美国文学学期论文
题目: 从欧.亨利《爱的牺牲》浅析爱的本质院系:外国语学院
专业年级: 2012级英语专升本（1)班
姓名:刘明月
学号:123020106
指导教师:赵丽
2013年12月6日
Abstract
For such a long time,people’s ideas about the core of love vary from person to person.And every author also has his own view.This paper will introduce an article of O.Henry to analysis the topic of its own.That is,the essence of love is sacrifice or dedicate.
Key words: love；essence；sacrifice；dedicate
摘要
一直以来，关于爱情的本质。仿佛众口难调，每个作家也都有各自的见解。本文将借助美国小说家欧.亨利的《爱的牺牲》来简单分析文章所要传达的主题，即爱的本质是奉献，是牺牲。
关键词：爱情；本质；奉献；牺牲
第1章简要介绍
1.1作者简介
欧·亨利（O.Henry，1862-1910），是美国现代最著名的批判现实主义作家，同时也是与法国的莫泊桑、俄国的契诃夫齐名的“世界三大短篇小说巨匠”之一。他的小说作品语言含蓄幽默，构思精巧缜密，情节跌宕起伏，展现了浓郁的人性光辉，具有强烈的现实意义，令人回味无穷。其一生小说创作多达300 多部，尤其擅长通过对处于社会最底层的贫穷劳动人民间所发生的小事、趣事和怪事的生动描写，揭示社会的黑暗和制度的腐朽，以此来鞭挞丑恶，弘扬人性，从而给读者以强烈的震撼力，被誉为是“美国社会生活的百科全书。
1.2《爱的牺牲》内容梗概
《爱的牺牲》是典型的欧·亨利式的爱情小说。文章讲述了对一对青年艺术家贫困的生活。乔因为有绘画艺术的天赋来到纽约闯荡，迪莉娅因为有音乐天赋而被亲戚们资助来到纽约深造。他们在一个画室里相识、相爱并结婚了。乔梦想着能画出让有钱的老绅士们蜂拥而至的画作，迪莉娅梦想着有一天能在剧院演出。他们互相帮助着，鼓励着。然而，当他们坐吃山空的时候，他们明白，他们得作出贡献了。迪莉娅很快就收到了一个好学生，而且是个将军的女儿。她每周能挣5 元。到了周末当迪莉娅骄傲又疲惫地拿出 5 美元时，乔则掏出了18 美元，他把画卖给了一个绅士，而且这个绅士还订购了另一幅画。第二个周末，乔先回并洗去手上黑乎乎的脏东西，而迪莉娅的右手被绷带缠得七八糟地回家了。迪莉娅解释说她的学生在吃热干酪的时候烫到了她。看到那些绷带、油膏，乔一直追问迪莉娅被烫的细节，迪莉娅说实话了，这两周，她在一家洗衣店工作，因为工作太难找了，只有这样，她心爱的乔才能继续学习绘画艺术。而乔告诉迪莉娅，这两周，他也在那家洗衣店工作，他一直在那里烧锅炉。今天下午，是他去药店给楼上一位烫伤的姑娘买的纱布、油膏和绷带。生活就是这样现实，乔和迪莉娅不得不违背自己背井离乡的初衷，放弃自己的梦想，为心爱的人作出牺牲。工作非常难找，原本要教音乐的迪莉娅却在洗衣店干了熨衣工，原本要卖画的乔却在同一家洗衣店里烧锅炉。爱情是完美的，即使他们为了对方打工，也碰巧在同一家洗衣店，当迪莉娅烫到的时候，也碰巧是乔买的纱布和绷带等才让乔看出了真相.
第2章浅析《爱的牺牲》中的“爱”
2.1 苦涩的爱
乔和迪莉娅的爱是苦涩的，他们为各自能追求艺术而放弃了自己的艺术追求，可万万没有想到的是对方同样也放弃了艺术。他们为爱欺骗对方，他们为爱牺牲艺术，他们最后都放弃了艺术，只是因为他们一直坚守着对彼此最真挚的爱。
苦涩的爱是通过对社会的真实描述来阐释不一样的爱。当时的社会被金钱所充实着，缺少了那份最为美好的情感。在金钱的困惑与压迫下，乔和迪莉娅虽然过着艰苦的生活，但他们仍然坚守着爱情，即使苦涩，也无悔。
2.2甜蜜的爱
爱情终归是甜蜜的，乔和迪莉娅是幸福的。他们为了对方的理想而牺牲自己的理想，即使他们的理想成为泡沫，但他们一直心里坚信着可以实现对方的理想，牺牲自己并无大碍。他们各自编了一个善良的谎言，只为了让对方放心地继续追求艺术。他们之间甜蜜的爱就是最美的艺术品，就是他们所追求的艺术理想。是的，当你爱的时候，就会觉得没有什么牺牲是不值得的。正如文中所描述的：假若家庭不幸福，随它怎么宽敞—你从金门进去，把帽子挂在哈得拉斯，把披肩挂在合恩角，然后穿着拉布拉多出去，到头还是枉然。这里表达了作者对幸福真谛的理解：只有甜蜜的爱才是幸福的真正源泉。
第3章苦涩的爱与甜蜜的爱之背后
3.1苦涩的爱之背后---现实主义
他们有着各自的艺术理想，可为了成全对方的理想，自己却放弃了各自挚爱的艺术追求，展示了19 世纪美国草根阶层生活的无奈与艰辛。在这里作者向我们展示了一定的现实意义，反映了当时美国社会真实的一面。乔和迪莉娅是社会底层的一对平凡的夫妻。他们生活简单平淡同时潦倒窘迫，但他们对自己的另一半仍是深深地苦涩地爱着。从这篇小说中，我们仿佛看到这些贫寒窘迫的小人物在生活的深渊中无奈而又痛苦地挣扎，最终被残酷的现实生活吞没。这就是悲剧的现实生活。欧·亨利用他的悲剧爱情故事将残酷的社会现实直接呈现在我们眼前，这是他现实主义的淋漓尽致的表达。
3.2甜蜜的爱之背后---完美主义
尽管这部爱情喜剧在当时的现实生活中实则是一种安慰。尽管这安慰透着心酸和无奈，可是在小人物的命运里，在不可逆的社会大趋势下，只有这些超越世俗的真挚情感才是他们抓住自己生命的最后一根稻草。乔和迪莉娅都在社会的底层挣扎着生活，他们是不会通过自己的挣扎进入上流社会的。只有他们的完美爱情则可以温暖彼此，让他们在艰难的现实生活中有坚持下去的理由。欧·亨利的爱情完美主义在他的爱情喜剧故事中得到精彩的呈现，这完美中无不透露着残酷的现实，个中的悲哀和无助，但却仍是甜蜜的。
第4章浅析《爱的牺牲》中爱的本质--奉献
关于爱的本质，大家众口难调，然而就这部小说而言，乔和迪莉娅用彼此纯洁的心灵、真挚的情感和崇高的牺牲精神给予了爱情最美丽的诠释，尽管他们的努力无法从根本上改变生活和艺术之间的矛盾，但却让对方看到了相互为爱的付出，看到了彼此爱情的忠贞。生活的贫穷和捉襟见肘并没有磨灭他们对爱情
的坚贞和信仰，表面上看，夫妻双方虽然都放弃了自己的挚爱追求，但彼此之间纯真、炙热的爱情却得以进一步升华。正如小说篇名所描述的那样，爱是需要有牺牲的，爱是奉献。只要彼此间有真爱，再大的奉献都是值得的。也正是因为有了爱，人与人之间才能够相互理解，才能够互相体贴，才能够让爱情永恒。
第5章总结
通过本篇文章的简要分析，我们可以清楚的了解到，爱的本质，奉献与牺牲。即使是在残酷的现实中，有了奉献，才有最真挚的爱，才有了幸福的生活。不论是完美主义者还是现实主义者，在爱的面前。都有着同样的使命与责任。保持最纯真的奉献，将会永远是爱情的真谛。
参考文献
[1]《欧·亨利短篇小说选》人民文学出版社欧·亨利著王永年译
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[3] [美]欧·亨利，牛振华译：《欧·亨利短篇小说集》，三联书店，2010 年版。
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[5]崔绪娥. An Analysis of the love in story [J]. 海外英语, 2011.
[6]朱蕾. Four Different Marriages in O.Henry’s story[J]. 人文社科.
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[0171]《美国文学史及选读》 第一次作业 [判断题]Faith in Christianity is one of the main ideas advocated by Raph Waldo Emerson, the chief spokesman of American Romanticism. 参考答案：错误 [判断题]In Desire Under the Elms by Eugene G. O'Neill, Abbie is the second wife of Cabot after his first wife dies. 参考答案：错误 [判断题]Langston Hughes is often entitled "New England Poet”. 参考答案：错误 [判断题]Franklin was a symbol of the American dream. 参考答案：正确 [判断题]Rip Van Winkle was written by James Cooper. 参考答案：错误 [判断题]Fitzgerald was the spokesman of the Jazz Age. 参考答案：正确 [判断题]Allan Poe wrote the first detective stories in America. 参考答案：正确 [判断题]The Beat Generation and the Lost Generation are the same. 参考答案：错误 [判断题]Beyond the Horizon was the first full-length play of O'Neill. 参考答案：正确 [判断题]Irving was the first American writer to get an international reputation. 参考答案：正确 第二次作业 [判断题]Chinese poetry and philosophy had exerted great influence on Ezra Pound. 参考答案：正确 [判断题]Howl is a symbol in the movement of the Beat Generation, which was written by Allen Ginsberg. 参考答案：正确 [判断题] Joseph Heller was an American satirical novelist, poet and short story writer. 参考答案：错误 [判断题]Mark Twain was the Lincoln of American literature. 参考答案：正确 [判断题]The best work of Whitman was The Leaves of Grass 参考答案：正确 [判断题]Anne Bradstreet was father of American poetry. 参考答案：错误 [判断题]The Autobiography was the masterpiece of Franklin. 参考答案：正确 [判断题]The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is a short story 参考答案：正确
III Multiple choice (20%) 1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. When her poems were published in England, she became known as the “______” who appeared in America. A Ninth Muse B Tenth Muse C Best Muse D First Muse 2. ______ is the sometimes exaggerated use of local language, characters and customs in regional literature. A purple prose B waste-land imagery C local color D symbolism 3. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as _______. A The Jazz Age B The Gilded Age C The Glorious Age D The Beat Age 4. ___________ was a reaction to the ideas of the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment. A Romanticism B Realism C Naturalism D Modernism 5. Although only few of her poems were published in her lifetime and a complete collection of them didn’t appear until the 1950’s, _____ had a major impact on 20th century poetry. A Anne Bradstreet B Gertrude Stein C Emily Dickinson D Amy Lowell 6. Who of the following is NOT a 20th century American poet? A Henry Wordsworth Longsfellow B Amy Lowell C Ezra Pound D Robert Frost 7. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ______. A International theme B Waste-land imagery C Local color
美国文学史复习1（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质： The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集 It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation 2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题 3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。 4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges. 5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。 6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、 7）The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
《美国文学》期末考试试卷（B卷） 1.Poor Richard’s Almanac ( ) 2.The House of the Seven Gables ( ) 3.“Raven”( ) 4.My Antonia ( ) 5.Babbitt ( ) 6.A Streetcar Named Desire ( ) 7.Maggie: A Girl of the Streets ( ) 8.A Farewell to Arms ( ) 9.The Call of the Wild ( ) 10.Long Day's Journey into Night ( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/ca12297348.html,mon Sense ( ) 12. “Rip Van Winkle”( ) 13. Walden( ) 14. The Song of Hiawatha( ) 15. Uncle Tom’s Cabin( ) 16.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn( ) 17.Sister Carrie( ) 18.The Waste Land( ) 19. A Farewell to Arms( ) 20.The Great Gatsby( ) 1.defined poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty. 2.While working for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, Samuel Langhorne Clemens adopted the pseudonym , the way of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fathoms. 3.Ezra Pound initiated a campaign for , which emphasized the direct treatment of an object or situation. He also advocated the language of common speech, but always the exact word. 4.Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the 1920s decade in his masterpiece novel _________. 5.is the first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters. 6.The first of American literature was not written by an American, but by ___________________, a British captain, who thus became the first American writer. 7._________________ has been considered the “Father of modern American Poetry.\
作业 1．第1题 When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing. A.Henry James B.Scott Fitzgerald C.Hemingway D.William Faulkne 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 ___ did not ever show his/her concern for the Indians. A.Anne Bradstreet B.Philip Freneau C.Roger Williams D.John Eliot 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 ____ made many translations, among which, Dante’s Divine Comedy was the best. A.William C. Bryant B.Henry W. Longfellow C.Emerson D.Hawthorne 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 The Declaration of Independence was the product of the joint efforts by ___, A.George Washington
Literary terms这部分的答案均来自星火《英美文学》一书，质量高 1.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. 2.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At the end of the 19th century，this pessimistic form of realism appeared in America. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious “truth” were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut from the old value and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingway's presence that “you are all a lost generation.” 4.Jazz age: the novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the term "Jazz Age" retroactively to refer to the decade after World War I and before the stock market crash in 1929, during which Americans embarked upon what he called "the gaudiest spree in history". Jazz Age is inextricably associated with the wealthy white "flappers" and socialites immortalized in Fitzgerald's fiction. 5.Free verse: is a poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Whitman's poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. It has since been used by Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century. 6. The iceberg analogy: The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by American writer Ernest Hemingway, as follows：if a writer of a prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader，if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. 这部分来自星火的为：3,7,8, 来自课本为：1,4,9 来自网络为：2,5,6大家自取之 1.Poe's Poetic Ideas A.His conviction that the function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty. B.He insists that poetry must be disembarrassed of that moral sense. C.Poe believes that the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle” thus poetry must concern itself only with “supernal beauty”. D.Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty” a definition gi ving unexampled emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.