常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)【章节题库(含名校考研真题)】(第2章 爱德华兹

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American Romanticism
The
Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War.
1).Walter Scott: Waverly novels, The Lady of the Lake 2).Byron: Oriental romances 3).Gothic tradition, the cult of solitude and of gloom
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Romanticism
started
ended
Backgrounds of American Romanticism
National
influences influences
International
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National Influences

A. In politics: democracy and political equality lay the foundation of Romanticism; B. In economics: the spread of industrialism; the sudden influx of immigration and the pioneers pushing the frontier further west; C. In culture: the publication of Webster’s Dictionary marked the beginning of the American English; the appearance of many magazines and newspapers.

第21章自白派•垮掉的一代21.1复习笔记I.The Confessional School（自白派）The term is usually used to certain poets of the United States from the late1950s to the late 1960s.In a broad way,the poetry of this group of poets share common features such as a ruthless, excruciating self-analysis of one’s own background and heritage,one’s own most private desires and fantasies etc.,and the urgent“I’ll-tell-it-all-to-you”impulse.In a sense,it is Lowell who gave the Confessional poetry a new life and a new level of popularity with his ruthless self-dissection. Representatives of the Confessional are School Robert Lowell,Anne Sexton,Sylvia Plath.这一术语用来指20世界50年代末到60年代末的一些美国诗人。

广义上讲，这些诗人的诗歌具有以下共同特点，如对自己的背景和传统，自己的隐私、欲望和幻想等进行无情的、令人痛苦的自我分析，以及一种急切的“我将告诉你一切”的冲动。

从某种程度上讲，洛威尔用他无情的自我剖析使自白诗获得新生也使其成为新时尚。

自白派代表人物是罗伯特·洛威尔、安妮·塞克斯顿、西尔维娅·普拉斯。

第一章殖民地时期的美国文学填空题1. The term “Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of ______.【答案】England【解析】清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教Church of England中天主教残余的改革派。

其字词于16世纪60年代开始使用，源于拉丁文的Purus，意为“清洁”。

2. The most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was ______.【答案】American Puritanism【解析】美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。

美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国文学有着根深蒂固的影响。

3. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the ______ values that dominated much of the early American writing.【答案】Puritan【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。

清教徒强调艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约、虔诚和淡泊。

这些价值观也影响了早期的美国文学。

4. Many Puritans wrote verse, but the works of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and______, rose to the level of real poetry.【答案】Edward T aylor【解析】美国殖民时期最著名的诗人是安·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒。

5. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by ______.【答案】Anne Bradstreet【解析】安·布莱德斯特律是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。

第11章20世纪20年代•意象派•庞德I.Fill in the blanks.1.“In a Station of the Metro”by Ezra Pound goes like this:The apparition of these faces in the crowd;_____.（首师大2008研）【答案】Petals on a wet,black bough.【解析】这是意象派诗人庞德的名作，意为：人群中这些面孔幽灵一般显现，湿漉漉的黑色枝条上许多花瓣。

2._____,by Ezra Pound,employs the complex association of scholarly lore, anthropology,modern history and personages,private history and Witticism,and obscure literary interpolations in various languages.（人大2006研）【答案】The Cantos【解析】庞德的《诗章》包罗万象，是庞德的代表作。

3.Author_____Title_____.（南京大学2007研）The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet,black bough.【答案】Author:Ezra Pound Title:“In a Station of the Metro”【解析】题目节选自庞德的《在一个地铁车站》，该诗是以一个意象作为叙述语言的典型范例。

4.Ezra Pound’s lifelong endeavor had been devoted to the writing of_____,which contains_____poems.（国际关系学院2007研）【答案】The Cantos;117【解析】庞德把毕生精力都投入到写作《诗章》当中，《诗章》共包括117首诗。

第5章霍桑•麦尔维尔5.1复习笔记I.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）1.Life（生平）Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors,and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life,so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life.霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇，他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。

他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官，因参与迫害贵格党人而臭名昭著。

另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。

家族渐渐走向没落。

霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的恶性，这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分，因此他的一生心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。

2.Ideas（思想）(1)He was haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life,therefore we see“black vision”in his works—the power of blackness.Evil seems to be man’s birthmark.In almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discussed sin and evil.(2)He rejected the Transcendentalists'transparent optimism about the potentialities of human nature.(3)Whenever there is sin,there is punishment.Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.In his opinion,evil educates.(4)He believed that romance was the predestined form of American narrative.He took a great interest in history and antiquity.To him these furnished the soil on which his mind grew to fruition.(5)Hawthorne had a negative attitude toward science.(1)霍桑一生心中都萦绕着罪恶感，因此我们可以在他的作品中感受到“黑色视觉”——邪恶的力量。

第二部分章节题库第1单元本杰明·富兰克林І.Fill in the blanks.1.If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, _____represents the lower levels.【答案】Benjamin Franklin【解析】美国文学评论家范·威克·布鲁克斯（Van Wyck Brooks）在《美国的成年》(America’s Coming of Age)中指出乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是美国18世纪的两位重要的哲学家，他们是不同层次思想的代表。

2.Franklin’s claim to a place in literature rests chiefly on his_____and_____.【答案】Poor Richard’s Almanac，The Autobiography【解析】富兰克林在文学上的地位主要取决于《穷查理历书》和《自传》。

3.In American literature,the eighteenth century was an Age of_____and Revolution.【答案】Reason【解析】18世纪的美国处于理性与革命时期。

这一时期的美国深受法国启蒙思想的影响，且处于独立革命时期。

4.Franklin was the epitome of the_____,the versatile,practical embodiment of national man in the18th century.【答案】Enlightenment【解析】富兰克林是启蒙思想的缩影，是18世纪理性的代表。

5.Benjamin Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece_____.【答案】The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin【解析】本杰明·富兰克林文学上最大的成就体现在他的作品《本杰明·富兰克林自传》上。

第15章南方文艺复兴•威廉姆•福克纳15.1复习笔记I.The Southern Renaissance（南方文艺复兴）1.Historical background（历史背景）The American south has been a unique region all along.There was the historically significant conflict between the Hamiltonian north and the Jeffersonian south.For a long time after the Civil War,the agricultural south remained subordinate to industrial north,and there existed a glaring gap in culture and way of thinking between the two parts of the country.Measures were taken to develop the south;economic improvements slowly came about.Although the south remained conservative,but there appeared a visible sign of change in literature,and there are efforts to reassess the past and the present and do self-searching.美国南方一直是一个独特的地区。

哈米尔顿式南方与杰斐逊式北方之间存在具有重大历史意义的冲突。

美国内战后相当长的时间内，农业式的南方仍然从属于工业化的北方。

美国这两个地区之间在文化和思维方式上存在显著的差距。

第15章南方文艺复兴·威廉姆·福克纳Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1._____wrote about the disintegration of the old social system in the American Southern States and its effect on the lives of modern people,both black and white.[人大2006研]【答案】William Faulkner【解析】福克纳的作品主要关于美国南方的沉浮。

在这中间，黑人和白人，南方与北方，农业和工业之间发生剧烈的摩擦和冲动。

结果是腐朽的古老传统被新兴的资本势力所击败，急剧的演变过程中形形色色的人物终不免成为客观势力和主观弱点的牺牲品。

2.In his novel,William Faulkner has invented a county named_____and the seat of the county_____.[国际关系学院2009研]【答案】Yoknapatawpha;the town of Jefferson【解析】福克纳在自己的一系列著作中虚构了位于密西西比州北部的约克纳帕塔法县，这个县的中心是杰斐逊镇。

3.The works written by_____may be viewed as a culmination of the development of twentieth-century southern fiction.【答案】William Faulkner【解析】威廉·福克纳的作品可以看作是20世纪美国南方小说发展的巅峰之作。

4.Quentin is a character in William Faulkner’s novel_____.【答案】The Sound and the Fury【解析】昆丁（Quentin）是威廉·福克纳小说喧哗与骚动（The Sound and the Fury）中的人物，同时也是该小说第三部分的叙述者。

第4章新英格兰超验主义•爱默生•梭罗4.1 复习笔记In 1836 Emerson’s Nature came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. Nature’s voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism.1936年爱默生的《论自然》问世，它如平地惊雷，震撼了美国文化思想界。

《论自然》把美国浪漫主义推向了一个新的阶段，即它的高潮阶段——英格兰超验主义阶段。

I. New England Transcendentalism（新英格兰超验主义）In the 1830s and 1840s some New Englanders , not quite happy about the materialistic-oriented life of their time, formed themselves into an informal club, the Transcendentalist Club, and met to discuss matters of interest to the life of the nation as a whole. They expressed their views, published their journal, the Dial, and made their voice heard. The club with a membership of some thirty men and a couple of women included Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller. Most of them were teachers or clergymen, radicals who reacted against the faith of Boston businessmen and the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism. The word“Transcendental” was not native to America; it was a Kantian term denoting, as Emerson put it, “Whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought.”19世纪三、四十年代一些新英格兰人对当时盛行的物质主义极其不满，他们聚集在一起组成非正式的“超验主义俱乐部”，讨论文学、哲学及国家生活的形势趋向。

第5章霍桑·麦尔维尔Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Pearl is a character in_____written by_____.[大连外国语学院2007研]【答案】The Scarlet Letter,Nathaniel Hawthorne【解析】Pearl是美国作家Nathaniel Hawthorne小说《红字》中的人物。

2.As a reflection of Hester Prynne’s moral development,the_____symbolically undergoes a gradual and imperceptible change from“_____”to“able”and last to“angel”.[天津外国语学院2008研]【答案】scarlet letter A,adultery【解析】霍桑的小说《红字》中海斯特·白兰经历了道德的洗礼，红字A的含义也逐渐由“通奸”转变为“能干”以至后来的“天使”3.Tashtego,Daggoo and Queequeg are the three main harpooners in the novel _____.[首师大2008研]【答案】Moby Dick【解析】这三个人是《莫比·狄克》里的捕鲸手。

4.The way in which_____wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American puritan moralism.【答案】Nathaniel Hawthorne【解析】纳撒尼尔·霍桑的小说《红字》暗示了美国浪漫主义遵循美国清教伦理道德。

5.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne’s novel_____.【答案】The Scarlet Letter【解析】海斯特·白兰是霍桑小说《红字》中的女主人公。

第26章多种族文学（2）26.1 复习笔记I. Native American Literature（美国本土印第安文学）1. Brief Introduction（简介）For a long time the image of the American Indian in American literature has been a distorted one. Whatever portrayal of them there is in mainstream literature has been once or twice removed from the truth. As the Native American writer N. Scott Momaday puts it, “There was at one time a real danger of the Indian simply being frozen as an image in the American mind.” For a long time now, the Native Americans have been telling their own stories from their own perspectives, and they have succeeded in dislodging that image so that it has become something vital and real. In 1968 N. Scott Momaday published his House Made of Dawn and won the Pulitzer Prize. This led to what has become known as “The Native American Renaissance”around the end of the 1960s. Today books by Native American writers fill the bookstores, and their literature has become a distinct ingredient of American literature.很长一段时期内，美国文学中的印第安人一直是一种被歪曲的形象。

常耀信《美国⽂学简史》（第3版）章节题库-第⼗六章⾄第⼗七章【圣才出品】第16章安德森·斯坦·刘易斯·凯瑟·沃尔夫Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Winesburg,Ohio was written by_____.[⼤连外国语学院2007研]【答案】Sherwood Anderson【解析】《俄亥俄州的温斯堡》（或译《⼩城畸⼈》）是美国⼆⼗世纪早期⼩说家舍伍德·安德森（Sherwood Anderson）的⼀部著名⼩说。

2.Two writers played important roles in making Faulkner what he later became. _____helped him to write and publish his first novel Soldier’s Pay and_____was his idol and inspired him to write creatively.【答案】Sherwood Anderson;James Joyce【解析】安德森和乔伊斯对福克纳的⽂学创作产⽣了很⼤影响。

3.The author of Main Street is_____.【答案】Sinclair Lewis【解析】《⼤街》的作者是⾟克莱·刘易斯，他是第⼀个获得诺贝尔⽂学奖的美国⼈。

4.An American woman writer named_____who had lived in Paris since1903, welcomed the young expatriates to her literary salon,and gave them a name “the Lost Generation”.【答案】Gertrude Stein【解析】美国作家格特鲁德·斯坦因于1903年移居法国巴黎并开始组织⼀个著名的沙龙，海明威、菲茨杰拉尔德等⼈都来过这⾥。

常耀信《美国⽂学简史》（第3版）章节题库-第⼗三章⾄第⼗四章【圣才出品】第13章弗罗斯特·桑德堡·卡明斯·哈特·克兰·穆尔Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.In Robert Frost’s______,the speaker tells us how the course of his life was determined when he came upon two roads that diverted in a wood.【答案】The Road not Taken【解析】《未选择的路》是美国著名诗⼈罗伯特·弗罗斯特的著名诗篇。

这⾸深邃的哲理诗展现了现实⽣话中⼈们处在⼗字路⼝时难以抉择的⼼情。

2.Robert Frost poetry focused on the landscape and people in_______.【答案】New England【解析】弗罗斯特的抒情诗主要描写了⼤⾃然和农民，尤其是新英格兰的景⾊和北⽅的农民。

3._____combined traditional verse forms with a clear American local speech rhythm，forming his own characteristic.【答案】Robert Frost【解析】弗罗斯特将传统诗歌形式与美国本⼟⼝语体结合起来，形成了独特的诗歌特点。

4.At one time,Sandburg’s reputation mainly rested on a multi-volume biography of_____including The Prairie Years and The War Years.【答案】Abraham Lincoln【解析】卡尔·桑德堡（Carl Sandburg）美国现代诗⼈及传记作家。

The 1920s
T.S. Eliot William Faulkner Ernest Hemingway (Lost Generation) Imagism: Ez American literature
7.
The 1930s
Steinbeck Harlem Renaissance (Black American literature) Hughes Wright Ellison
(1775-1783) Benjamin Franklin Philip Freneau
Naturalism:
Stephen Crane Theodore Dreiser
6.
3. 4.
Democratic Period (17831802) Romanticism (1820-1861)
Washington Irving Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Howthorne William Whitman * Transcendentalism * (New England Renaissance) Ralph Waldo Emerson Fillip Thoreau


Forms (genres) of literature? Poetry, novel (fiction), drama, prose, essay, epic, elegy, short story, journalism, sermon, (auto) biography, travel accounts, novelette, etc. Non-fiction : Essay (4 categories) It contains fiction & non-fiction. Fiction: (4 genres) • description • Poetry • narration • novel • exposition • drama • argumentation • short story

第10章美国自然主义·克兰·诺里斯·德莱赛·罗宾森Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Dreiser’s novel_____,a commercial and critical failure when first published in 1900,was reissued in1907and won high praise for its grim,naturalistic portrayal of American society.[人大2006研]【答案】Sister Carrie【解析】德莱赛的《嘉莉妹妹》在1900年首次出版时在商业上和文学批评界是失败的，在1907年重新被发现，因其对美国社会的自然描写赢得了很高的评价。

2.Naturalism stresses the determinism of_____and_____.[国际关系学院2009研]【答案】heredity;social environment【解析】自然主义强调遗传和社会环境决定论。

3._____is the novel into which Jack London put most of himself.[人大2006研]【答案】Martin Eden【解析】杰克·伦敦名作《马丁·伊登》（Martin Eden）是一部带有自传色彩的长篇小说。

4.The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism:American_____.【答案】naturalism【解析】达尔文的进化论对美国思想和19世纪法国文学产生深远影响，从而产生了美国自然主义这一新的学派。

第6章惠特曼·狄金森Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Dickinson differs from Whitman in a variety of ways.For one thing,Whitman seems to keep his eye on the society at large;Dickens explores the inner life of the individual,in formal terms,the two poets are also vastly different:Whitman’s endless all-inclusive catalogs contrast with the_________which characterize Dickinson’s poetry.【答案】concise,direct and simple diction and syntax.【解析】惠特曼更细致地关注社会生活，而狄金森更倾向于探索人的内心世界。

惠特曼的视野放眼“全国”，而狄金森关注“地方”。

狄金森诗歌的风格简明，直接，善用最平易的词，而惠特曼并非如此。

2.Open,fluid and long lines sweeping boldly across the pages,familiar,informallanguage,all-including subject matter are the features of Whitman’s poetry.He is interested in all kinds of things,the ants,blades of grass,and even our hearing, breathing.All his love of life and philosophy about life are expressed through the image of______.【答案】grass【解析】惠特曼认为最伟大的诗人给世界注入了宇宙的壮观和生机。

第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。

他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。

1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。