The Selection of the Most Probable Dependency Structure in Japanese Using Mutual Informatio

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什麼是研究-­‐1In a s implistic m anner, e ducational r esearch m ay b e d efined a s a s ystematic approach t o :²✧Identifying r elationships o f v ariables r epresenting c oncepts(constructs).²✧Determining d ifferences b etween o r a mong g roups i n t heir s tanding on o ne o r m ore v ariables o f i nterest (i.e., t he r elationship o fmembership i n t wo o r m ore g roups t o t heir s tanding o n o ne o r m orevariables).簡單來說，教育研究可以被定義為一種系統的方法去達到：l確定的代表概念（結構）變量的關係。

l確定之間或他們站在利益（即會員在兩個或更多的團體及其常委會對一個或多個變量的關係），一個或多個變量組之間的差異。

什麼是研究-­‐2²✧Educational r esearch c onstitutes a n e ndeavor (盡力) t o g enerate n ew knowledge o r t o r esolve c ontradictions (抗辯、否定、否認) o f i nconsistencies i n given b odies o f k nowledge.²✧In e ducational p ractice, i t i s c ustomary (usually) t o t est a n umber o f h ypotheses that h ave b een d educed f rom a t heory i n o rder t o v erify, m odify, o r r eject t he major p ropositions (建議、提議), a xioms (原理、通則), o r a ssumptions o n w hich the t heory i s b ased.²✧Several o f t he t erms j ust m entioned a nd o thers n eed t o b e d efined t o c larify some o f t he u nderlying a spects (局面、形勢) o f e ducational r esearch.教育研究構成了矛盾的知識給機構的努力（盡力），以產生新的知識或化解矛盾（抗辯，否定，否認）。

1.研究题目：海外短期研修前后日本英语学习者对动词时态的掌握变化2.研究背景：认知语言学能为英语语法教学提供实际帮助，这一点，是由认知语言学的理论视角决定的。

认知语言学与结构主义语言学、生成语法学不同，它更关注人的认知活动对语言能力的影响。

认知活动所涉及的外界条件之一，是语言学习者日常接触到的语言使用环境。

认知语言学的研究，重视语用环境及其对语言习得的影响。

而对语用环境的研究，又与实际教学活动有着密切联系。

一方面，实际的英语教学活动可以为研究者提供经验素材，作为他们理论的现实基础；更重要的是，有关语用环境如何影响语言习得的研究结论，可以转化为具体措施，应用到教学措施改善当中。

因此，将认知语言学理论与英语教学活动结合起来进行研究，对它们两者而言都是有必要，并且有益处的。

此外，认知语言学关注语言形式与意义间的匹配关系，这也是英语语法教学中的重要内容。

英语语法中的众多形式包括多义词、介词、动词、熟语等等，其中动词又可以在时态上有不同变化。

语言学习者在学习动词的时态变化时，必须要学会将动词不同形态与它的时间意义联系起来。

要帮助语言学习者、尤其是二语习得者掌握有多种变化的动词时态，从认知语言学的角度看，改变学习者所处的语言使用环境，为之创设完全的英语交流环境，也许是一条有效途径。

证实这条途径是否有效，是一个极具现实意义的课题。

中国与日本有着众多的英语学习者，英语的语法规则与他们的母语区别较大，比如动词时态变化就是其中一例。

探索语言使用环境对掌握动词时态变化的影响，能给英语语法教学实践以指导，帮助二语习得者尽快掌握语法形式与意义的对应关系。

本研究的提出，正是基于上述理论及现实背景。

3.研究动机：日语与英语中的动词有不同的时态体系，这会给日本的英语学习者带来一定困难。

英语中，在划分动词时态时，通常分为过去时、现在时、将来时，过去时又被扩充为过去完成时、过去进行时等等。

日语没有将来时，时态体系也不像英语时态体系那样复杂。

1.8inch LCD ModuleUSER MANUALOVERVIEWThis product is 1.8inch resistive screen module with resolution 128x160. It has internal controller and uses SPI interface for communication. It has already basic functions: setting the point size, the line thickness, drawing circle, rectangle, and displaying English characters.We provide Raspberry Pi, STM32 and Arduino routines for this product.FEATURESDisplay type: TFTInterface: SPIDriver: ST7735SColors: 256KResolution: 128 x 160 (Pixel)Product size: 56.5 x 34(mm)Display size: 35.4(W) x 28.03(H)(mm)Pixel size: 0.219(W) x 0.219(H)(MM)Operating temperature: -30°C ~ 85°CINTERFACE DESCRIPTIONMarking Description3V3 3.3V powerGND groundDIN SPI data inputCLK SPI clockCS chip selectDC data/commandRST resetBL back lightPROGRAM ANALYSIS1.Working principles:ST7735S is 132 x 162 pixels LCD panel, but the product is 128 x 160 pixels LCD display.In the display there are two processes: the horizontal direction scanning – from the 2nd pixel, the vertical direction scanning – from the 1st pixel. So, you can see that positions of pixels in RAM correspond to their actual positions while displaying.The LCD supports 12-bit, 16-bit and 18-bit per pixel input formats. They correspond to RGB444, RGB565 and RGB666 color formats. This routine uses the RGB565 color format, which is commonly used.LCD uses 4-wired SPI communication interface, which can save a lot of GPIO ports and provides fast data transfer to LCD as well.munication protocolNote: there is a difference from traditional SPI. Here we only need display, so sine wires come from slave to host are hidden. The detailed information please refer to datasheet at page 58RESX: Reset. Pull-down while powering on the module. Generally set as 1IM2: data communication mode pin, which define usage of SPICSX: chip selection control pin. If CS=0 – the chip is selectedD/CX: data/command control pin, if DC=0 – command is written, otherwise – data are writtenSDA: transmitted RGB dataSCL: SPI clockThe SPI communication protocol of the data transmission uses control bits: clock phase (CPHA) and clock polarity (CPOL):The value of CPOL determines the level when the serial synchronous clock is in idle state. CPOL=0, that its idle level is 0.The value of CPHA determines the timing of the data bits relative to the clock pulses. CPHA=0, data is sampled at the first clock pulse edge.The combination of these two parameters provides 4 modes of SPI data transmission. The commonly used is SPI0 mode, it is that GPOL=0 and CPHA=0.From the figure above, SCLK begins to transfer data at the first falling edge. 8 bits data are transferred at one clock period. Use SPI0 mode, High bits transfer first, and LOW bits following. DEMO CODERaspberry Pi, STM32 and Arduino programs are provided, wherein Raspberry Pi provides BCM2835, WiringPi and python programs. It implements common graphical functions as drawing dot, line, rectangle, circle, setting their sizes and line with; filling arias, and displaying English characters of 5 common fonts and other display’s functions.Following instructions are offered for you convenienceRASPBERRY1.Hardware connection1.8inch LCD module Raspberry Pi3.3V 3.3VGND GNDDIN MOSI (PIN 19)CLK SCLK (PIN23)CS CE0 (PIN 8)DC GPIO.6 (PIN 22)RST GPIO.2 (PIN13)BL GPIO.5 (PIN18)2.Enable SPI function of the Raspberry Pisudo raspi-configSelect: Advanced Options -> SPI -> yesActivate SPI hardware driver.3.Installation of librariesFore detailed information about libraries installation, please refer to this page:https:///wiki/Libraries_Installation_for_RPiIt is description of WiringPi, bcm2835 and python libraries installation.ageBCM2835 and WiringPi program should be only copied into directory of Raspberry Pi ()by samba or directly copy to the SD card). The following code are compied directly to the user directory of Pi.4.1Usage of BCM2835Run ls command as you can see below:bin: contains “.o” files.We don’t need to change it generallyFonts: contains 5 commonly used fontsPic: contains pictures used for displaying. The resolution of pictures must be 128x128,otherwise they cannot be displayed properly. And the format of pictures must be BMP.Obj: contains object files, like main.c, LCD_Driver.c, DEV_Config.c, LCD_GUI.c and theirheader files.main.c: The mian function. What need to note is that even though there are LCD_ScanDir used to control the direction of scanning, you need not to change it. Because this module is designed for Raspberry Pi, and for compatibility, we don’t recommend you to change it.DEV_Config.c:Definations of Raspberry Pi’s pins and the communication mode.LCD_Driver.c: Drive code of LCD. Need not change generally.LCD_BMP.c: Reading and analyzing BMP files and display themMakefile: This file contains compilation rules. If there are some changes in code, please run make clean to clean all the dependency file and executable files. Then execute make to compile the whole project and generate new executable files.tftlcd_1in8: executable file, generated by command makeTo run the program, you just need to run this command on terminal: sudo ./tftlcd_1in8 4.2WiringPiInput ls command, now you can see following:T he folders is similar to BCM2835’s. The only differences are that:1.WiringPi oprates by read/write the device files of Linux OS. and the bcm2835 is libraryfunction of Raspberry Pi’s CPU, it operates registers directly. Thus, if you have usedbcm2835 libraries firstly, the usage of WiringPi code will be failed. In this case, you just need to reboot the system and try again.2.Due to the first difference, they underlying configuration are different. In DEV_Config.c,use wiringpiPi and the corresponding wiringPiSPI to provide underlay interfaces.The program executed by command sudo ./tftlcd_1in8 as well4.3PythonInput ls command, you can see that:LCD_1in8.py: Driver code of LCDLCD_Config.py: configuration of hardware underlaying interface.Executing program: sudo python LCD_1in8.pyNote: Some of the OS don’t have image libraries. In this case, you can run: sudo apt-get install python-imaging to install the image library.Image is an image processing library of python, represents any image by an image object.Thus, we can create a blank image by new, its size must be same as the display size of LCD.Then draw picture by Draw library, finally, transfer the image to the LCD. Here usingImage.load() too read RGB888 data of pixel, and convert to RGB565. Scanning every pixel then we could get the whole image for displaying. Its most important code is as below:5.Auto-runInitialize autorun in Raspberry Pi by configuring code of /etc/rc.local file:sudo vim /etc/rc.localBefore exit0 add:sudo python /home/pi/python/demo.py &Important: to place the program /home/pi/python/demo.py at the same director, you can input command pwd to get the path. And & character is necessary at the end of command line, otherwise probable need to reinstall the system (impossible terminate the process by pressing ctrl+c, impossible to login with pi user permission).STM32This demo uses XNUCLEO-F103RB developing board and is based on HAT library.1.Hardware connection1.8inch LCD XNUCLEO-F103RBVCC 3V3GND GNDDIN PA7CLK PA5CS PB6DC PA8RST PA9BL PC72.Expected resultProgram the demo into the development Board. Firstly the screen is refreshed completely, then a solid line, dashed line, open circle, solid circle, rectangle, solid torque are drawn and English characters are shown.ARDUINOUNO PLUS Arduino development board is used here.1.Hardware connection1.8inch LCD Arduino3.3V 3V3GND GNDDIN D11CLK D13CS D10DC D7RST D8BL D92.Due to small global memory 2Kb of UNO PLUS, the display can’t work in graphical mode，but the calling method is the same. Just because there is no enough memory, this demo is not provided.COMPATIBLE CODE PORTINGOffered demo is the commonly used programs, which are able to be ported. They can be used with two screens and the difference is only in initialization of them and their sizes.The usage method is defined by macros. In LCD_Driver.h or in LCD.h:#define LCD_1IN44#define LCD_1in8.As the name of the macros, they are used for 1.44inch and 1.8inch LCD separately. To use for one LCD, just need to comment other one.For example://#define LCD_1IN44#define LCD_1IN8Here we use it for 1.8inch LCD, so we comment the 1.44 macro. After saving, Run make clean to remove dependency files, and then run make to generate new executable files.。