C. Steger - Extracting Curvilinear Structures_ A Differential Geometric Approach

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ExtractingCurvilinearStructures:ADifferentialGeometricApproach

CarstenStegerForschungsgruppeBildverstehen(FGBV)InformatikIX,TechnischeUniversit¨atM¨unchenOrleansstr.34,81667M¨unchen,GermanyE-mail:stegerc@informatik.tu-muenchen.de

Abstract.Inthispaperamethodtoextractcurvilinearstructuresfromdigitalimagesispresented.Theapproachisbasedondifferentialgeometricpropertiesoftheimagefunction.Foreachpixel,thesecondorderTaylorpolynomialiscomputedbyconvolvingtheimagewiththederivativesofaGaussiansmoothingkernel.Linepointsarerequiredtohaveavanishinggradientandahighcurvatureinthedirectionperpendiculartotheline.TheuseoftheTaylorpolynomialandtheGaussiankernelsleadstoasingleresponseofthefiltertoeachline.Furthermore,thelinepositioncanbedeterminedwithsub-pixelaccuracy.Finally,thealgorithmscalestolinesofarbitrarywidth.Ananalysisaboutthescale-spacebehaviouroftwotypicallinetypes(parabolicandbar-shaped)isgiven.Fromthisanalysis,requirementsandusefulvaluesfortheparametersofthefiltercanbederived.Additionally,analgorithmtolinktheindividuallinepointsintolinesandjunctionsthatpreservesthemaximumnumberoflinepointsisgiven.Examplesonaerialimagesofdifferentresolutionillustratetheversatilityofthepresentedapproach.

1IntroductionExtractinglinesindigitalimagesisanimportantlow-leveloperationincomputervisionthathasmanyapplications,especiallyinphotogrammetricandremotesensingtasks.Thereitcanbeusedtoextractlinearfeatures,likeroads,railroads,orrivers,fromsatelliteorlowresolutionaerialimagery.Thepublishedschemestolinedetectioncanbeclassifiedintothreecategories.Thefirstapproachdetectslinesbyonlyconsideringthegrayvaluesoftheimage[4,8].Linepointsareextractedbyusingpurelylocalcriteria,e.g.,localgrayvaluedifferences.Sincethiswillgeneratealotoffalsehypothesesforlinepoints,elaborateandcomputationallyexpensiveperceptualgroupingschemeshavetobeusedtoselectsalientlinesintheimage[5,8].Furthermore,linescannotbeextractedwithsub-pixelaccuracy.Thesecondapproachistoregardlinesasobjectshavingparalleledges[9,11].Inafirststep,thelocaldirectionofalineisdeterminedforeachpixel.Thentwoedgedetectionfiltersareappliedinthedirectionperpendiculartotheline.Eachedgedetectionfilteristunedtodetecteithertheleftorrightedgeoftheline.Theresponsesofeachfilterarecombinedinanon-linearwaytoyieldthefinalresponseoftheoperator[9].TheadvantageofthisapproachisthatsincetheedgedetectionfiltersarebasedonthederivativesofGaussiankernels,theprocedurecanbeiteratedoverthescale-spaceparametertodetectlinesofarbitrarywidths.However,becausespecialdirectional

1edgedetectionfiltershavetobeconstructedthatarenotseparable,theapproachiscomputationallyexpensive.Inthethirdapproach,theimageisregardedasafunctionandlinesarede-tectedasridgesandravinesinthisfunctionbylocallyapproximatingtheimagefunctionbyitssecondorthirdorderTaylorpolynomial.Thecoefficientsofthispolynomialareusuallydeterminedbyusingthefacetmodel,i.e.,byaleastsquaresfitofthepolynomialtotheimagedataoverawindowofacertainsize[6,1,7].ThedirectionofthelineisdeterminedfromtheHessianmatrixoftheTaylorpolynomial.Linepointsarethenfoundbyselectingpixelsthathaveahighseconddirectionalderivative,i.e.,ahighcurvature,perpendiculartothelinedirection.Theadvantageofthisapproachisthatlinescanbedetectedwithsub-pixelaccuracywithouthavingtoconstructspecializeddirectionalfilters.However,becausetheconvolutionmasksthatareusedtodeterminethecoefficientsoftheTaylorpolynomialareratherpoorestimatorsforthefirstandsecondpartialderivativesthisapproachusuallyleadstomultipleresponsestoasingleline,especiallywhenmaskslargerthan55areusedtosuppressnoise.Therefore,theapproachdoesnotscalewellandcannotbeusedtodetectlinesthatarewiderthanabout5pixels.Inthispaperanapproachtolinedetectionthatusesthedifferentialgeometricapproachofthethirdcategoryofoperatorswillbepresented.Incontrasttothose,thecoefficientsofasecondorderTaylorpolynomialaredeterminedbyconvolvingtheimagewiththederivativesofaGaussiansmoothingkernel.Becauseofthis,thealgorithmcanbescaledtolinesofarbitrarywidth.Furthermore,thebehaviourofthealgorithminscalespaceisinvestigatedforvarioustypesoflines.Finally,analgorithmtolinkthedetectedlinepointsintoatopologicallysounddatastructureoflinesandjunctionsispresented.

2DetectionofLinePoints2.1ModelsforLinesin1DManyapproachestolinedetectionconsiderlinesin1Dtobebar-shaped,i.e.,theideallineofwidth2andheightisassumedtohaveaprofilegivenby

(1)However,duetosamplingeffectsofthesensorlinesusuallydonothavethisprofile.Figure1showsaprofileofalineinanaerialimage.Ascanbeseen,noflatbarprofileisapparent.Therefore,inthispaperlinesareassumedtohaveanapproximatelyparabolicprofile.Theideallineofwidth2andheightisthengivenby