Climate change and the insurance industry the cost of increased risk and the impetus for action

2023年考研英语一真题及答案一、完形填空考察了丝绸之路上的驿站话题，选项没有什么特别难的词或者短语，文章逻辑也很好懂，考到了并列逻辑和举例逻辑，只要考生认真读题应该拿到不错的分数Use of EnglishCaravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas includingChina, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically __1__ outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments of __2__.This word “Caravanserais” is a __3__ of the Persian word “karvan”, which means a group of travellers or a caravan, and seray, a palace or enclosed building. The Perm caravan was used to __4__ groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons, __5__ merchants, travellers or pilgrims.From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes become more developed, the __6__ of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road __7__ possibility of being attacked by thieves or being __8__ to extreme conditions. For this reason, Caravanserais wer e strategically placed __9__ they could be reached in a day’s travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal __10__ point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. __11__, those structures became important centers for culture __12__ and interaction, with travelers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, __13__ talking knowledge with them, greatly __14__ the development of several civilizations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and __15__ in the trade of goods along the Silk Road. __16__, it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their wares and __17__ supplies for their own journeys. It is __18__ that around 120000 to 15000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, __19__ only about 3000 are known to remain today, many of which are in __20__.1、答案：C. located2、答案：A. privately3、答案：D. combination4、答案：C. describe5、答案：C. such as6、答案：A. construction7、答案：B. faced8、答案：B. subjected9、答案：A. so that10、答案：D. meeting11、答案：D. As a result12、答案：C. exchange13、答案：C. as well as14、答案：B. influencing15、答案：A. aided16、答案：B. indeed17、答案：D. stock up on18、答案：A. believed19、答案：D. although20、答案：A. ruins二、阅读理解Text 1The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.Pat Hardy, who sympathized with views of the energy sector, is resisting the proposed change to science standards for pre-teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.Most scientists and experts s harply dispute Hardy’s views. “They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education，“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship.”Such debate reflects fierce discussion discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools.A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.Another issue is that while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages — such as earth and space sciences in high schools — it is notas well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.21. In paragraph 1, the weather in Texas is mentioned to答案：C. indicate the atmosphere at the board meeting22. What does Quinn think of Hardy?答案：B. She denies the value of scientific work.23. The study mentioned in Paragraph 5答案：A. Climate education is insufficient at state public school24. According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US答案：C. have limited influence25. It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schools答案：D. can be swayed by external forcesText 2Communities throughout the region have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there’s an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing, so anytime you’re taking the tool out of the toolkit for communities to address thi s, you’re potentially taking supply off the market that’s already incredibly stressed,’’ said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, “em ployers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,’’ Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, a crucial part of the economies in places like Nantucket, Cape Cod, or the towns that make up New Hampshire’s Seacoast and Lakes Region, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of the Cape Cod & Islands Association of Realtors. “A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,’’ Castle said, “and so it’s a cyclical effect.’’Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an affordable housing policy expert at the University of Massachusetts Boston. “I think individual s being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it’s their vacation home anyway, and it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?’’ Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities —de facto hotels —to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?’’ Horn said.At the end of 2018, Governor Charlie Baker signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. “The bill requires every rental host to register with the state, mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy,’’ the Globe reported. Boston took things even further, limiting who is authorized to rent out their home, and requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit other strugglingcities and towns. The only way to solve the issue, however, is by creating more housing. “If we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.’’26.Which of the following is true of New England?答案：A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.27.The bill mentioned in the Paragraph 2 was intended to?答案：D. allow a free short-term rental market.28 . Compared with Castle, Tailor is more likely to support?答案：B in increase in a affordable housing29. What does Horn emphasize in paragraph 3?答案：C the necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.30. Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is答案：D an inadequate solution.Text 3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the same may be true of The President's Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House, a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year, when Penguin Random House confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were “quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We do this generally by giving their titles less prominent positioning within our bookshops. “We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy and book sales are very strong. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers - as have customers, who might expect the new titles from the country’s biggest publisher to be prominently displayed by its biggest book retailer. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster - the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published. And one wonders if PRH would have been confident enough to deal with Waterstones in the way it has if it weren’t quite such a big company (it was formed with the merger of Penguin and Random House in 2013) and likely to get bigger.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels. Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal with Amazon,” says Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. the author mentions two books in the paragraph 1 to present ____答案：A. an ongoing conflict32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?答案：C. to respond to PRH's business move33. What message did the spokesman of Waterstones seem to convey?答案：A. their customers remain royal34. What can be one consequence of the current dispute?答案：A Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie`s view?答案：D The merger of publishers is a worrying trendText 4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.In recent years, there have been several episodes of scientific fraud, including completely made-up data, massaged or doctored figures, multiple publications of the same data, theft of complete articles, plagiarism of text, and self-plagiarism. And some scientists have come up with another way to artificially boost the number of citations to their work.Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, I cameacross yet another expression of this predatory behavior: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles and the articles of colleagues. Some of these consultancies are also active in organizing conferences and can advise that citations be added to conference proceedings. In this manner, a single editor can drive hundreds of citations in the direction of his own articles or those of colleagues that may be in his circle.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual—acting as author, editor, and consultant—was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.36 According paragraph1, the careers of scientists can be determined by________答案：B how many times their papers are cited37 The support service consultancies tend to _________.答案：C ask authors to include extra citation38 the function of the milk cow to journals is to ________.答案：A boost citation counts for certain authors39. What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraph?答案：[B] It has the capability to identify suspicious citation40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulation?答案：[D]Reveal their misconduct三、新题型考察了排序题，出题形式与往年略有差异，给出了三个既定选项位置，并给出了8个选项，首段空缺，虽然出题形式略有差异但解题思路和难度并无差异，只要能看出指代即可轻松判断出首段，整体难度中等。

2022年考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Harlan C oben believes that if you’re a writer, you’ll find the time; an d that if you can’t find the time, then writing isn’t a priority and you’re not a writer.For him, writing is a 1 job, a job like any other. He has 2 it with plumbing, pointing out that a plu mber doesn’t wake up and say that he can’t wo rk with pipes today.3 , like most writers these days, you’re holding down a job to pay the bills, it’s not4 to find the time to write. But it’s not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness.5 that most best selling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly6 often have to do other work to7 their writing income.As Harlan Coben has suggested it’s a8 of priorities. To make writing a priority, you'll have to 9 some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music, though some people can write 11 they listen to music. You might have to 12 the amount of exercise or sport you do. You’ll have to make social media an13 activity rather than a daily, time-consuming 14 . There’ll probably have to be less socializ ing with your with your family. It’s a15 learning curve, and it won’t always make you popular.There’s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for16 your writing and that’s reading. Any write needs to read as mach and as widely as they can. It’s the one 17 supporter-s omething you can’t do without.Time is finite, the older you yet, the 18 it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as 19 as we can. That means prioritising out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. If you are a writer, that means 20 writing.1.[A] difficult2.[A] combined3.[A] If4.[A] enough5.[A] Accept6.[A] well-known7.[A] donate8.[A] cause9.[A] highlight10.[A] relations11.[A] until12.[A] put up with13.[A] intelligent [B] normal[B] compared[B] Through[B] strange[B] Explain[B] well-advised[B] generate[B] purpose[B] sacrifice[B] interests[B] because[B] make up for[B] occasional[C] steady[C] confused[C] Once[C] wrong[C] Remember[C] well-informed[C] supplement[C] question[C] continue[C] memories[C] while[C] hang on to[C] intensive[D] pleasant[D] confronted[D] Unless[D] easy[D] Suppose[D] well-chosen[D] calculate[D] condition[D] explore[D] skills[D] before[D] cut down on[D] emotional14.[A] habit15.[A] tough16.[A] in addition to17.[A] indispensable18.[A] duller19.[A] peacefully20.[A] at most[B] test[B] gentle[B] in charge of[B] innovative[B] harder[B] generously[B] in turn[C] decision[C] rapid[C] in response to[C] invisible[C] quieter[C] productively[C] on average[D] plan[D] funny[D] in addition to[D] instant[D] quicker[D] gratefully[D] above all Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown’s 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but it’s by design, part of what the $6.1 billion U.S. egg indu stry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they’re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture—special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.“I’m excited about our progress,” says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds’ waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.”The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success ofplant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young a dults “really care about the planet,” says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations. “They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they’re doing.”21. The climate-friendly eggs are produced ______.[A] at a considerably low cost [B] at the demand of regular shoppers[C] as a replacement for organic eggs [D] on specially designed farms22. Larry Brown is excited about his progress in ______.[A] reducing the damage of climate change [B] accelerating the disposal of waste[C] creating a sustainable system [D] attracting customers to his products23. The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to suggest ______.[A] the doubts over natural feeds [B] the setbacks in the egg industry[C] the potential of regenerative products [D] the promotional success of supermarkets24. It can be learned from the last paragraph that young people ______.[A] are reluctant to change their diet [B] are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs[C] are curious about new food [D] are amazed at agriculture advances25. John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative product’s _____.[A] market prospects [B] standard definition[C] nutritional value [D] moral implicationText 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to up end the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretirees”–those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring–said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs aren’t the only culprit for the “unretirement” trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression.“The concept of retirement is evolving,” said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. “It’s not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past re tirement.”One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. The share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 3.2% from the prior year, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That’s also up 30.2% since 2010.Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 “unretirees” are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring,” Weiss said. “It’s not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can’t retire.”26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that .[A] over half of the retirees are physically fit for work[B] the old workforce is as active as the younger one does[C] one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement[D] more Americans are willing to work in retirement27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that .[A] retirement may cause problems for them[B] boredom can be relieved after retirement[C] the mental health of retirees is overlooked[D] “unretirement”contributes to the economy28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to .[A] labor shortage [B] population growth[C] longer life expectancy [D] rising living costs29. Many retirees are increasing their savings by .[A] investing more in stocks [B] taking up odd jobs[C] getting well-paid work [D] spending less30. With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are .[A] unprepared [B] unafraid[C] disappointed [D] enthusiasticText 3We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “dark patterns" is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to “roach motel”, where a user experienc e seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review theirprivacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding “digital deception.”Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise t heir data privacy rights.” The regulations aim to ban dark patterns- this means prohibiting companies from using "confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn’t opt out.”As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standard.31. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns ______.[A] improve user experiences [B] leak user information for profit[C] undermin e users’ decision-making [D] remind users of hidden costs32. The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show ______.[A] their major flaws [B] their complex designs[C] their severe damage [D] their strong presence33. To handle digital deception, businesses should ______.[A] listen to customer feedback [B] talk with relevant teams[C] turn to independent agencies [D] rely on professional training34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to ______.[A] guide users through opt-out processes[B] protect consumers from being tricked[C] grant companies data privacy rights[D] restrict access to problematic content35. According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is ______.[A] new legal requirements [B] businesses' self-discipline[C] strict regulatory standards [D] consumers' safety awarenessText 4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class session’s impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: stu dents’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half ofthe students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester—nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent—and this effect held steady for the study’s durat ion of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.“That's actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,” Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: “Easy come, easy go.”Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence—classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants’ eating habits and students’ video exposure. Meanwhile Schwitzgebel—who had predicted no effect—will be eating his words.36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are ______.[A] hard to determine [B] narrowly interpreted[C] difficult to ignore [D] poorly summarized37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat-eating?[A] It is common among students. [B] It is a behavior easy to measure.[C] It is important to students’ health.[D] It is a hot topic in ethics classes.38. Eric Schwitzgebel’s previous findings suggest that ethi cs professors ______.[A] are seldom critical of their students[B] are less sociable than other professors[C] are not sensitive to political issues[D] are not necessarily ethically better39. Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is ______.[A] permanent [B] predictable[C] uncertain [D] unrepeatable40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students’ change in behavior ______.[A] can bring psychological benefits [B] can be analyzed statistically[C] is a result of multiple factors [D] is a sign of self-developmentPart BDirections：Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）[A] Make it a habit[B] Don’ t go it alone[C] Start low , go slow[D] Talk with your doctor[E] Listen to your body[F] Go through the motions[G] Round out your routineHow to Get Active Again After a BreakMoving your body has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression, lower rates of many types of cancer and the risk of a heart attack, and improve overall immunity. It also helps build strength and stamina.Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off - limits to many people these days because of COVID-19 concerns, it can be tricky to know where to start. And it’s important to get the right do se of activity. “Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,” says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.41.____________________Don’t try to go back to what you were doing before your break. If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps, reduce activity to half a mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps.Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. “This isn’t something you can do overnight,” Denay says. But you wi ll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.42.____________________If you’re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off. If you feel good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately.43.____________________Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it’s the easiest, most accessible for m of exercise. Although it canbe a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step.44.____________________Even if you can’t yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves. With or without a club or racket, swing like you’re hitting the ball. Paddle like you're in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again.45.____________________Exercising with others “can keep you accountable and make it more fun, so you're more likely to do it again,” ¬Jackovitz says.You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can’t connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around your neighborhood. FaceTime or Zoom with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home.You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class. SilverSneakers offers them for older adults, or try EverWalk for virtual challenges.Section III Translation41. Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned. Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials, and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits: you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realise that when one door closes, another opens. You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents, and thinking outside the box will become your second nature.In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you are more likely to be able to find a solution when a problem arises.Section IV WritingPart A42. Directions:Suppose you are planning a campus food festival. Write an email to the international students in your university to1) introduce the food festival, and2) invite them to participate.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points) Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)英语二答案Section I Use of English1.[B] normal2. [B] compared3. [A] If4. [D] easy5.[C] Remember6. [A] well-known7. [C] supplement8. [C] question9. [B] sacrifice 10. [B] interests 11. [C] while 12. [D] cut down on 13. [B] occasional 14. [A] habit 15. [A] tough 16. [D] in addition to 17. [A] indispensable 18. [D] quicker 19. [C] productively 20. [D] above all Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121.【答案】[D] on specially designed farms22.【答案】[C] creating a sustainable system23.【答案】[C] the potential of regenerative products24.【答案】[B] are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs25.【答案】[A] market prospectsText 226.【答案】[D] more Americans are willing to work in retirement27.【答案】[A] retirement may cause problems for them28.【答案】[C] longer life expectancy29.【答案】[D] spending less30.【答案】[A] unpreparedText 3【答案】31. [C] undermine users’ decision-making32. [D] their strong presence33. [B] talk with relevant teams34. [B] protect consumers from being tricked35. [B] businesses' self-disciplineText 436.【答案】[A] hard to determine37.【答案】[B] It is a behavior easy to measure.38.【答案】[D] are not necessarily ethically better39.【答案】[C] uncertain40.【答案】[C] is a result of multiple factorsPart B41.【答案】[C] Start low, go slow42.【答案】[E] Listen to your body43.【答案】[A] Make it a habit44.【答案】[F] Go through the motions45.【答案】[B] Don’ t go it aloneSection III Translation【参考译文】虽然我们尽了最大的努力，但有时我们的画作最终很少会像原来计划的那样。

气候变化对日常生活的影响英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Impact of Climate Change on Daily LifeClimate change is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity today. It's a complex issue with far-reaching consequences that affect every aspect of our lives, from the food we eat to the air we breathe. As a student, I've learned about the science behind climate change and the potential impacts it could have on our planet. But it's not just a problem for scientists and policymakers to solve – it's something that impacts each and every one of us in our daily lives.One of the most obvious ways that climate change affects our daily lives is through extreme weather events. We've all seen the news reports of devastating hurricanes, wildfires, and floods that have ravaged communities around the world. These events are becoming more frequent and more severe as a result of climate change. Just last year, my hometown was hit by a record-breaking heatwave that caused widespread power outages and put a strain on our healthcare system. Many elderlyresidents had to be hospitalized due to heat-related illnesses, and schools had to close because the buildings weren't equipped to handle the extreme temperatures.But climate change doesn't just impact us during these dramatic events – it's also affecting our daily routines in more subtle ways. For example, longer and more intense allergy seasons are making it harder for people with allergies to go outside and enjoy the outdoors. Rising temperatures are also making it more difficult and expensive to cool our homes and workplaces, leading to higher energy bills and increased strain on the electrical grid.Another way that climate change is impacting our daily lives is through its effect on the food we eat. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns are making it harder for farmers to grow certain crops, leading to shortages and higher prices at the grocery store. And as sea levels rise and oceans become more acidic, many marine ecosystems are being disrupted, threatening the livelihoods of fishermen and the availability of seafood.But perhaps the most insidious way that climate change is affecting our daily lives is through its impact on our health. Rising temperatures are leading to more smog and air pollution, which can cause respiratory problems and exacerbate conditionslike asthma. Warmer temperatures are also creating more favorable conditions for disease-carrying insects like mosquitoes, leading to an increased risk of diseases like malaria and Zika virus.Of course, the impacts of climate change aren't felt equally around the world. Many developing countries and communities of color are being disproportionately affected by the consequences of climate change, despite having contributed the least to the problem. This is a matter of environmental justice that needs to be addressed.So what can we do to mitigate the impacts of climate change on our daily lives? The first and most important step is to take action to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a more sustainable way of living. This means making changes to our daily habits, like driving less, using less electricity, and reducing our consumption of meat and other carbon-intensive foods.But individual actions alone aren't enough – we also need to push for systemic changes at the societal and governmental levels. This means supporting policies and initiatives that promote renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and more efficient transportation systems. It also means holdingcorporations and governments accountable for their contributions to climate change and demanding that they take action to reduce their carbon footprints.Adapting to the impacts of climate change will also be crucial in the years and decades to come. This means investing in infrastructure and technologies that can help us better withstand extreme weather events, such as sea walls, drought-resistant crops, and more efficient cooling systems. It also means developing strategies to help vulnerable communities cope with the impacts of climate change, such as providing access to healthcare and emergency services during heat waves and other extreme events.Climate change is a complex and daunting problem, but it's one that we can't afford to ignore. As a student, I'm committed to learning as much as I can about this issue and doing my part to reduce my carbon footprint. But I also recognize that this is a problem that will require collective action and a willingness to make difficult choices and sacrifices.Ultimately, the impacts of climate change on our daily lives will only become more severe and more widespread if we fail to take action. But if we act now and embrace a more sustainable way of living, we can mitigate the worst effects of climate changeand create a better, more resilient future for ourselves and future generations.篇2The Impact of Climate Change on Daily LifeEver since I was a kid, I can remember my parents talking about climate change and global warming. At first, it seemed like some far-off, futuristic problem that wouldn't really affect me. But as I've gotten older and seen the changes happening with my own eyes, it's become clear that climate change is already transforming our daily lives in profound ways.One of the most obvious impacts has been the shift in weather patterns and temperatures. Growing up in the Midwest, I was used to freezing winters and hot, humid summers. But over the past decade or so, the seasonal norms have been totally disrupted. Winters are much milder, with less snow. Yet summer has become a sweltering several month span of heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires raging in nearby states.These extreme temperatures aren't just uncomfortable - they're potentially dangerous and life-threatening. During the brutal heatwaves, people have to be really careful about avoiding heat stroke, dehydration, and other heat-relatedillnesses, especially the elderly and those without access to air conditioning. Cities have implemented excessive heat emergency plans and cooling centers to try to reduce heat deaths. The freezing cold winters also used to be something we could depend on to kill off disease-carrying pests, but now with the warmer trends, we're seeing illnesses spread farther than ever before.The disrupted seasons have also made seasonal allergies and respiratory issues worse for many people I know, myself included. The extended hot weather means plants produce more pollen over a longer period. And the increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere boosts plant growth, generating even more airborne allergens. I've had to increase my allergy medication dosages, and friends with asthma frequently need to use their inhalers now when they never did before.Speaking of air quality, that's another area where climate change has seeped into our daily lives. Warmer temperatures create conditions for more smog and air pollution to build up. Particularly in urban areas, we're having more and more air quality alert days where it's dangerous to spend too much time outside. Poor air quality aggravates respiratory problems and has been linked to increased hospital admissions for lung issues.Of course, one of the most dramatic and terrifying effects of climate change has been the natural disasters we've witnessed. Extreme weather events like hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts, and wildfires have become frighteningly common and intense. It seems like every few months, there are new horrific scenes on the news of entire communities devastated by these catastrophic events. Even if they don't directly impact our own neighborhoods, the images of suffering and loss of life are traumatizing.On a personal level, my family has had to deal with the disruptions and financial hardship caused by these disasters. A couple of years ago, my aunt and uncle lost their home in a wildfire that ripped through their California town. More recently, flash flooding destroyed my cousin's basement apartment in the Midwest after days of unrelenting rainfall. Events like these don't just tear apart property, they uproot entire lives and displace families for months or years. The recovery is grueling, both emotionally and financially.For our daily lives, climate change has also brought increasing costs for food, utilities, insurance, and other essentials. Droughts and strange weather patterns have decimated crop yields for staple foods like wheat, corn, and soybeans. This hasdriven up grocery prices and made it harder for families to keep food on the table. Warming temperatures also spike demands for air conditioning in the summer, leading to higher utility bills that stress household budgets.In regions being hit by hurricanes, floods, and other natural disasters, insurance premiums have skyrocketed to compensate for all the payouts to rebuild destroyed properties. Some insurers have even stopped offering homeowner policies in high-risk areas, leaving people in precarious living situations if disaster strikes. These escalating costs for basic needs have forced many families I know to cut back on other priorities like saving for college, retirement, or even routine medical care.Beyond just the financial strain, climate change has seeped into our cultural experiences and social lives too. The unpredictable, extreme weather means fewer opportunities for traditional outdoor activities like barbecues, camping, sports leagues, park hangouts, and more. It's just not as fun or safe to spend extended time outside in scorching heat, wildfire smoke, pounding storms, or freezing winds and ice. Indoor activities and gatherings are more climate-controlled, but lack the same connection to nature previous generations could enjoy in moderate weather.Looking forward, the prospects for our daily life in a climate-changed world are unsettling to consider. Scientists warn that if we don't get global warming under control soon, the effects could become increasingly catastrophic and potentially create conditions hostile to human life in some regions. Issues like global food and water scarcity, mass human migration to escape uninhabitable areas, and conflicts over shrinking natural resources could completely disrupt society as we know it. It's a scary thought that the climate could become so inhospitable that our daily lives, freedoms, and way of life could face existential threats.On a more optimistic note, the impacts of climate change have also driven cultural shifts in awareness, activism, and environmentalism like we've never seen before. Young people in particular have been a powerful voice demanding governments and corporations take substantive action to curb greenhouse gas emissions and invest in renewable energy infrastructure. The growth of individual choices like reducing meat consumption, driving electric vehicles, powering homes with solar or wind, and lower-consumption lifestyles could also help mitigate humanity's carbon footprint in daily life.In many ways, the extensive impacts of climate change on our modern daily experience is a wake-up call about humanity's damaged relationship with the natural environment that sustains us. We've become disconnected and exploitative of natural resources in unsustainable ways. Perhaps the disruptions to our daily lives from a destabilized climate may remind us of the need to live more harmoniously and consciously as part of the ecological systems of this planet.While the future effects of climate change are still unfolding, there's no denying it has already altered our normal patterns and experiences of daily life in profound ways, both tangible and intangible. Our basic needs and abilities to thrive are under threat from escalating costs, disruptions, health impacts, and dangers. But we may also be witnessing a transformation in humanity's relationship with nature that could be a powerful catalyst for creating more sustainable ways of living on this planet. Only time will tell how our daily lives will continue to be reshaped by climate change's consequences.篇3The Inescapable Reality: How Climate Change Disrupts Our Everyday LivesAs a student, I can't help but feel a sense of unease when I think about the state of our planet. Climate change, once a distant concept relegated to science textbooks, has become an inescapable reality that permeates every aspect of our daily lives. From the food we eat to the air we breathe, the repercussions of a warming planet are all around us, demanding our attention and action.One of the most tangible ways climate change affects our daily routines is through extreme weather events. Heatwaves, once a rarity, have become increasingly common and intense, forcing us to seek refuge in air-conditioned spaces or risk heat exhaustion. Summers that were once eagerly anticipated now carry a sense of dread as temperatures soar to unprecedented levels. Even simple tasks like walking to class or hanging out with friends become arduous endeavors, leaving us drained and uncomfortable.Wildfires, too, have become a recurring nightmare, especially for those living in regions prone to drought. The thick, acrid smoke that blankets entire cities is not only a health hazard but also a constant reminder of the environmental crisis we are facing. Breathing becomes a struggle, outdoor activities are curtailed, and the air quality warnings that once seemed likedistant alerts have become an all-too-familiar part of our daily routines.But climate change doesn't just manifest in the form of heat and smoke; it also disrupts our access to essential resources. Water scarcity, exacerbated by prolonged droughts and shrinking reservoirs, has become a pressing concern in many regions. Strict water rationing measures have forced us to reevaluate our daily habits, from how we shower to how we water our gardens. Simple tasks like doing laundry or washing dishes now require careful planning and conservation efforts.Food insecurity, another consequence of climate change, has also taken a toll on our everyday lives. Extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, have disrupted agricultural production, leading to shortages and price hikes. Suddenly, the simple act of grocery shopping becomes a exercise in budgeting and prioritizing, as we struggle to afford nutritious foods while grappling with the guilt of contributing to the environmental strain through our dietary choices.Even our mental well-being has been impacted by the looming threat of climate change. The constant barrage of news and warnings about the impending crisis can breed a sense of eco-anxiety, particularly among younger generations who willbear the brunt of its consequences. The weight of this knowledge can be overwhelming, making it challenging to focus on daily tasks or plan for the future with any sense of certainty.Amidst these challenges, we have been forced to adapt and find new ways to navigate our daily routines. Sustainable practices, once considered niche or inconvenient, have become necessities. Recycling, conserving energy, and reducing our carbon footprints are no longer optional endeavors but essential habits we must embrace to mitigate the impact of climate change on our lives.Yet, for all the challenges we face, there is also a glimmer of hope in our collective resilience and determination. Students like myself are becoming increasingly aware of the urgency of this crisis and are using our voices to demand action from those in power. We are taking to the streets, advocating for sustainable policies, and embracing eco-friendly lifestyles that prioritize the well-being of our planet.Moreover, we are witnessing a paradigm shift in how we approach education and career paths. Disciplines focused on sustainability, renewable energy, and environmental conservation are gaining traction, as we recognize the need for innovative solutions to combat climate change. Young minds arebeing shaped to prioritize environmental stewardship, ensuring that future generations are better equipped to tackle the challenges that lie ahead.In the face of adversity, we are learning to find solace and appreciation in the small moments that remind us of the beauty and resilience of our planet. A crisp autumn breeze, the chirping of birds, or the sight of a vibrant sunset – these fleeting moments serve as reminders of what we are fighting to preserve. They motivate us to continue our efforts, to live more consciously, and to embrace sustainable practices that will safeguard our future and the future of generations to come.Climate change is not just an abstract concept; it is a stark reality that has infiltrated our daily lives, challenging us to adapt and evolve. From the foods we eat to the air we breathe, the consequences of a warming planet are felt in every aspect of our existence. Yet, in the face of adversity, we have shown remarkable resilience and determination. By embracing sustainable practices, advocating for change, and nurturing a deep appreciation for our planet, we can overcome the challenges posed by climate change and create a future where our daily routines are harmonious with the natural world that sustains us.。

One of the effects of global warming is the destruction of many important ecosystems.Changing and erratic climate conditions will put our ecosystems to the test, the increase in carbon dioxide will increase the problem.The evidence is clear that global warming and climate change affects physical and biological systems. There will be effects to land, water, and life. Already today, scientists are seeing the effects of global warming on coral reefs, many have been bleached and have died. This is due to warmer ocean waters, and to the fact that some species of plants and animals are simply migrating to better suited geographical regions where water temperatures are more suitable.Melting ice sheets are also making some animals migrate to better regions. This effects the ecosystems in which these plants and animals live.Several climate models have been made and they predict more floods (big floods), drought, wildfires, ocean acidification, and the eventual collapse of many ecosystems throughout the world both on land and at sea.There have been forecasts of things like famine, war, and social unrest, in our days ahead. These are the types of effects global warming could have on our planet.Another important effect that global warming will bring is the loss and endangerment of many species. Did you know that 30 percent of all plant and animal species alive in the world today are at risk of extinction by the year 2050 if average temperatures rise more than 2 to 11.5 degrees Fahrenheit.These mass extinctions will be due to a loss of habitat through desertification, deforestation, and ocean warming. Many plants and animals will also be affected by the inability to adapt to our climate warming.Some species will survive though because they will migrate to other parts of the world where they can survive. A good example of that happening is the red fox that has already done it. The red fox used to live mainly in North America, but has migrated now to the Arctic.People like you and me are also in danger, people living in coastal areas will be badly hit if sea levels rise. Desertification will also be a problem for humans, food may become scarce.One very disappointing effect of global warming is war and conflicts.With a decline in the amounts of quality food, water, and land, it could bring an increase in global security threats, and war.Take the country Sudan for example, in that region global warming has played an important role. There is conflict in Sudan, global warming is not the only cause, but it has played its part. The roots of the problem in Sudan can be traced back to climate change, and the scarcity of natural resources.The conflict in Sudan started during a time of intense drought.Scientists and military analysts are predicting that climate change and the devastation it causes could bring war and conflict. When sufficient amounts of water and food are running short that is when war can come about. What this brings to light is the fact that ecological crisis and violence are both linked.Economic calamities are another effect that global warming could bring.Take hurricane Katrina for example, one thing that climate change does is that it brings us more extreme storms like Katrina. Hurricane Katrina resulted in millions and millions of dollars in damage. When severe storms and floods occur, crops, homes, businesses, and more all fail, and that costs a lot of money, and it hurts the economy. When severe floods occur you also need to make sure that the threat of disease is controlled.Hurrican Katrina resulted in 135$ billion in property damage. That really hurt the economy that year.When severe weather does damage it can also raise the price of insurance, and this hurts the everyday person.Cleaning up a disaster area also costs a lot of money. If too many extreme storms hit in a certain time frame the impact on the economy can be disastrous.Drought is an effect of global warming that we are already seeing right now.Many countries are finding that they are currently receiving more storms and rising waters, while other countries are suffering from drought. As the climate of the Earth warms, experts from Scientific American predict that drought conditions could increase by as much as 66 percent. Drought will mean a shrinking water supply and a decrease in crops.Drought can mean a danger for global food production and supply. This also mean that several countries experiencing drought could have a major famine on their hands.Currently, India, Pakistan, and some parts of Africa are already experiencing droughts. It is sad to say but experts are predicting that it will get much worse.One important effect global warming is having on our planet, is that it is producing more intense storms and floods. When you look at the scientific data concerning storms and floods in the last 30 years, you will see that category 4 and 5 hurricanes have nearly doubled in occurence.What many people don't know or realize is that warm waters give hurricanes their strenght and power. Many scientists today are associating the increase in ocean and atmospheric temperatures to the rate of violent storms.Between the years 1905 and 2005 the frequency of hurricanes has been on the rise. From 1905 to 1930 there were an average of 3.5 hurricanes per year, 5.1 between 1931 and 1994, and 8.4 between1995 and 2005. In 2005 there was a record number of tropical storms that came about, and in 2007 the worst flooding in 60 years hit Britain. More recently, Australia has seen the worst flooding they have had in a long time.Heat waves are also an effect of global warming.It is no secret that temperatures are breaking records in the US and Canada and abroad. More extremely hot summer days are in store for North America and elsewhere if global warming continues unabated.Here are some heat waves facts for you: air pollution in urban areas could get worse with the increased heat. This could result in more people having heart attacts, strokes, and asthma attacks. Children, the elderly, poor, and people of color are more vulnerable to the effects of a heat wave.Scientists have confirmed that the frequency and duration of heat waves has definitely increased by a lot over the last 50 years.One obvious effect of global warming is the shrinking of glaciers, this is happening wherever there are glaciers worldwide.Mountain glaciers have been in retreat for a long time now as global warming continues to effect us. What many people don't realize though is that it is happening more rapidly now then previously believed.Glaciers don't only recede they also shrink vertically. The lakes this melting produces can also lead to more melting. These lakes are like a cancer that is consuming our world's glaciers.Here is a fact that may surprise you: Even if all the world's mountain glaciers were to melt, the effect on sea levels would be small. However, the disappearance of mountain glaciers would have other impacts on nature aside from raising sea levels.Global warming will also bring a rising of sea levels around the world.As glaciers and polar ice sheets melt, the sea levels will rise more and more, and the sea temperatures will also warm. This means more hurricanes, and more flooding due to the rise of the sea level.。

气候对人类影响的作文英语Climate Change and Its Impact on Human Beings。

Climate change is a global issue that has become amajor concern for the world. With the increase in global temperatures, the climate is changing rapidly, leading to various environmental problems that are affecting human beings in different ways. In this essay, we will discussthe impact of climate change on human beings.The first and most significant impact of climate change on human beings is the increase in extreme weather events. These events include heatwaves, droughts, floods, and storms. These events have a direct impact on human life, causing loss of life, damage to property, and displacementof people. For example, the recent hurricanes in the United States and the Caribbean have caused widespread destruction, killing hundreds of people and leaving thousands homeless.The second impact of climate change on human beings isthe increase in diseases caused by the changing climate. With the increase in temperature, mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects are spreading to new areas, leading to the spread of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus. These diseases are causing significant health problems for people in affected areas, leading to increased mortality rates.The third impact of climate change on human beings is the loss of biodiversity. With the changing climate, many species of plants and animals are becoming extinct. This loss of biodiversity is not only a loss of natural beauty but also a loss of valuable resources that humans rely on, such as medicines and food.The fourth impact of climate change on human beings is the impact on agriculture. With the changing climate, farmers are facing new challenges in growing crops. Droughts, floods, and other extreme weather events are making it difficult for farmers to grow crops, leading to food shortages and increased food prices.The fifth impact of climate change on human beings is the impact on the economy. With the increase in extreme weather events, the cost of damage to property and infrastructure is increasing. This is leading to an increase in insurance premiums and taxes, which isaffecting the economy as a whole.In conclusion, climate change is a global issue that is affecting human beings in many ways. The impact of climate change on human beings is significant and is likely to increase in the future. It is essential that we take action to reduce our carbon footprint and mitigate the effects of climate change. We must work together as a global community to ensure that future generations can enjoy a healthy and sustainable planet.。

*2020年1月11日雅思真题回忆及解析1月11日雅思口语真题回忆：Outdoor1.Is it important for children to play outdoors?2.Did you often go over to your friends’ house when you were going?3.Did you like to go outside when you were young?4.Do you prefer to be indoors or outdoors?Smile1.Can you recognize a fake smile?2.Do you smile when people take pictures of you?3.When do people smile at others?4.Do you like to smile?Market1.Are there many street markets in China?2.Do you often go to the supermarket?3.What are the differences between street markets and supermarkets?4.What do street markets sell?Email1. Do you write letters or emails?2. Do you prefer to write letters by hand or use a computer?3. What do you usually write about?4. Who do you usually write to?5. How do you feel when you receive a letter?6. Do you think people will still write letters in the future?Cooking1. Do you enjoy cooking?2. Would you like to learn cooking?3. Have you learned cooking before?4. Is it difficult to cook Chinese food?5. Have you cooked anything special?Shoes1. How often do you buy shoes?2. Have you bought shoes online?3. What kind of shoes do you like?4. Do you like nice shoes or comfortable shoes?5. Do you have a favorite pair of shoes? / Would you buy shoes online in the future?Pollutions1. Is there anything being polluted in your hometown?2. What are the common types of pollutions in the countryside?3. What are the causes of those pollutions?4. Have you ever done anything to help the environment?Dream1.How long can you remember your dream when you wake up?2.Do you like hearing others dream?3.Do you think dream will affect life?4.Do you often have dreams at night?Science1. Do you like science?2. Are there many science museums in your hometown?3. Did you like science classes when you were young?4. How did you learn science at school?5. Do you think children should have both art classes and science classes?6. Do you think science is important to our society? 1月11日雅思听力真题回忆：Section 1场景分类生活咨询场景内容概述健身房题目回忆1.address: Wickford Road2.membership package: silver package3.start time: from 7:30 am to 3:45 pm4.discount fee: 40 dollars per month5.30 dollars is the joining fee6.tennis courts7.dance classes8.caféis open every day9.can hire a towel for 50 cents10. two documents to register: forms and photos 参考听力C11T2S1.Section 2场景分类其他场景内容概述志愿者组织题目回忆11.Eye Saver was founded A. 15 yearsB. 30 yearsC. 60 years12.Insight project originally aims atA. offering equipment with little techniqueB. offering children who got eye diseaseC. offering operational help to the public who has bad eyes13.Main funding comes from: A. final pay every monthB. donation from peopleC. money collected on the street14.Need the listeners toA. receive glasses from patientsB. give money to donateC. check the website15. The main aim of this program of insight projectA. show them how easy their small donation can make a differenceB. show people how easy eyes problems can be curedC. eye diseases16. How to publicizeA. recordings (fortunately, they still have recordingsputerC.training17.E. more significant18.for older people --- D. ads or equipmentcational institution --- C. academic institution20.young children --- B. school student参考听力C10T1S2.Section 3场景分类学术场景内容概述无油压缩机题目回忆21.introduction --- too informal22.literature review --- not critical enough23.something else --- too many quotations from others24.acknowledgements --- lots of spelling mistake and errors25.Shock absorber --- F. under the three legs26.Air exchange --- C. square box on the top left27.Moisture gatherer --- G. down under the compressor tank28.Ventilator --- B. tube sticking out at top right29.Air filter --- A. square box on top of the spoon30.Air storage tank --- D. big house stores air参考听力C7T4S4.Section 4场景分类其他场景内容概述印度技术公司题目回忆31.create a more democratic workplace32.grades are displayed on the website of internal staff - transparency33.motto is employee first34.performance assessment do not include promotion35.among staff, on average, a 32% of income growth36.offer benefits on food, cafeteria land vacation entitlement37.a solution comes from any part of the company grades are not used for38.openness of company improved communication within the companyplain were called as ticket40.place a ban on anonymous people online 参考听力C6T4S2.1月11日雅思阅读真题回忆：Passage 1题目俄罗斯芭蕾舞发展史话题分类历史文明类题型及对应数量判断题 6+填空题 7 内容回忆暂缺题目回忆1-6 判断题1.T2.F3.NG4.T5.T6.F7-13 填空题7.Theatre8.Director9.Dress10.publication11.knowledge12.revival13.popularity 参考阅读C12T8P1. Passage 2题目地球夜间灯光与经济话题分类经济管理类题型及对应数量暂缺内容回忆暂缺题目回忆暂缺参考阅读C9T4P3.Passage 3题目澳洲国家美术馆话题分类语言文化类题型及对应数量单选题 4+判断题 5+匹配题 5 内容回忆暂缺题目回忆27-30 单选题27.What does the author illustrate in the first paragraph? describing the role of art museums in Australian culture28.Contrast the old and new museums, the author criticized new ngv in what aspect? architecture dosing elements more than art29.What does the writer notice about the new museum?the order of room are connected by salon30. What should be done to keep NGV successful?ebullience passion31-35 判断题31.Grounds' design failed to recognize the importance of founders and performances In museums. --- F32.Bellini’s New NGV neglect International museum design trends. --- F33.Bellini's work on subsequent museum projects has been less successful than thaton NGV. -- - NG34.The gallery visitors go to temporary /exhibitions to the south, the first sequence of spaces for the permanent collection. --- T35.Too much change may have negative the impact on it. --- NG36-40 匹配题A. The museum program will lose its individualityB. The museum will lose credibilityC. Will lose the museum' s independenceD. Will suffer its reputationE. increase attendance in the futureF. People will be more willing to come hereG. more capability for increasing revenueH. try to balance opposing and various demandsI. it is financial necessary36. If a larger space in museum is available. --- F37.If children are allowed to move freely in parts of the galleries. --- E38.If too much emphasis is placed on the building industry. --- A39.If there is over revenue on blockbusters overused. --- D40.If museum want to continue to be successful. --- H参考阅读C12T7P3.1月11日雅思写作真题回忆：话题分类环境类题型双边讨论型题目Some people think that climate change could have a negative effect on business. Others believe that climate change could create more opportunities for business. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.解题思路气候变化在一定程度上确实会对商业带来一定消极影响。

2020年1月11日雅思试题回忆及解析水滴石穿，绳锯木断。

备考需要一点点积累才能到达好的效果。

无忧考网搜集整理了2020年1月11日雅思真题回忆及解析，通过做题，能够巩固所学知识并灵活运用，考试时会更得心应手。

以下内容仅供参考。

1月11日雅思口语真题回忆：Outdoor1.Is it important for children to play outdoors?2.Did you often go over to your friends’ house when you were going?3.Did you like to go outside when you were young?4.Do you prefer to be indoors or outdoors?Smile1.Can you recognize a fake smile?2.Do you smile when people take pictures of you?3.When do people smile at others?4.Do you like to smile?Market1.Are there many street markets in China?2.Do you often go to the supermarket?3.What are the differences between street markets and supermarkets?4.What do street markets sell?Email1. Do you write letters or emails?2. Do you prefer to write letters by hand or use a computer?3. What do you usually write about?4. Who do you usually write to?5. How do you feel when you receive a letter?6. Do you think people will still write letters in the future?Cooking1. Do you enjoy cooking?2. Would you like to learn cooking?3. Have you learned cooking before?4. Is it difficult to cook Chinese food?5. Have you cooked anything special?Shoes1. How often do you buy shoes?2. Have you bought shoes online?3. What kind of shoes do you like?4. Do you like nice shoes or comfortable shoes?5. Do you have a favorite pair of shoes? / Would you buy shoes online in the future?Pollutions1. Is there anything being polluted in your hometown?2. What are the common types of pollutions in the countryside?3. What are the causes of those pollutions?4. Have you ever done anything to help the environment?Dream1.How long can you remember your dream when you wake up?2.Do you like hearing others dream?3.Do you think dream will affect life?4.Do you often have dreams at night?Science1. Do you like science?2. Are there many science museums in your hometown?3. Did you like science classes when you were young?4. How did you learn science at school?5. Do you think children should have both art classes and science classes?6. Do you think science is important to our society?1月11日雅思听力真题回忆：Section 1场景分类生活咨询场景内容概述健身房题目回忆1.address: Wickford Road2.membership package: silver package3.start time: from 7:30 am to 3:45 pm4.discount fee: 40 dollars per month5.30 dollars is the joining fee6.tennis courts7.dance classes8.caféis open every day9.can hire a towel for 50 cents10. two documents to register: forms and photos参考听力C11T2S1.Section 2场景分类其他场景内容概述志愿者组织题目回忆11.Eye Saver was founded A. 15 yearsB. 30 yearsC. 60 years12.Insight project originally aims atA. offering equipment with little techniqueB. offering children who got eye diseaseC. offering operational help to the public who has bad eyes13.Main funding comes from: A. final pay every monthB. donation from peopleC. money collected on the street14.Need the listeners toA. receive glasses from patientsB. give money to donateC. check the website15. The main aim of this program of insight projectA. show them how easy their small donation can make a differenceB. show people how easy eyes problems can be curedC. eye diseases16. How to publicizeA. recordings (fortunately, they still have recordingsputerC.training17.E. more significant18.for older people --- D. ads or equipmentcational institution --- C. academic institution20.young children --- B. school student参考听力C10T1S2.Section 3场景分类学术场景内容概述无油压缩机题目回忆21.introduction --- too informal22.literature review --- not critical enough23.something else --- too many quotations from others24.acknowledgements --- lots of spelling mistake and errors25.Shock absorber --- F. under the three legs26.Air exchange --- C. square box on the top left27.Moisture gatherer --- G. down under the compressor tank28.Ventilator --- B. tube sticking out at top right29.Air filter --- A. square box on top of the spoon30.Air storage tank --- D. big house stores air参考听力C7T4S4.Section 4场景分类其他场景内容概述印度技术公司题目回忆31.create a more democratic workplace32.grades are displayed on the website of internal staff - transparency33.motto is employee first34.performance assessment do not include promotion35.among staff, on average, a 32% of income growth36.offer benefits on food, cafeteria land vacation entitlement37.a solution comes from any part of the company grades are not used for38.openness of company improved communication within the companyplain were called as ticket40.place a ban on anonymous people online参考听力C6T4S2.1月11日雅思阅读真题回忆：Passage 1题目俄罗斯芭蕾舞发展史话题分类历史文明类题型及对应数量判断题 6+填空题 7内容回忆暂缺1-6 判断题1.T2.F3.NG4.T5.T6.F7-13 填空题7.Theatre8.Director9.Dress10.publication11.knowledge12.revival13.popularity参考阅读C12T8P1.Passage 2题目地球夜间灯光与经济话题分类题型及对应数量暂缺内容回忆暂缺题目回忆暂缺参考阅读C9T4P3.Passage 3题目澳洲国家美术馆话题分类语言文化类题型及对应数量单选题 4+判断题 5+匹配题 5内容回忆暂缺题目回忆27-30 单选题27.What does the author illustrate in the first paragraph? describing the role of art museums in Australian culture28.Contrast the old and new museums, the author criticized new ngv in what aspect? architecture dosing elements more than art29.What does the writer notice about the new museum?the order of room are connected by salon30. What should be done to keep NGV successful?ebullience passion31-35 判断题31.Grounds' design failed to recognize the importance of founders and performances In museums. --- F32.Bellini’s New NGV neglect International museum design trends. --- F33.Bellini's work on subsequent museum projects has been less successful than thaton NGV. -- - NG34.The gallery visitors go to temporary /exhibitions to the south, the first sequence of spaces for the permanent collection. --- T35.Too much change may have negative the impact on it. --- NG36-40 匹配题A. The museum program will lose its individualityB. The museum will lose credibilityC. Will lose the museum' s independenceD. Will suffer its reputationE. increase attendance in the futureF. People will be more willing to come hereG. more capability for increasing revenueH. try to balance opposing and various demandsI. it is financial necessary36. If a larger space in museum is available. --- F37.If children are allowed to move freely in parts of the galleries. --- E38.If too much emphasis is placed on the building industry. --- A39.If there is over revenue on blockbusters overused. --- D40.If museum want to continue to be successful. --- H参考阅读C12T7P3.1月11日雅思写作真题回忆：话题分类环境类题型双边讨论型题目Some people think that climate change could have a negative effect on business. Others believe that climate change could create more opportunities for business. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.解题思路气候变化在一定程度上确实会对商业带来一定消极影响。

The Economics of Climate ChangeAdaptationClimate change is a pressing issue that affects not only the environment but also the global economy. As the Earth's temperature continues to rise, the impacts of climate change are becoming more severe, leading to more frequent and intense natural disasters, rising sea levels, and disruptions to agriculture and food production. In order to mitigate these impacts, countries around the world are investing in climate change adaptation strategies. However, the economics of climate change adaptation present a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires careful consideration. One of the key aspects of the economics ofclimate change adaptation is the cost involved in implementing adaptation measures. While investing in climate change adaptation can be expensive, the cost ofinaction is even higher. Natural disasters caused by climate change can result in significant economic losses, including damage to infrastructure, loss of livelihoods, and increased healthcare costs. By investing in adaptation measures, countries can reduce the risk of these economic losses and protect their economies from the impacts of climate change. Another important consideration in the economics of climate change adaptation is the distribution of costs and benefits. In many cases, the costs of climate change adaptation are borne by the public sector, through government investments in infrastructure and disaster response. However, the benefits of adaptation measures are often enjoyed by private individuals and businesses, who may see reduced insurance premiums, increased property values, and improved access to resources. This distribution of costs and benefits can create challenges in financing adaptation measures and may require innovative approaches to ensure that the costs are shared equitably. In addition to the financial costs of climate change adaptation, there are also social and ethical considerations to take into account. Vulnerable populations, such as low-income communities and indigenous peoples, are often disproportionately affectedby the impacts of climate change. It is important to ensure that adaptation measures are designed in a way that protects these vulnerable populations and promotes social equity. This may require targeted investments in infrastructure,social services, and community engagement to ensure that all members of societyare able to adapt to the changing climate. Furthermore, the economics of climate change adaptation are closely linked to broader issues of sustainable development and environmental stewardship. In many cases, adaptation measures can also contribute to other social and environmental goals, such as reducing greenhousegas emissions, protecting biodiversity, and promoting sustainable land use practices. By integrating climate change adaptation into broader development strategies, countries can maximize the co-benefits of adaptation measures and create more resilient and sustainable societies. Overall, the economics ofclimate change adaptation present a complex and challenging landscape thatrequires careful consideration of costs, benefits, distributional impacts, and ethical considerations. By taking a holistic approach to climate change adaptation, countries can not only protect their economies from the impacts of climate change but also promote social equity, environmental sustainability, and long-term resilience. It is essential that policymakers, businesses, and communities work together to develop innovative and effective adaptation strategies that addressthe multifaceted challenges of climate change and create a more sustainable future for all.。

2022考研英语（二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A. B.C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Harlan Coben believes that if you' re a writer, you' ll find the time; and that if you can't find the time, then writing isn't a priority and you' re not a writer. For him writing is a (1) job—a job like any other. He has (2) it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesn't wake up and say that he can't work with pipes today.(3) . like most writers these days, you' re holding down a job to pay the bills. it's not (4) to find the time to write But it's not impossible It requires determination and single-mindedness.(5) that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living And today, even writers who are fairly (6) often have to do other work to (7) their writing income.As Harlan Coben has suggested it's a (8) of priorities. To make writing a priority, you' ll have to (9) some of your day-to-day-activities and some things you really enjoy Depending on your (10) and your life style, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music. though some people can write (11) they listen to music. You might have to (12) the amount of exercise or sport you do. You' ll have to make social media an (13) activity rather than a daily time-consuming (14) There "ll probably have to be less socializing with your friends an less time with your family Its a (15) learning curve. and it won't always make you popular.There's just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, (16) your writing-and that's reading. And writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can: it's the one (17) supporter-something you can't do without.Time is finite. The older you get, the (18) it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as (19) as we can, that means prioritising out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. Ifyou' re a writer, that means— (20) —writing1.A.difficult B.normal C.steady D.pleasantbined pared C.confused D.confronted3.A.if B.Through C.Once D.Unless4.A.enough B.strange C.wrong D.easy5.A.Accpect B.Explain C.Remember D.Suppose6.A.well-known B.well-advised C.well-informed D.well-chosen7.A.donate B.generate C.supplement D.calculate8.A.cause B.purpose C.questio n D.condition9.A.highlight B.sacrifice C.continue D.explore10.A.relations B.interests C. memories D.skills11.A.until B.because C.while D.before12.A.put up with B.make up of C.hang on to D.cut down on13.A.intelligent B.occasional C.intensive D.emotional14.A.habit B.test C.decision D.plan15.A.tough B.gentle C.rapid D.funny16.A.in place of B.in charge of C.in response to D.in addition to17.A.indispensable B.innovative C.invisible D.instant18.A. duller B.harder C.quieter D.quicker19.A.peacefully B.generously C.productively D.gratefully20.A.at most B.in tum C.on average D.above allSection II Reading Comprehension PartADirections:: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A. B. C. or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1On a recent sunny day13.000 chickens roam over Larry Brown's 40 windswept acres in Shiner Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car Others drink water with the cows. This all seems random. but it's by design, part of what the $6.1 billion US. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs. which are making their debut now on shelves for as much asS8adozen. are still labeled organic and animal-friendly. but they' re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap green house gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.I'm excited about our progress"says Brown, who is adding more cover crops that draw worms. and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds' waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements" allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that willbe good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.The egg industry's push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. in barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats. but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg roll out is successful. it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef. broccoli, and beyondRegenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is tough to define quickly. says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandy wine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any. improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range. non-GMO. and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change. and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect environment. Young adults "really care about the pla says John Brunnquell, president of Eggs Innovations"are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what It hink even they understand what they' re doing. The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-ra non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embsustainability. Surveys show that younger generations more concerned about climate change. and some ot success of plant-based meat can be chalked u shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect environment. Young adults "really care about the plasays John Brumnquell. president of Egg Innovations"are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what It think even they understand what they' re doing.21. the climate - friendly eggs are producted .[A] at a considerably low cost[B] at the demand of regular shoppers[C] as a replacement for organic eggs[D] on specially designed farms22. larry Brown is excited about his progress in .[A] reducting the damage of[B] accelaratiny the disposal of uest[C]. Creatinya sustainable system[D] Attratiny customers to his products23. the example of organic eggs is used in the paragragh if to suggest .[A] the doubts to over natural feeds[B] the set breaks in the eggs industry[C] the potential of regenerative products[D] the promotional success of super markets24. It can be learned from paragraph that young people .[A] are reluctant to change their diet[B] are likely to buy climate fiendly eggs[C] are curious about new food[D] are amazed at agruculoure advorces25 John Brungvel would disagree with Julie Stanton overegenerative products .[A]A markets prospects[B] standard definition[C] market prospect[D] moricl implicationText 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of "unretirees"-those who plan to work in retirement or wentback to work after retiring -said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down. the survey showed.Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the "unretirement"trend. Other reasons, according to the study. include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of "unretiree"respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet."The concept of retirement is evolving."said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. "It's not just about finances. The value of work is alsodriving folks to continue working past retirement."One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life spans. Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveved 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 "unretirees"are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring."Weiss said. "It's not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can't retire.26.The survey conducted by Haris Poll indicates that .A.over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB.the old workforce is as active as the younger one doseC.one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementD. more Americans are willing to work in retirement27. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that .A. retirement may cause problems for themB. boredom can be relieved after retirementC. the mental health of retirees is overlookedD. "unretirement" contributes to the economy28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to .A. labor shortageB. population growthC. longer life expectancyD. rising living costs29. Many retirees are increasingly swines by .A. investing more in stocksB. taking up odd jobsC. getting well-paid workD. spending less30. With regard to retirement, Bent Weiss thinks that many people are .A. unpreparedB. unafraidC. DisappointedD. EnthusiasticText 3We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked o frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally. in ways that impair consumer choice. These are example of patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brig null, dark patterns"is a catch-all tern for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brig null identifies 12 types of common dark patters. ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel."where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start. but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53.000 product pages and11000 websites. researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT. compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy. and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups. checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding"digitaldeception."Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns. most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights. "The regulations aim to ban dark patterns-this means prohibiting companies from using"confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out.As more states consider promulgating additional requlatons, there is a need for greater accountability form within the business community. Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standards.31.It can be learned from the first two paragrphs that dark patterns .A.improve user experienceB. leak user information for profitC.undermine users decision-makingD.remind users of hiddeb costs32.The 2019 study on dark pattern is mentioned to show .A.their major flawsB. their complex designsC. their severe damageD.their strong presence33.To handle digital deception business should .A.listen to customer feedbackB.talk with relevant teamsC.turn to independent agenciesD.relyon professional traning34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are ntended to .A. guide user though opt-out processesB. protect consumers from being trickedC. grant companies data privacy rightD. restrict access to problematic content35. According to the last paragraph a key to coping with dark patterms is .A. new legal requirementsB. business self-disciplineC. strict regulatory standardsD. consumers' safety awareneText4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests on sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class session's impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzeebel. a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students' attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-mimute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester -nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent-and this effect held steady for the study's duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent."That's actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention," Schwitzgebel says.Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable.And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: Easy come, easy go.Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence—classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants"eating habits and students' video exposure. Meanwhile. Schwitzgebel -who had predicted no effect will be eating his words.36.Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are .[A] hard to determine[B] narrowly interpreted[C] difficult to ignore[D] poorly summarized37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat eating?[A] It is common among students.[B] It is a behavior easy to measure.[C] It is important to students' health.[D] It is a hot topic in ethics classes.38. Eric Schwitzgebel's previous findings suggest that ethics professors .[A] are seldom critical of their students[B] are less sociable than other professors.[C] are not sensitive to political issues[D] are not necessarily ethically better39. Nina Strolminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is .[A] permanent[B] predictable[C] uncertain[D] unrepeatable40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students' change in behavior .[A] can bring psychological benefits[B] can be analyzed statistically[C] is a result of multiple factors[D] is a sign of self-developmentPart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs：41-45：.There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET：10 points：[A]Start Low：Go Slow[B]Round Out Your Routine[C]Talk With Your Doctor[D]Make It a Habit[E]Go Through the Motions[F]Don't Go It Alone[G]Listen to Your BodyMoving your body has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression：lower rates of many types of cancer and the risk of a heart-attack：and improve overall immunity.It also helps build strength and staminaMORE ON STAYING FITThe Major Health Benefits of Even Modest ExerciseBest Ways to Work Out on a TreadmillA Home Exercise Plan That Really WorksHow to Use Your Heart Rate to Help You Work OutBest Equipment for a Home GymGetting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days because of COVID-19 concerns, it can be tricky to know where to start. And it's important to get the right dose of activity. "Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,"says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.Follow this advice to return to exercise safely.41.[A] Start Low, Go SlowDon't try to go back to what you were -doing before your break. If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times a week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10reps, -reduce activity to % mile every other day. or nineholes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps.Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. "This isn't something you can do overnight,"Denay says. But you' ll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.42.[G] Listen to Your BodyIf you' re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off. If you feel good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately.43.[D] Make It a HabitConsistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it's the easiest, most accessible form of exercise. Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity. walking is also a great first step44.[E] Go Through the MotionsEven if you can't yet do a favorite activity. you can practice the moves. With or without a club or racket, swing like you' re hitting the ball. Paddle like you' re in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will -remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again,45.[ F] Don't Go It AloneExercising with others "can keep you account-able and make it more fun, so you' re more likely to do it again."-Jackovitz says.You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can't connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a fiend while you walk around your neighborhood. Face Time or Zoom with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home.You can also join a live stream or on-demand exercise class. Silver Sneakers offers them for older adults, or try Ever Walk for virtual challenges.Editor's Note: A version of this article also appeared in the January 2021 issue of Consumer Reports On Health.Section III TranslationDirections: Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned. Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits: you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realise that when one door closes, another opens. You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents and thinking out side the box will become your Second nature. In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you' re more likely to be able to find a solution when problem arises.：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：: ：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：：Section IV WritingPart A46. Directions: Suppose you are planning a campus food festival, write an email to international students in your University to1) introduce the food festival. and2) invite them to participate.Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET Do not use your own name, use "Li Ming"instead. (10 points)【参考范文】Dear International Students.As one of the organizers of Campus Culture Department：I am writing to invite you to attend the coming Food Festival in our school.It would be extremely exciting to taste various traditional Chinese food from different areas.There would be such amazing food types as Gong Bao Chicken from Sichuan Province and Roast Beijing Duck from Beijing：which can fully enhance your cognition on Chinese food culture as well as the costumes featuring regional characteristics.Additionally.delicious food can arouse the sense of happiness：giving you all a lovelier experience during the study in China.The Food Festival will be held on the west square next to library：from 9：30 a.m.to 12：00 a.m this Saturday.An early reply on our invitation would be appreciated：and we will be delighted if you could attend the activityYours sincerely.Li Ming 【范文翻译】亲爱的国际学生，作为校园文化部的组织者之一，我写信是为了邀请你参加学校即将到来的美食节。

2022年考研英语⼆真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Harlan Coben believes that if you’re a writer, you’ll find the time; and that if you can’t find the time, then writing isn’t a priority and you’re not a writer. For him, writing is a 1 job–a job like any other. He has 2 it with plumbing, pointing at thata plumber doesn’t wake up and say that he can’t work with pipes today.3 , like most writers these days, you’re holiday down a job to pay the bills, it’s not4 to find the time to write. But it’s not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness.5 that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly6 often have to do other work to7 their writing income.As Harlan Coben has suggested, it’s a 8 of priorities. To make writing a priority, you’ll have to 9 some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music, though some people can write 11 they listen to music. You might have to 12 the amount of exercise or sport you do. You’ll have to make social media an 13 activity rather than a daily, time-consuming 14 . There’ll probably have to be less socializing with your friends and less time with your family. It’s a 15 learning curve, and it won’t always make you popular.There’s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, 16 your writing–and that’s reading. Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can; it’s the one 17 supporter–something you can’t do without.Time is finite. The older you get, the 18 it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as 19 as we can. That means prioritising our activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. If you’re a writer, that means 20 writing.1. [A] difficult [B] normal [C] steady [D] pleasant2. [A] combined [B] compared [C] confused [D] confronted3. [A] If [B] Though [C] Once [D] Unless4. [A] enough [B] strange [C] wrong [D] easy5. [A] Accept [B] Explain [C] Remember [D] Suppose6. [A] well-known [B] well-advised [C] well-informed [D] well-chosen7. [A] donate [B] generate [C] supplement [D] calculate8. [A] cause [B] purpose [C] question [D] condition9. [A] highlight [B] sacrifice [C] continue [D] explore10. [A] relations [B] interests [C] memories [D] skills11. [A] until [B] because [C] while [D] before12. [A] put up with [B] make up for [C] hang on to [D] cut down on13. [A] intelligent [B] occasional [C] intensive [D] emotional14. [A] habit [B] test [C] decision [D] plan15. [A] tough [B] gentle [C] rapid [D] funny16. [A] in place of [B] in charge of [C] in response to [D] in addition to17. [A] indispensable [B] innovative [C] invisible [D] instant18. [A] duller [B] harder [C] quieter [D] quicker19. [A] peacefully [B] generously [C] productively [D] gratefully20 [A] at most [B] in turn [C] on average [D] above allSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1On a recent sunny day13.000 chickens roam over Larry Brown's 40 windswept acres in Shiner Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but it's by design, part of what the $6.1 billion US. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen. are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they're also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change."I'm excited about our progress," says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds' waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements "allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers."The egg industry's push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. in barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg roll out is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandy wine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any. improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect environment. Young adults "really care about the planet," says John Brunnquell, president of Eggs Innovations. "They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they're doing.21.the climate-friendly eggs are produced _____.A.at a considerably low costB.at the demand of regular shoppersC.as a replacement for organic eggsD.on specially designed formsrry Brown is excited about his progress in _____.A.reducing the damage of climate changeB.accelerating the disposal of wasteC.creating sustainable systemD.attracting customers to his products23.the example of organic eggs is used in the Paragraph if to suggest _____.A.the doubts to over natural feedsB.the set breaks in the eggs industryC.the potential of regenerative productsD.the promotional success of super markets24.It can be learned from paragraph that young people _____.A.are reluctant to change their dietB.are likely to buy climate friendly eggsC.are curious about new foodD.are amazed at agriculture advances25John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products _____.A.markets prospectsB.standard definitionC.market prospectD.moral implicationText 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforceMore Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of "unretirees"-those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring -said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the "unretirement" trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of "unretiree" respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet."The concept of retirement is evolving." said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. "It's not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement."One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life spans. Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 "unretirees" are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring." Weiss said. "It's not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can't retire.26.The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that_____.A.over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB.the old workforce is as active as the younger one doseC.one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementD.more Americans are willing to work in retirement27.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that_____.A.retirement may cause problems for themB.boredom can be relieved after retirementC.the mental health of retirees is overlookedD."unretirement" contributes to the economy28.Retirement patterns are changing partly due to_____.bor shortageB.population growthC.longer life expectancyD.rising living costs29.Many retirees are increasing their savings by_____.A.investing more in stocksB.taking up odd jobsC.getting well-paid workD.spending less30.With regard to retirement, Bent Weiss thinks that many people are_____.A.unpreparedB.unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiasticText 3We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “dark patterns" is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to “roach motel”, where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonproft leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion thecustomer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding “digital deception.”Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.” The regulations aim to ban dark patterns- this means prohibiting companies from using "confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn’t opt out.”why they shouldn’t opt out.”As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standard.31. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns ______.[A] improve user experiences[B] leak user information for profit[C] undermine users’ decision-making[D] remind users of hidden costs32. The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show ______.[A] their major flaws[B] their complex designs[C] their severe damage[D] their strong presence33. To handle digital deception, businesses should ______.[A] listen to customer feedback[B] talk with relevant teams[C] turn to independent agencies[D] rely on professional training34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to ______.[A] guide users through opt-out processes[B] protect consumers from being tricked[C] grant companies data privacy rights[D] restrict access to problematic content35. According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is ______.[A] new legal requirements[B] businesses' self-discipline[C] strict regulatory standards[D] consumers' safety awareness[D] consumers' safety awarenessText 4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class session’s impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester—nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent—and this effect held steady for the study’s duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.“That's actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,” Schwitzgebel says.Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: “Easy come, easy go.”Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence—classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants’ eating habits and students’ video exposure. Meanwhile Schwitzgebel—who had predicted no effect—will be eating his words.36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are ________.A. hard to determineB. narrowly interpretedC. difficult to ignoreD. poorly summarized37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat-eating?A. It is common among students.B. It is a behavior easy to measure.C. It is important to students’ health.D. It is a hot topic in ethics classes.38. Eric Schwitzgebel’s previous findings suggest that ethics professors ________.A. are seldom critical of their studentsB. are less sociable than other professorsC. are not sensitive to political issuesD. are not necessarily ethically better39. Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is ________.A. permanentB. predictableC. uncertainD. unrepeatable40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students’ change in behavior ________.A. can bring psychological benefitsB. can be analyzed statisticallyC. is a result of multiple factorsD. is a sign of self-developmentSection BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Make it a habitB. Don’t go it aloneC. Start low, go slowD. Talk with your doctorE. Listen to your bodyF. Go through the motionsG. Round out your routineHow to Get Active AgainMoving your body has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression, lower rates of many types of cancer and the risk of a heart attack, and improve overall immunity. It also helps build strength and stamina. Getting back into exercise canof a heart attack, and improve overall immunity. It also helps build strength and stamina. Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days because of COVID-19 concerns, it can be tricky to know where to start. And it’s important to get the right dose of activity. “Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,” says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.41. ____________________Don’t try to go back to what you were doing before your break. If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps, reduce activity to half a mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps.Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. “This isn’t something you can do overnight,” Denay says. But you will reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.42. ____________________If you’re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off. If you feel good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately.43. ____________________Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it’s the easiest, most accessible form of exercise. Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step.44. ____________________Even if you can’t yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves. With or without a club or racket, swing like you’re hitting the ball. Paddle like you're in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again.45. ____________________Exercising with others “can keep you accountable and make it more fun, so you're more likely to do it again,” Jackovitz says.You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can’t connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around your neighborhood. FaceTime or Zoom with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home.You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class. SilverSneakers offers them for older adults, or try EverWalk for virtual challenges.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned! Changes in the light, theAlthough we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned! Changes in the light, the limitations of your palette, and just plain old lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve sometimes doesn’t come to life the way that you expected.Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually be good for you! Unexpected results have two benefits: for starters, you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment, and in time (often through repeated error) to realise that when one door closes, another opens. You quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents, and this means that thinking outside the box becomes second nature to the painter!Creative problem solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, and mean you’re more likely to be able to quickly come up with a solution when a problem arises.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are planning a campus food festival. Write an email to the international students in your university to1) introduce the food festival, and2) invite them to participate.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)参考答案：Section I Use of English1. [B] normal2. [B] compared3. [A] If4. [D] easy5. [C] Remember6. [A] well-known7. [C] supplement8. [C] question9. [B] sacrifice10. [B] interests11. [C] while12. [D] cut down on13. [B] occasional14. [A] habit15. [A] tough16. [D] in addition to17. [A] indispensable18. [D] quicker19. [C] productively20. [D] above allSection II Reading Comprehension21-25 DCCBA 26-30 DACDA 31-35 CDBBB 36-40 ABDDC⽂章以“如何在休息后恢复活⼒”为话题展开，并对于如何恢复活⼒给出五个建议。