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美国文学简史复习纲要

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美国文学简史复习纲要 Prepared on 22 November 2020美国文学简史复习纲要Colonial Period殖民时期(1600s-1790s)American Puritanism美国清教主义：self-examination/self-improvement(1703-1758)：Calvinist加尔文教徒本杰明富兰克林(1706-1790)(1)PoorRichard’s Almanac(2)The Autobiography自传Early AmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期（1800s-1840s）(1)As alogical result of the foreign and native factors at work, Americanromanticismwas both imitative and independent.华盛顿欧文(1783-1859)names attached to Irving(1)firstAmerican writer(2)themessenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father ofAmerican literature美国文学之父(1)The Sketch Book见闻札记:Rip Van Winkle,The Legend of SleepyHollowCooper库柏(1789-1851)(1)Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集: TheDeerslayer, The Last of theMohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The PrairieachievementsCooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the Americannational experience of adventure into theWest. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped tointroduce western traditionto American literature.Summitof Romanticism –NewEnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期(1840s-)提出1836,“Nature” by Emerson爱默生、《论自然》oversoulof individualism– symbol of spirit/Godin intuition (irrationalism andsubconsciousness)helped to create the first American renaissance美国文学复兴– one ofthe most prolific period in American literature、independentAmericanculture.Emerson（1802-1882）(1)Nature—the manifesto ofAmerican Transcendentalism.《论自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。

(2)The American Scholar《美国学者》regarded as the “Declaration ofIntellectualIndependence”.Thoreau亨利大卫梭罗（1817-1862）(1)Walden瓦尔登湖“Simplicity…simplify!”(2)A Plea forJohn Brown (an essay)：He hated the human injustice asrepresented bythe slavery system.Late Romanticism浪漫主义后期（1804-1864）(1)The Scarlet Letter红字：HesterPrynne女主人公、Arthur Dimmesdale通奸的牧师、Roger Chillingworth化名的丈夫、Pearl女儿 of view(1)Evil is atthe core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”(2)Wheneverthere is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passedfrom generation togeneration (causality).– typical romantic writer（1819-1891）Moby Dick白鲸RomanticPoets沃尔特惠特曼（1819-1892）:Leaves of Grass(9 editions)草叶集(1)Song ofMyself自我之歌(2)WhenLilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d为纪念林肯总统而写(3)I HearAmerica singing: “freeverse”自由诗体(1)His bestwork has become part of the common property of Westernculture.(2)He hasbeen compared to a mountain in American literary history. Dickinson艾米丽迪金森（1830-1886）(1)My LifeClosed Twice before Its Close(2)Because ICan’t Stop for Death(3)I Heard aFly Buzz – When I died: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)poemswithout titles(2)directness,brevity(3)capitalletters – emphasis(4)shortpoems, mainly two stanzas:Whitman vs. Dickinson:(1)Thematically,they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergentAmerica, itsexpansion, its individualism and its Americanness, theirpoetry being part of“American Renaissance”.(2)Technically,they both added to the literary independence of the newnation by breaking freeof the convention of the iambic pentameterand exhibiting a freedom in formunknown before: they werepioneers in American poetry.:(1)Whitmanseems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinsonexplores the inner life of theindividual.(2)WhereasWhitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinsonis“regional”.(3)Dickinsonhas the“catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) whichWhitman doesn’t have.EdgarAllen Poe埃德加爱伦坡（）stories(1)detectivestories推理小说和侦探小说之父Foundin a Bottle瓶中手稿in the Rue Morgue莫格街杀人案(2)Revenge,death and rebirth、gothic novels哥特小说Fall of the House of Usher亚舍古屋的倒塌(3)LiterarytheoryPoeticPrinciple：最诗意的莫过于美丽女人的早逝:The Raven乌鸦、Annabel Lee安娜贝尔李:“Poe isnot interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.”.horror.–traditional, but not easy to readThe Age ofRealism现实主义时期：内战（1861-1865）--一战:From Romanticism to Realism1880’ urbanization: from free competition to monopolycapitalism closing of American frontierin Realistic PeriodHowells（1837--1920）–“Dean of American Realism”(1)Realisticprinciples：habitualmoods/motives(2)Works:The Rise of Silas Lapham（1843-1916）:international themeDaisyMillerThePortrait of a LadyThe Ambassadors大使：Strether主人公The Wingsof the DoveThe GoldenBowl(1)Point ofview,forefather of stream ofconsciousnessTwain(see nextsection)Local Colorism1860s,1870s~1890sHamlin Garland:Crumbling IdolsBret Harte:The Luck of Roaring CampKate Chopin– The Awakening觉醒Twain（1835-1910）– MississippiLanghorne Clemens真名(1)The GildedAge镀金时代(2)The advantages of Huckleberry Finn:Jim、raft木筏(3)TheAdventures of Tom Sawyer(4)Life onthe Mississippi(1)colloquialstyle, vernacular language, dialects口语方言的运用(2)localcolour(3)humour(4)socialcriticism (satire on the different ugly things in society) the three “giants” of American RealismHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower classHowells – smiling/genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colourism and colloquialismAmerican Naturalism美国自然主义’s theory:“natural selection”’s idea: “social Darwinism”Naturalism: Zoraand hereditytone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly sideof the societyIt prepares the way for the writing of 1920s’“lost generation” and . Eliot. :Maggie：A Girlof the Streets、The Red Badge of Courage:McTeague、The Octopus[railway]:Sister Carrie、An American Tragedy:Martin EdenThe Modern PeriodThe1920s:Roaring 20s、Jazz AgeThe 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is considered“the second renaissance” of American literature.（第一次是超验主义）Background：FirstWorld War –“a war to end all wars”一战Imagism(1908-1917)I. BackgroundImagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry andJapanese literature “haiku”II. Development:three stages~1909: London, Hulme~1914: England ->America, Ezra Pound~1917: Amy LowellIII. Whatis an “image”An image is defined by Poundas that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant oftime, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas”“endowed with energy”. The exactword must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presenteditself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.VI. EzraPound(1885-1972)(1)In aStation of the Metro(2)Cantos：“the intellectual diarysince 1915”(3)Hugh Selwyn MauberleyHe is regarded as the father of modernAmerican poetry.VII. T. S. EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Waste Land(epic)Four QuartersMurder in the Cathedral(play):objective correlative客观对应物Stevens(1879-1955):Anecdote of the Jar、The Emperor of Ice-CreamCarlos Williams（1883-1963）:The Red Wheelbarrow、Spring and All、PatersonFrost(1874-1963):在总统就职典礼上朗诵自己的诗歌nation’sunofficial Poet Laureate– poemsNorth of Boston:The Road Not Taken、Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening、Picking Applesstyle/features of his poems(1)Most of his poems took New England as setting, and the subjectswerechosen from daily life of ordinary people.(2)Although he was popular during 1920s, he didn’t experiment likeothermodern poets. He used conventional forms, plainlanguage,traditional metre, and wrote in a pastured tradition.IX. CarlSandburg(1878-1967) :Chicago Poems、Fog“the word of thepeople”E. E. Cummings(1894-1963):“a juggler with syntax, grammar and diction”–individualism, “painter poet”Hart Crane(1899-1932):The BridgeMarianne Moore:The FishNovelsin the 1920s. ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)(1)This Sideof Paradise(2)The Great Gatsby: Daisy、Tom Buchanan、NickCarraway(3)Tender isthe Night(4)Tales oftheJazz Ageof view(1)Heexpressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called “AmericanDream” is false in nature.(2)His novelsfollow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure anddespair.GreatGatsbyNarrative point of view – NickHe is related to everyone in the novel and is calm and detectedobserverwho is never quick to make judgements. Selected omniscientpoint of view(1899-1961): the spokesman of the Lost Generation byGertrude Stein （1874-1946）: protagonist: the typical Hemingway hero(1)The SunAlso Rises: Jack Barnes、(2)A Farewell to Arms: FredericHenry、Catherine(3)For Whomthe Bell Tolls(4)The OldMan and the Sea: Santiago–“grace under pressure”(1)war andinfluence of war on people, with scenes connected withhunting, bull fightingwhich demand stamina and courage, and withthe question “how to live withpain”, “how human being livegracefully under pressure”.(2)“codehero”The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculinetastes,sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of fewwords. That is anindividualist keeping emotions under control, stoicand self-disciplined in adreadful place. These people are usuallyspiritual strong, people of certainskills, and most of them encounterdeath many times.(1)Iceberg principle: understatement,implied things电报式对话–“the worst important writer in American literature”美国第一位诺贝尔文学奖获得者。

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美国文学复习大纲

美国文学复习大纲


• • • •
* Second stage: Transcedentalism (p.56-59) Raph Waldo Emerson: Nature Henry David Thoreau: Walden
• Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter • Herman Melville: Moby Dick • Edgar Allan Poe: Gothic novels • “Tales of Grotesque and Arabesque” • Poe’s position in the world literature (P.114-115)
The first peak of literature in US
• Two stages of Romanticism in the first half of 19th century of US: • * First stage: • Washing Irving: Father of American literature; the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame • A History of New York • The Sketch Book: “Rip Van Winkle” “Sleepy Hollow” • James F. Cooper: • Leather-stocking Tales: The Pioneer • The Last of the Mohicans • The Prairie • The Pathfinder • The Deerslayer
• American Movement of Enlightenment (P.27-28) Writers of enlightenment Benjamin Franklin: The Authobiography; Poor Richard’s Amanack The Importance of Benjamin Franklin’s “The Autobiography”. (P. 35-37) Thomas Paine: Common Sense; Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence
美国文学史发展概况(老师给的复习提纲)

美国文学史发展概况(老师给的复习提纲)

美国文学史复习提纲一、殖民主义时期的文学(The Literature of Colonial America) 17th.c一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：①narratives 日记 , ②journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）about their voyage to the new land2) about adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) about dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）Puritans looked upon themselves as a people chosen by God, and it followed logically that anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God's will and was not to be accepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forget his mercy.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

美国文学简史复习纲要

美国文学简史复习纲要

美国文学简史复习纲要Colonial Period殖民时期 (1600s-1790s)American Puritanism美国清教主义：self-examination/self-improvementI.JonathanEdwards (1703-1758)：Calvinist加尔文教徒II.BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林 (1706-1790)(1)PoorRichard’s Almanac(2)The Autobiography自传Early AmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期〔1800s-1840s〕1.features(1)As alogical result of the foreign and native factors at work, Americanromanticismwas both imitative and independent.II.WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文 (1783-1859)1.several names attached to Irving(1)firstAmerican writer(2)themessenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father ofAmerican literature美国文学之父2.works(1)The Sketch Book见闻札记: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of SleepyHollowIII.JamesFenimore Cooper库柏 (1789-1851)1.works(1)Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集 : TheDeerslayer, The Last of theMohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie2.literary achievementsCooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the Americannational experience of adventure into theWest. He turned the west andfrontier as a useable past and he helped tointroduce western tradition toAmerican literature.Summitof Romanticism – NewEnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期(1840s-)I.Appearance提出1836,“Nature〞by Emerson爱默生、《论自然》II.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature –symbol of spirit/God4.focus in intuition (irrationalism andsubconsciousness)III.Influence1.It helped to create the first American renaissance美国文学复兴–one ofthemost prolific period in American literature、independent Americanculture. IV.RalphWaldo Emerson〔1802-1882〕1.works(1)Nature—the manifesto ofAmerican Transcendentalism.《论自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。

美国文学史复习大纲

美国文学史复习大纲

美国文学史复习大纲一：作家作品1.Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio(小镇畸人，1919) The Triumph of the Egg(鸡蛋的胜利，1921)2.John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath(愤怒的葡萄，1939，strong sociological novel,1940年获普利策奖（Pulitzer Prize)),1962年获诺贝尔文学奖①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。

②代表作：“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers “The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece ,showed the migration of the Okies from the Dust Bowls to California ,a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. Theme : strength comes from unity i-we ;faith in life; struggle to live better2.John Dos Passos: 约翰多斯帕索斯His trilogy U.S.A(美利坚)---The 42nd Parallel(北纬42度，1930), 1919(1932), The Big Money(1936), Three Soldiers。