Chapter 6 Crop systems biology

Lesson Six（2学时）The Origin and Diversity of LifeA Home for Life: Formation of the Solar System and Planet EarthThe story of life's origins begins with the formation of the earth. The sequence of events that gave rise to our planet began, in turn, with the cosmic explosion physicists call the Big Bang. The sun at the center of our solar system condensed from a cloud of primordial matter roughly 5 billion years ago; the planets, including the earth, condensed about 4.6 billion years ago. The earth is composed of a number of layers: a solid crust, a semisolid mantle, and a largely molten (liquid) core that has a solid center. Basic physical features of Earth that may have made the emergence of life possible include the planet's size, temperature, composition, and distance from the sun. The major current hypothesis holds that life arose spontaneously on the early earth by means of chemical evolution from nonliving substances.生命起源于地球的形成。

普通高中附录2 词汇表说明：1.本词汇表共收3000个单词，含义务教育阶段要求掌握的1500个单词。

高中英语必修课程应学习和掌握500个单词（表中加有一个*号），累计达2000。

选择性必修课程应学习和掌握1000个单词（表中加有两个*号），累计达3000。

各地可根据实际情况在本词汇表所收词的基础上，再选择增加200个单词。

2.本词汇表采用英式英语拼写形式，常见的美式拼写形式和其他拼写形式用括号加注。

3.本着在具体语境中学习和使用单词的原则，本词汇表不标注单词的词性和中文释义。

4.本词汇表不列词组和短语。

5.本词汇表不列语法术语。

6.本词汇表不列可根据构词法推导出的部分名词、形容词、副词等。

7.主要国家名称及相关信息等词单独列出，供教学参考。

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concept** consumption** concern* contact* concert contain* conclude** contemporary** conclusion** content* concrete** contest** condition context* conduct* continent* conference* continue confidence* contract** contradictory** country contrary** countrysidecontrast** country* contribution* couplecontrol courageconvenient* course conventional** court* conversation cousinconvince** covercook coverage**cookie cowcool crash*cooperate** crayoncopy crazycore** cream**corn createcorner creative*corporate** creature**correct credit*correspond** crew**cost crime**costume** crisis**cottage** criterion(pl. criteria) ** cotton** critical**cough criticize(criticize) ** could crop**council** crosscount crowd*crucial** datecruel** daughtercry daycuisine** deadculture deadline**cup deafcupboard** dealcure* dearcurious* death*current* debate**curtain** debt**custom* decade** customer Decembercut decent**cute decidecycle** decisionD declare*declinedaily decorate* damage** decrease**damp** deepdance 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CHAPTER SIXBioPharma Case Questions1.How should BioPharma have used its production network in 2013? Should any ofthe plants have been idled? What is the annual cost of your proposal, including import duties?This solution was obtained using the worksheet bio-pharma solution. The results are obtained in the worksheet solution-2013 and are displayed below. Note that the Japanese plant is shut and Germany produced none of the Highcal product. All other plants produced both products. The annual cost of this solution is $1,267 million.2.How should Landgraf structure his global production network? Assume that thepast is a reasonable indicator of the future in terms of exchange rates.Landgraf should note that the exchange rates have been fairly volatile over the period from 2006-2013. Whereas the Japanese plant is recommended shut for the exchange rates from 2009-2013, it is optimal to have had Japan open between 2006-2008 exchange rates (see corresponding worksheets). Over all but the 2006 exchange rate regimes, however, it is optimal to have the German plant bededicated to producing only Relax. Similarly, the U.S. plant produces onlyHighcal under most exchange rate regimes. Given these observations it may be reasonable to maintain the capacity and flexibility in all plants to deal withexchange rate volatility.3.Is there any plant for which it may be worth adding a million kilograms ofadditional capacity at a fixed cost of $3 million per year?It doesn’t appear this improves the solution shown in question 1. The plants that are at capacity in part 1 are Brazil, India, Mexico, and the U.S.; adding a million kilograms of capacity to those plants does not result in a lower overall cost for the entire supply chain (when the $3 million increase in cost for the additionalcapacity is accounted for). Given the excess capacity in the network it does not seem worthwhile to add capacity in any location.4.How are your recommendations affected by the reduction of duties?A reduction in duties is likely to make trade across regions more attractive. As aresult, production is more likely to be concentrated. Change the Cells A47:F47 in the worksheet input-2013 to 0 and run Solver on the worksheet solution-2013 to obtain the optimal network without duties for 2013. For the year 2013, theoptimal network and production without duties is as shown below.Observe that the solution matrix is far less sparse than the case with duties. Both the Japanese and Brazilian plants are shut down. Other than U.S., every otherplant produces only one product. Mexico and India produce only Highcal while Germany produces only relax. In general a reduction of duties is likely to lead to a consolidation of global supply chai networks.5.The analysis has assumed that each plant has a 100 percent yield (percent outputof acceptable quality). How would you modify your analysis to account for yield differences across plants?To adjust for yields less than 100%, the capacity of each plant could be adjusted down by the loss percentage. Another approach would be to leave capacity as stated but adjust the amount shipped down by the scrap percentage.6.What other factors should be accounted for when making your recommendations?This global supply chain is exposed to a variety of risks as enumerated below.Supply chain decisions should be made after careful assessment of the likelihood of these events and the effectiveness of possible mitigation plans.Disruptions – disasters, war, terrorism, labor disputesDelays – inflexibility or poor yield of supply, insufficient supplySystems – IS breakdown, system integration issuesForecast – inaccurate forecastingIntellectual property – vertical integration and global sourcingProcurement – exchange rate movement, industry-wide capacity issuesReceivables – number and financial strength of customersInventory – rate of obsolescence, holding costs, uncertainty of demandCapacity – cost and flexibility of capacity。

浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）48（6）：683~691，2022Journal of Zhejiang University (Agric.&Life Sci.)http ：///agr E -mail ：zdxbnsb @RNA 干扰技术在害虫防治中的应用及其安全性汪芳1，党聪1，金虹霞1,2，肖山1，钟馥骏1，方琦1，姚洪渭1，叶恭银1*（1.浙江大学农业与生物技术学院昆虫科学研究所，水稻生物学国家重点实验室/农业农村部作物病虫分子生物学重点实验室/浙江省作物病虫生物学重点实验室，杭州310058；2.浙江大学图书馆，杭州310058）摘要RNA 干扰（RNA interference,RNAi ）是一种在生物体内高度保守的、由20～30个核苷酸（nucleotide,nt ）组成的小分子非编码RNA 引发的基因沉默现象。

在昆虫等真核生物中，干扰小RNA （small interfering RNA,siRNA ）、微RNA （microRNA,miRNA ）和PIWI 蛋白互作RNA （PIWI-interacting RNA,piRNA ）等小分子非编码RNA 在RNA 干扰中发挥着重要作用。

RNA 干扰在害虫防治中的应用主要体现在基因功能研究、转基因抗虫植物及新型核酸农药研发等方面。

RNA 干扰技术及其产品在应用之前，需严格评价其在非靶标效应、靶标害虫的抗性及环境持久性方面的安全风险。

本文就RNA 干扰技术的作用机制、RNA 干扰在农林害虫防治中的应用及其安全性等方面进行了综述，以期为RNA 干扰技术在害虫防治中获得更广泛的应用提供一定的理论依据。

关键词RNA 干扰；双链RNA ；微RNA ；害虫防治；应用；安全性中图分类号Q 963文献标志码A引用格式汪芳,党聪,金虹霞,等.RNA 干扰技术在害虫防治中的应用及其安全性[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2022,48(6):683-691.DOI:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2021.06.302WANG Fang,DANG Cong,JIN Hongxia,et al.Application of RNA interference technology in pest control and its safety[J].Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture &Life Sciences),2022,48(6):683-691.Application of RNA interference technology in pest control and its safetyWANG Fang 1,DANG Cong 1,JIN Hongxia 1,2,XIAO Shan 1,ZHONG Fujun 1,FANG Qi 1,YAO Hongwei 1,YE Gongyin 1*(1.State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects,Institute of Insect Sciences,College of Agriculture and Biotechnology,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China;2.Zhejiang University Library,Hangzhou 310058,China )Abstract RNA interference (RNAi)is a highly conserved gene-silencing phenomenon,induced by 20-30nucleotide (nt)small molecules of non-coding RNA in vivo.Three non-coding RNAs,such as small interfering RNA (siRNA),microRNA (miRNA)and PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA),play important roles in RNAi of eukaryotes including insects.The applications of RNAi in pest control are mainly on the research of gene function,transgenic insect-resistant plants and novel nucleic acid pesticides.Before the applications,the safety risks in terms of non-target effects,target pest resistance and environmental persistence of interfering RNAs need to be strictly evaluated.In this paper,the mechanism of RNAi technology,application and safety of RNAi in agro-forestry pest control are described,which provide some theoretical basis for RNAi technology in pest control.Key wordsRNA interference;double-stranded RNA;microRNA;pest control;application;safetyDOI ：10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2022.06.302基金项目：国家自然科学基金联合基金项目（U21A200246）。