第一讲 句子成分与词性

第一讲句子成分与词性句子的成分有七种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾补词性有十种：名词，代词，动词，形容词，副词，数词，介词，连词，冠词，感叹词主语：动作的发出者词性：名词，代词，动词必须变形，The +adj., 数词, 句子(带连词)The table is round.He is a student.Relaxation is important.To relax from time to time is very important.What to do next is still unknown.Relaxing is important.The old are taken good care of in China.One plus one equals two.What he is in charge of is to organize the school sports meetingExercise One: How subjects are formed.1. _______ are helpful to students. (teach)2. _____ is more important to me than money. (healthy)3. Some famous _______ are going to give lectures in our university in August. (science)4. Feng Ai‟s love and _______ will always be remembered by her students and their parents in Y unnan. (kind)5. Are there any taxi ____ in the small city? (serve)6. _______ is my favourite sport. (fish)7. ________ stamps is my hobby. (collect)Exercise T wo: Use your imagination and guess the missing word.1.________ are helpful to students.2.________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge.3.________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they carefor them like parents.4.________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy.谓语: 句子所表示的动作. 词性: 只能是动词, 在句子中不能缺She likes chocolates.I am a student.I would like to introduce myself.Exercise Three: Guess the missing verbsJohn was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c________ over to him. “My boy,”she a_____, “Is your father at home?”“Y es,” a_______ John. The woman began r_________ the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_____ back to John and s______angrily “Didn‟t you s______ that your father was at home?”“I did”, answered John, “but this i_______ my house.”宾语：动作的承受者。

词性：同主语I bought a table yesterday.I like it very much.I like playing games.I want to have a look.I don‟t know what I should do next.Exercise Four: How objects are formed.1.Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast ________ in Shanghai after his long absence from thecity. ( develop )2.The front is in great need of medical _____ .( work )3.Thank you for your _______. ( kind )4.At last he sold his ______. ( invent )Exercise Five: Guessing the missing wordsMr. Wu is getting old. He is l_______ the school soon. The s_______ in his class have given h______ a lot of p_______. Among t______ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m______ by the students themselves.Photos will h_____ Mr. Wu remember the happy _________ when he was with his students.Next week, t________ will have a p_______ to ______ goodbye to him.表语：连系动词后接的成分（be，look，sound，smell，taste，feel，become，turn，get，go，keep，seem）词性：形容词为主He looks sad副词（here/ there/ home）介词短语I‟ m in the office.动词必须变形My job is to organize the school sports meeting.The story is interesting.I‟m interested in the story.Exercise Six: The way of guessing the predictive.1. It is ______ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. (possible)2. The sick man is getting ______. (ill)3.Patrick is going to be a(n) ______ when he grows up.（engine ）4.Lucy looks ______ in Mum‟s shoes. （fun）5.Such cold weather is quite _____ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again.（change ）6.It‟s a ______ to have a picnic with all the members. （please ）定语：修饰名词与代词的成分词性：形容词为主，介词短语，名词，动词必须变形The beautiful girl is my sister.The woman with two babies is my aunt.The stamp show attracted a lot of people.I have a lot of things to do.The hen laying two eggs a day belongs to my grandmother.No one can swim in a polluted river.Ex. Seven: The way of guessing the attributive.1. The _______ exams usually take place at the end of June. (finally)2.On a _____ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly)3.In ______ weather, the old had better stay at home. (freeze )4.The French artist said, …it is my _____ time to visit Shanghai. I love this city so much.‟ ( one )5.That girl is the most ________ member in the school singing group.( importance )6. Quite a few _______ houses have been built for the tourists around the lake. (wood)7.Many people caught cold last month because of the _____ weather ( change )状语：说明动作发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，目的，结果，条件，伴随情况的成分。

词性以副词为主，也可以是介词短语，动词必须变形I met him yesterday morning.I met him in the street.He didn‟t come because of his illness.He listened to the teacher carefully.He came here by bus.I went there to visit the great wall.He is old enough to go to school.If you study hard, you‟ll make great progress.He stood there, waiting for the bus.Ex. Eight: The way of guessing the adverbial.1. Paper catches fire _______ (easy)2.The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so ______(easy)3.Watch ______, and you will find the difference between the two pictures. ( care )4.After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed ______ at last. ( safe )补语: 补充说明宾语的成分. 词性为形容词, 名词. 动词必须变形We are going to make our country beautiful.We are going to make him president.We will ask him to do itI noticed a bird flying in the sky.另: 形容词修饰名词; 副词修饰动词, 形容词, 副词; 冠词用于名词前.词性转化20001. Paper catches fire _______ (easy)2. Are there any taxi ____ in the small city? (serve)3. _____ is more important to me than money. (healthy)4. Look at the photo! The _____ man from the left is our class teacher, Mr. Wang. (five)5. The sick man is getting ______. (ill)2001.1. The _______ exams usually take place at the end of June. (finally)2. Wang Wei, the young pilot, _____ for our country. He will live in our hearts forever. (dead)3. It is ______ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. (possible)4. Let‟s take the lift up to the restaurant on the _____ floor. (twenty)5. Some famous _______ are going to give lectures in our university in August. (science)1.Patrick is going to be a (n) ______ when he grows up.2.On a _____ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky.3.Lucy looks ______ in Mum‟s shoes.4.In ______ weather, the old had better stay at home.5.At the _____ of this century, the APEC conferences were held successfully in Shanghai.1.The French artist said, …it is my _____ time to visit Shanghai. I love this city so much.‟2.Such cold weather is quite _____ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again.3.It‟s a ______ to have a picnic with all the members.4.…Y our job is to ______ customers well. Please keep it in mind,‟ the manager told the waiter.5.That girl is the most ________ member in the school singing group.6.Quite a few _______ houses have been built for the tourists around the lake.7.After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed ______ at last.20045.The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so ______(easy)6.Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast ________ in Shanghai after his long absence from thecity. ( development )7.Feng Ai‟s love and _______ will always be remembered by her students and their parents inY unnan. ( kind)8.Many people caught cold last month because of the _____ weather ( change )Watch ______, and you will find the difference between the two pictures. (care)Ex. NineA.Now, machines are widely ______ all over the world.Why are machines so i________ and necessary? Because they can help us doing f_______. A washing machine helps us to wash c_______ quickly. A printing machine helps us to print a lot of books, newspapers, m_______ and so on. The computer is a wonderful machine. It was i_______ not long ago. It can store ________ amounts of information and work out problems very, veryq_________.BThe universe is everything out in space. ________ knows how big the universe is.When we talk _______ the universe, we mean the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars. Now let me tell you something about our earth. The earth is a huge ball. It turns round and round in space. ________ surface is covered by water and land. If you are in a space plane and look _____ at the earth from up in space, you will see lots of clouds over the surface of the earth. Through the clouds you will see the blue color of the oceans and seas. Almost two-thirds of the earth is covered with water.We live on the outside ____ of the earth. Around and above us is the air. The earth takes twenty-four hours to turn all the way round----- that is one day and one night. When your country is facing the sun, it is daytime for you. But as the earth turns you away from the sun, everything around you grows _______.完型填空2000Mike, a boy of sixteen, says he loves his father, yet he cannot remember his father‟s age or ________ his birthday is, and only knows what he does for living. The father and son live in the same flat but they only have dinner _______ once or twice a year, and hardly ever spend their free time each other‟s company (陪伴)Mike‟s father works long hours. He starts work at 10 a.m. and ______ it at about 12 p.m., and he only has three days off every month.Mike and his father never fight between each other. In fact, they hardly ever have time to have a talk. Mike says when he tries to talk to his father, he only gives short answers and shows very little _______. However, he has a ________ better relationship with his mother. Sometimes Mike feels unhappy and he _______ his father will come back to have dinner with them more often and spend more time with the family.2001It is a Chinese traditional custom that people eat moon-cakes at the time of the Mid-Autumn Festival. One _______ about it is almost 7000 years old. In the 14th century, the Chinese planned a surprise attack against their enemies at the time of the festival. The messages for the attack were put into cakes. The cakes were passed from one to ______. Each person read the messages and knew when and where the attack would _________. At last the Chinese won the victory.Moon-cakes are still eaten during the Mid-autumn Festival. However, the fillings (馅) of the moon-cakes now are not messages, but foods such as meat, fruits and duck eggs. ______ the fifteenth day of the eighth month of each Chinese year, ______ and friends come together and enjoy the beautiful moon. Shops are crowded with people and the smell of moon-cakes ______ the air. Many people go to place where they can see the moon clearly. Large parks and seaside are popular places. Once there, people have a picnic dinner, eat moon-cakes and watch the moon rise.2002Often, doctors tell some people to go on diets (节食). The doctors hope the diets will makethe people feel b_____. They hope the diets will make the people healthy.Alana was on a diet, but she didn‟t like it at all. She was not a______ to eat her favourite food by the doctor. While her brother Frank ate chocolate, she had to eat an apple. Alana was on the diet for two months. Her doctor was pleased with her. “Y ou have been very good,” he said. “Y ou can eat some of the foods you like best. But only a little. Don‟t eat too many sweets. Don‟t eat too much ice cream. If you do, you will get a lot of weight a______.Then the doctor put Frank on a diet. It was a different kind of diet. “Y ou c______ eat chicken or eggs, Frank,” said the doctor. “These foods will make you in trouble.”“How long will I have to be on the diet?” asked Frank.“A long time,” said the doctor. “Maybe for the r_____ of your life.”“But I really like chicken,” said Frank. “Y ou said it is one of the best meats to eat.”“It is a very good food for most people,” said the doctor. “But when you eat it, it makes you sick. It is not a good food for you.”“Y ou‟re right,” said Frank. “Well, I‟ll eat more cake i______.”2003Dear Penny,I hope you‟re all well. We‟re all terribly busy, even Polly, who has finally managed to find some work. U_______, it‟s not a very good job, but at least it‟s a job, and maybe she will find something better in the future. She has also found somewhere e______ to live---- a small flat about five miles away，so now there‟s only Joe and me left at home. After 24 years of having children to look after, it‟s very strange to have the house to ourselves, although I do enjoy coming home to a tidy house at the e______ of a day. By the way, Polly has broken up with her boyfriend, Peter. We were very sorry, because we got on well with him, and they s______ to be in love.Alice has some interesting news, as well. She passed her final exams. We heard last week; so of course, we had a small family celebration. She doesn‟t know what she wants to do yet, but she has plenty of time to decide. She doesn‟t have a boyfriend at the moment, either. I don‟t know what the matter with them is! They‟re both pretty e______! Joe‟s fine, but he hasn‟t been able to do m_________ in the garden because of the weather, which has been terrible. Actually it has rained every day for the p_________ few weeks. It‟s unbelievable, isn‟t it?Anyway, that‟s all for my news. How are you all? What are you up to/Do write soon and tell me everything!LoveJack2004．Christopher and Jeff had known each other since childhood. One day, Jeff told his friend that he‟d fallen in love and planned to get married the n______ month. He asked Christopher to lend him $ 1,000 for the wedding part, and promised to pay him back a month later when he started his new job. Christopher knew that Jeff was not very good with money, but he s_____ agreed. As they were old friends, they didn‟t put anything in writing.A month later, Christopher hadn‟t heard from Jeff or received any money, s____ he phoned him. Jeff was very apologetic and said he would surely pay him back within a month. Six weeks later, Christopher tried to phone Jeff and f_______ he had moved and left no link address. B______ this time, he was angry.Then one month later, to his surprise, Christopher received a cheque for $100 from Jeff anda letter giving his new address. He explained that he‟d been having money p______ and wouldn‟t be able to pay back the remaining $900 for some time. Christopher wrote back telling Jeff to forget the r______ of the money and never to reach him again by message or telephone.。