their specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs.6、Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words in an English sentence before.7、The author uses “road map”and “car”to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here,“road map”is considered as grammar and “car”as vocabulary.8、Since the subjunctive mood his son used is a fairly advanced grammar structure, the interjection“whoa!”reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son; it also reflects the author’shumor in using the word because it was once used by his student, though in two different situations and with two different feelings.Ex.3 Words in useEx.4 Word building-al/-ial:managerial/editorial/substance/survival/tradition/margin -cy : consistency/accuracy/efficient-y : recovery/ministry/assemblyEx.5 Word building12.efficient Ex.6 Banked cloze1-5: L C J A I 6-10: O N E H FEx.7 Expressions in use1.feel obliged to2.be serious about3.run into4.distinguish between5.thrust upon6.was allergic to7.get lost8.be attracted to9.make sense 10.looked upon asEx.8 Structured writingSome bookworms in my dormitory often spend hours reading their “Bible”, Practical English Grammar, and do a lot of exercises in that book , but I don’t care about it at all. My assumption is since I have never learned Chinese grammar, what’s the sense of learning English grammar? In fact, English grammar has always been a big headache to me.English grammar is very complicated because, unlike Chinese, there are many verb tenses. Even stranger than verb tenses, English grammar also contains something very confusing. For example, I don’t remember how many times my middle school teacher tried to“impose”the differences between used to and be used to on us. Sometimes he would go on with the explanation for 20 minutes or so. He even summarized the differences by listing three or four points for us to memorize. However,they could never stay in my head . I don’t remember how many times I got it wrong with the sentences containing used to or be used to on my exams . I was really confused with these two phrases,and I can never get them right.In brief, I’m allergic to learning English grammar. Curiously, I just wonder if the native speakers of English have a microcomputer in their brain to help them utter the two phrases promptly with just a click of their brain mouse!Ex.9 E-C Translation人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言,经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程1答案Unit 1 Language in missionSection A1-2 Text A:An impressive English lessonPre-reading activities l1. Reference:listening to the Beatles2. Reference:can understand a lot better3. Reference:reads science fiction books in English4. Reference:successfully finishing reading the first English book5. Reference:satisfaction and pleasure1-3 Text A:Language focusWords in use 11. condense2. exceed3. deficit4. exposure5. asset6. adequate7. competent8. adjusting9. precisely10. beneficialWord building:practice 11. managerial2. editorial3. substance4. survival5. tradition6. margin7. consistency8. accuracy9. efficient10. recovery11. ministry12. assemblyWord building:practice 21. editorial2. recovery3. accuracy4. substance5. managerial6. margin7. assembly8. Ministry9. survival10. tradition11. consistency12. efficientBanked cloze 11. obliged2. tedious3. beneficial4. abundant5. adjusted6. bulk7. evidently8. functions9. efficiently10. distressExpressions in use 11. feel obliged to2. be serious about3. run into4. distinguish between5. thrust upon6. was allergic to7. get lost8. be attracted to9. make sense10. looked upon as1-4 Structure analysis & writingStructure writing:Practice 1Reference:Some bookworms in my dormitory often spend hours reading their "Bible", Practical English Grammar, and do a lot of exercises in that book, but I don't care about it at all. My assumption is since I have never learned Chinese grammar, what's the sense of learning English grammar ? In fact. English grammar has always been a big headache to me.English grammar is very complicated because, unlike Chinese, there are many verb tenses. Fven stranger than verb tenses, English grammar also contains somethingvery confusing. For example,I don't remember how many times my middle school teacher tried to"impose" the differences between used to and be used to on us. Sometimes he would go on with the explanation for 20 minutes or so. He even summarized the differences by listing three or four points for us to memorize. However, they could never stay in my head. I don't remember how many times I got it wrong with the sentences containing used to or be used to on my exams. I was really confused with these two phrases, and I can never get them right.In brief,I'm allergic to learning English grammar. Curiously. I just wonder if the native speakers of English have a microcomputer in their brain to help them utter the two phrases promptly with just a click of their brain mouse!1-5 TranslationTranslation 1Reference:人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言,经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。
1 新视野大学英语(第三版)第二册读写教程课后答案Unit 1 Language in missionText A An impressive English lessonEx.1 Understanding the text 1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules. 2、The The civilization civilization civilization of of of Greece Greece Greece and and and the the the glory glory glory of of of Roman Roman Roman architecture architecture architecture are are are so so so marvelous marvelous marvelous and and remarkable remarkable that that that they they they should should should be be be described described described at at at least least least in in in a a a brief brief brief account; account; account; however, however, however, what what what the the the student student could do was only one single utterance :“whoa!” without any any specific comment.3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselves have little knowledge of the vital structures of language. 4、Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily get bored if it’s not properly dealt with.5、He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed their specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs. 6、Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words in an English sentence before. 7、The author uses “road map”and “car”to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here,“road map”is considered as grammar and “car”as vocabulary.8、Since Since the the the subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive mood mood mood his his his son son son used used used is is is a a a fairly fairly fairly advanced advanced advanced grammar grammar grammar structure, structure, structure, the the interjection“whoa!”reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son; it also reflects the author’s humor in using the word because it was once used by his student, though in two differe nt situations and with two different feelings. Ex.3 Words in use 1.condense 2.exceed 3.deficit 4.exposure 5.asset 6.adequate petent 8.adjusting 9.precisely 10.beneficial Ex.4 Word building -al/-ial: managerial/editorial/substance/survival/tradition/margin -cy : consistency/accuracy/efficient -y : recovery/ministry/assembly Ex.5 Word building 1.editorial 2.recovery 3.accuracy 4.substance 5.managerial 6.margin 7.assembly 8.Ministry 9.survival 10.tradition 11.consistency 12.efficient Ex.6 Banked cloze 1-5: L C J A I 6-10: O N E H F Ex.7 Expressions in use 1.feel obliged to 2.be serious about 3.run into 4.distinguish between 5.thrust upon 6.was allergic to 7.get lost 8.be attracted to 9.make sense 10.looked upon as Ex.8 Structured writing Some Some bookworms bookworms bookworms in in in my my my dormitory dormitory dormitory often often often spend spend spend hours hours hours reading reading reading their their their “Bible”, “Bible”, “Bible”, Practical Practical Practical English English Grammar, and do a lot of exercises in that book , but I don’t care about it at all. My assumption is since I have never learned Chinese grammar, what’s the sense of learning English gr ammar? In fact, English grammar has always been a big headache to me. English grammar is very complicated because, unlike Chinese, there are many verb tenses. Even stranger than verb tenses, English grammar also contains something very confusing. For example, I I don’t don’t don’t remember remember remember how how how many many many times times times my my my middle middle middle school school school teacher teacher teacher tried tried tried to“impose”the to“impose”the to“impose”the differences differences between between used used used to to to and be and be used used to to to on on on us. us. us. Sometimes Sometimes Sometimes he he he would would would go go go on on on with with with the the the explanation explanation explanation for for for 20 20 minutes minutes or or or so. so. so. He He He even even even summarized summarized summarized the the the differences differences differences by by by listing listing listing three three three or or or four four four points points points for for for us us us to to memorize. However, they could never stay in my head . I don’t remember how many times I got it wrong with the sentences containing used to or be used to on my exams . I was really confused with these two phrases,and I can never get them right. In brief, I’m allergic to learning English grammar. Curiously, I just wonder if the native speakers of English have a microcomputer in their brain to help them utter the two phrases promptly with just a click of their brain mouse! Ex.9 E-C Translation 人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言,经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。