连淑能《英译汉教程》Repetition(重复法)【圣才出品】
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第7章Repetition（重复法）7.1 复习笔记Grammatically or rhetorically speaking, repetition of the same word, some expression and even the same structure in a sentence or a passage is more natural and idiomatic and thus much more frequent in Chinese than in English. Generally what is repeated in Chinese may in many cases be substituted, varied, or omitted in English.无论从语法还是修辞上说，词语，表达方式甚至句子或段落结构的重复在汉语里远比英语里要常见得多。
因此，汉语里的重复现象在译成英语时通常被替代，变换，甚至省略。
一、Grammatical Repetition（语法性重复）Clarity is more important than conciseness. What is usually omitted or substituted in English may often be repeated in Chinese.语意清晰比简洁更重要，英语中省略或被替代的词译成汉语时通常会被还原，即语法性重复。
1. Repetition of the Modified（重复被修饰语）E.g.Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
2. Repetition of the Modifier（重复修饰语）E.g.I identify myself as one of critical lovers and loving critics of the United Nations.我自认为我既是一个批评联合国的爱护者，又是一个爱护联合国的批评者。
The composition and thickness of a thin film determine its electrical and mechanical characteristics.薄膜成分与薄膜厚度决定薄膜的电气特性和机械特性。
3. Repetition of the Verb which is Common to Several Objects, or the Object which is Common to Several Verbs（重复几个宾语所共有的动词或几个动词所共有的宾语）E.g.We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题，解决问题。
The decision to deploy a ballistic missile defense system depends primarily on cost, reliability and capability of the phased—array radar rather than on other technological factors.部署弹道导弹防御系统的决策，主要取决于相控阵雷达的造价、可靠性和性能，而不是取决于其他技术因素。
4. Repetition of the Preposition which is Common to Several Objects（重复几个宾语所共有的介词）E.g.Despite his versatility of talent and shiftiness of purpose, this man has in his whole lifetime been wedded to the most fossilized routine.尽管他有随机应变的本领，尽管他的主张反复无常，但是他终生都是极端墨守成规的。
5. Repetition of the Verb in Chinese for the Omitted or Substituted Verb in English（重复被省略或被替代的动词）In English, the repeated finite verb or verbal phrase in the second clause is habitually understood when the auxiliary verb is repeated, or the pro-verb “do”is used, or after her infinitive sign “to”.在英语中，当重复辅助动词，或使用动词“do”时，或者在她的不定式符号“to”之后，习惯性地理解第二个句子中重复的有限动词或动词短语。
E.g.You can do it very well, if you care to.如果你愿意做这件事，可以做得很好。
6. Repetition of the Noun in Chinese for the Pronoun in English（重复代词所代替的名词）English pronouns, including personal, reflexive, conjunctive, and relative pronouns, are widely used to avoid the repetition of nouns. Chinese, however, prefers to repeat nouns instead of using pronouns in many cases.英语代词包括人称代词、反身代词、连接代词和关系代词，被广泛用于避免名词的重复。
然而，在很多情况下，中国人更喜欢重复名词而不是使用代词。
E.g.Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is high than when it is low.温度高，水蒸发得快；温度低，水蒸发得慢。
7. Repetition of the Noun or Verb in Chinese for the Relative or Connective in English（重复名词或动词，以代替英语的关系词或连接词）In English, the relative pronoun or relative adverb joins the adjective clause to the principal clause; the conjunction “that”is repeated before the coordinate objective clauses with the omitted verbs before “that”. In Chinese, there are no such relatives or connectives, so the antecedent of the relative or the verb before that-clause is often repeated in translation.英语中关系代词和关系副词是连接定语从句和主句的一种主要方式，在并列的宾语从句中，连词“that”也经常出现，其之前的动词常常被省略。
但汉语中没有这样的关系词和连接词，所以英语关系从句里的先行词和that之前的动词在译成汉语时通常需要还原出来。
E.g.Radar is a newly developed technique by which people can see the things beyond the visibility of them.雷达是一种新开发的技术，利用雷达人们能看到视线以外的东西。
If she did not speak with Rebecca on the tender subject, she compensatedherself with long and intimate conversation with Mrs. Blenkinsop, the house keeper, who dropped some hints to the lady’s-maid, who may have cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook. who carries the news, I have no doubt, to all the tradesmen. (Vanity Fair)她不好和丽贝卡说起这个难出口的问题，只好和管家娘子白兰金素太太亲密地长谈了好几回。
管家娘子露了些口风给上房女佣人。
上房女佣人也许约略地对厨娘说了几句，厨娘一定又去告诉了所有做买卖的。
8. Repetition of the Hyponym for the Superordinate（重复下义词，以代替上义词）To avoid undue repetition, English often employs the hyponym or the superordinate to refer to the same thing or person.为避免过度的重复，英语通常会使用上义词和下义词来指代相同的人或事物。
E.g.A: The machine broke.B: Where did you buy the old thing, anyway?A: I bought it at the discount house.B: Then toss the stuff out. (Nida,1964:73)二、Rhetorical Reduplication and Repetition（修辞性重叠和重复）It is one of the peculiarities of Chinese to reduplicate characters or words in word-formation and to repeat the similar or same word or expression in a discourse for expressiveness and parallelism. This device, rhetorical or grammatical, canrender translations more appealing to Chinese readers.汉语的特点之一是构词法上的字或词的重复，在语篇中重复相同或相近的词或表达，以达到表达性和排比性。
