基于Aloha的RFID防碰撞算法仿真与实现
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摘 要
RFID是利用空间电磁波耦合进行通信的无线传输模式,其防碰撞算法的优劣决定了其性能及其应用领域。为了满足RFID系统低标签成本和高识别性能的要求,当前主要采用基于Aloha的防碰撞算法。
本文首先回顾了基本的Aloha算法、时隙Aloha算法和固定帧时隙Aloha算法(FSA),并将其运用于RFID系统中。接着讨论一种动态帧时隙Aloha算法(DFSA):每一帧的开始,阅读器向工作范围内的标签广播一个包含该帧帧长的数据包;标签收到包后,进行时间同步,同时读取帧长N,随机选择1-N中的一个时隙,等该时隙到来即向阅读器发送自身ID信息;阅读器在每一时隙结束时判断该时隙是否收到包,如果没收到则该时隙空闲,如果收到的包有错则说明该时隙内发生多标签碰撞,如果收到正确的包、则读取包中ID信息、并向空间广播带有该ID的包;标签收到包后判断,如果该包中包含自身ID信息、则证明该标签在上一时隙中被正确识别、标签进入静默状态、一段时间内不再与阅读器通信;如果标签未被正确识别,只能等待下一帧开始后,重新选择时隙,重复上述过程。一轮识别(即一帧)结束后,阅读器统计该帧中包含的空闲时隙数、冲突时隙数和成功识别时隙数,若冲突时隙数超过一定阈值则增加下一帧的帧长,若空闲时隙数超过一定阈值则减少下一帧的帧长,实现帧长的动态控制。这样求得系统的时隙利用率和碰撞概率的平衡,提高了系统识别率,缩短了识别时间。
本文第4章详细构建了基于OPNET的RFID系统模型,并嵌入固定帧时隙Aloha算法,找出了不同负载条件下的系统识别率最高的帧长,作为DFSA帧长动态改变的依据。为了验证DFSA的性能优势,第5章中将DFSA算法嵌入RFID模型,得出基于DFSA的RFID系统识别率与负载关系曲线,并与固定帧长为8、16的基于FSA的RFID系统识别率与负载关系曲线比较。证明,当待识别标签数量很大时,基于DFSA算法的RFID系统识别率远高于FSA,系统性能更加优异。
关键词:Aloha OPNET RFID 防碰撞算法
Abstract
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system communicates wirelessly by
electromagnetic coupling in the space. The anti-collision algorithm determines its
performance and its application. In order to meet the low label cost and high recognition
performance requirements, aloha based anti-collision algorithm is widely used now.
This paper first reviews the pure Aloha algorithm, Aloha algorithm and fixed time slot
Frame Slotted Aloha algorithm (FSA), and used it in RFID system. Then discussed a
Dynamic Frame Slotted Aloha algorithm (DFSA): At the beginning of each frame, reader
broadcast data packets containing frame length N to tags in its working area. Tags receive
these packets, synchronize time, and read frame length N. They then select one slot
randomly from 1-N.When the time slot comes; tag transmits its own ID information to
reader. For each slot, if no packet received , the time slot is idle , if more than one packet is
received , the time slot is collision, if there is only one packet in a slot , reader get the
package ID information, and broadcast to tags. Tag which has the same ID stops
communication after received this packet. If a tag is not identified correctly, it can only
wait for the beginning of the next frame to choose a slot randomly, waiting for been
recognized. In the end of each frame, reader count the idle time slot number, collision time
slots and successfully recognized time slot number. If the collision number of time slot
exceed a certain threshold, then increased next frame length; if the idle time slot number
exceeds a certain threshold, then reduced the next frame length. In that way , we can
shorten the time of recognition.
The fourth chapter constructed an RFID system based on OPNET modeler and
embedded in the FSA algorithm. In this chapter we will find out the relativity of system
load and frame length. In order to verify the advantage of DFSA algorithm, the fifth
chapter compared DFSA to FSA. Proved that DFSA algorithm make a better performance
when the system load is heavy.
Key Words:Aloha OPNET RFID anti-collision目 录
摘 要 .................................................................................................................................. 1
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 2
目 录 .................................................................................................................................. 1
插图清单 .................................................................................................................................. 1
附表清单 .................................................................................................................................. 3
引 言 .................................................................................................................................. 4
1. 绪论 ..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 RFID技术的广泛普及 ............................................................................................ 5
1.2 开展研究的意义 ....................................................................................................... 6
2. RFID系统组成及主要工作原理 ...................................................................................... 8
2.1 RFID系统组成 .......................................................................................................... 8
2.2 RFID系统工作原理 ................................................................................................ 10
2.3 RFID系统的特点和应用 ....................................................................................... 11