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曼昆经济学原理 第一章ppt

曼昆经济学原理 第一章ppt
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
2
The principles of HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs
All decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples:
can to achieve their objectives.
make decisions by evaluating costs and benefits
of marginal changes – incremental adjustments to an existing plan.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What kinds of questions does economics address?
What are the principles of how people make
When a manager considers whether to increase
output, she compares the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Equality: when prosperity is distributed uniformly
among society’s members

曼昆英文版《经济学原理》01-经济学十大原理

曼昆英文版《经济学原理》01-经济学十大原理
Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.
Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.
People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.
Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
1. People face tradeoffs. Efficiency v. Equity
1. People face tradeoffs.
"There is no such thing as a free lunch! lunch!"
1. People face tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.

曼昆微观经济学经济学十大原理 英文版

曼昆微观经济学经济学十大原理 英文版


how firms decide how much to produce, how many workers to hire（企业决策：生产（数量）、雇佣工人数量）

how society decides how to divide its resources between national defense, consumer goods, protecting the environment, and other needs（国家决策：国防、消费品、环 4 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 保等）
Tradeoff的原因本质是：资源的稀缺性
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
6
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS Principle #1: 人们面临权衡取舍 People Face Tradeoffs
Exampense requires resources that could
机会成本也来源于资源稀缺性，由于机会成本的存在从而需要取
舍。
机会成本是人们选择，而放弃其他全部选择中收益最大的部分。
9
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #2: 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西
The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
12
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #3: 理性人考虑边际量
Rational People Think at the Margin Rational people

第一章经济学原理

第一章经济学原理

4. People respond to incentives.
LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight to the NBA from high school when offered a $10 million contract.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
A household and an economy face many decisions:
Who will work? What goods and how many of them
Whether to go to college or to work? Whether to study or go out on a date? Whether to go to class or sleep in?
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
5. Trade can make everyone better off.
People gain from their ability to trade with one another.
Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity

曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.1

曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.1

曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读经济学原理，每日更新/欢迎来主页查看/翻译经过校对第一章经济学十大原理The word economy comes from the Greek woid oikonomos,which means “one who manages a household." At first, this origin might seem peculiar. But in fact, households and economies have much in common. A household faces many decisions. It must decide wliich household members do which tasks and what each member receives in return: Wlio cooks diimer? Wlio does the laundiy? Who gets the extra dessert at dinner? Who gets to drive the car? In short, a household must allocate its scarce resources （time, dessert, car mileage） among its various members, taking into account each member's abilities, efforts, and desires.经济这个词来源于希腊语，其意为“管理一个家庭的人”。

乍一看，这个起源似乎有点奇特。

但事实上，家庭和经济有着许多共同之处。

一个家庭面临着许多决策。

它必须决定哪些家庭成员去做什么，以及作为回报每个家庭成员能得到什么：谁做晚饭？谁洗衣服？谁在晚餐时多得到一块甜点？谁有权选择看什么电视节目？简言之，家庭必须考虑到每个成员的能力、努力和愿望，以在各个成员中配置稀缺资源（时间，甜点，车辆英里程）。

曼昆经济学原理第七版第一章

曼昆经济学原理第七版第一章

Wojciech Gerson (1831-­‐1901)
Economics
Principles of
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions
• What kinds of questions does economics
2
The principles of HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
©lithian/Shu<
PRINCIPLE 1
People Face Tradeoffs
All decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples: § Going to a party the night before your midterm leaves less time for studying. § Having more money to buy stuff requires working longer hours, which leaves less time for leisure. § Protecting the environment requires resources that could otherwise be used to produce consumer goods.
aБайду номын сангаасdress?
• What are the principles of how people make
decisions?
• What are the principles of how people interact? • What are the principles of how the economy as

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
FYI: The Production Function• Y = A F(L, K, H, N)• Y = quantity of output• A = available production technology• L = quantity of labor• K = quantity of physical capital• H = quantity of human capital• N = quantity of natural resources• F( ) is a function that shows how the inputs are combined.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH ANDPUBLIC POLICY• Government policies that raise productivity and living standards– Encourage saving and investment.– Encourage investment from abroad.– Encourage education and training.– Establish secure property rights and maintain political stability.– Promote free trade.– Promote research and development.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined• Technological knowledge includes society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services.• Human capital includes the resources expended transmitting this understanding to the labor force.

曼昆经济学原理——经济学十大原理PPT

曼昆经济学原理——经济学十大原理PPT

Principle #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes
▪ 市场失灵（market failure:）市场本身不能有效配置资源的情
况 （when the market fails to allocate society’s resources efficiently）
▪ 从国外进口更便宜的物品而不用在国内自己生产
经济学十大原理
15
HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
原理 6 :市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
Principle #6: Markets Are Usually A Good Way to Organize Economic Activity
▪ 市场（Market） : 大量的买者与卖者
Principle #9: Prices rise when the government prints too much money.
▪ 通货膨胀（Inflation ）：物价总水平的上升 ▪ 长期而言，通货膨胀总是由于货币数量的过度增长
▪ 市场经济：许多企业和家庭在物品和劳务市场上相
互交易，通过他们的分散决策来配置资源的经济
▪ 亚当.斯密在《国富论》（1776）中的著名观察结
果：
家庭和企业仿佛被一只“看不见的手” （ an invisible hand）所指引，在市场上相互交易， 并增进整体经济的福利
经济学十大原理
17
亚当·斯密（Adam Smith）：经济 学鼻祖（1723～1790）是经济学的 主要创立者。于1776年发表著作 《An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations》 《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》 （简称《国富论》》

第一章经济学原理.ppt

第一章经济学原理.ppt
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Scarcity . . .
. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Society and Scarce Resources: The management of society’s resources is important because resources are scarce.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Ten Principles of Economics
How People Make Decisions
1. People face tradeoffs. 2. The cost of something is what you give
economic outcomes.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Ten Principles of Economics
How the Economy as a Whole Works

1ten_principles 曼昆 微观经济学课件

1ten_principles 曼昆 微观经济学课件

Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Society and Scarce Resources:
• The management of society’s resources is important because resources are scarce. • Scarcity. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentation
to accompany
Principles of Economics, Third Edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Prepared by Mark P. Karscig, Central Missouri State University.
• Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. • Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.
Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning

曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理课件

曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理课件
曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理
原理1: 人们面临着交替关系
People Face Tradeoffs. 天下没有免费的午餐！
“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”
曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理
原理1: 人们面临着交替关系
People Face Tradeoffs.
曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理
原理8: 生活水平取决于一国的生 产
• Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries’ productivities.
• 生活水平的几乎所有差异都可以用各个国家生产率 的差异加以解释。
• an externality, which is the impact of one person or firm’s
actions on the well-being of a bystander. • 外部性---一个人或企业的行为对局外人福利的影响。
• market power, which is the ability of a single person or
是你为
曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理
原理2：某一事物的成本是你为了 获得它而放弃的东西
LA Laker 的篮球明星 Kobe Bryant 选择放弃上大学，从高 中直接进入职业球队，因此他 可以赚到成百上千万美元。
曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)-经济学十大原理
原理3: 理性人进行边际思考
resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.市场经济是一种通 过许多企业和家庭的分散决策配置资源的经济，与 此同时企业和家庭在商品和服务市场上发生相互作 用。

曼昆《经济学原理第三版》第1-12章(上)微观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件(很经典)

曼昆《经济学原理第三版》第1-12章(上)微观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件(很经典)

1.人们面临权衡取舍
为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们 通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。
大炮 vs.黄油 食物 vs. 衣服 休闲 vs. 工作 效率 vs. 平等
作决策时需要在两个目标之间权衡取舍
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Principles of Economics
Third Edition by
N. Gregory Mankiw
经济学原理
（第三版）
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
1
INTRODUCTION 导言



Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity
Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Ten Principles of Economics
经济学十大原理
Chapter 1
Economy. . . 经济…
. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for ―one who manages a household.‖
经济一词来源于希腊语，意思是 “tems and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.

曼昆微观经济学英文版01ten_principles

曼昆微观经济学英文版01ten_principles

Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• • • • Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
• Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”
• Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions. • As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.
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Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
• The forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole works.
• The standard of living depends on a country’s production. • Prices rise when the government prints too much money. • Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity.
• A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Society and Scarce Resources:
• The management of society’s resources is important because resources are scarce. • Scarcity. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.
1
INTRODUCTION
Ten Principles of Economics
1
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Economy. . .
. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.”
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.
“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentation
to accompany
Principles of Economics, Third Edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
Prepared by Mark P. Karscig, Central Missouri State University.
• Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”
• Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions. • As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.
• Whether to go to college or to work? • Whether to study or go out on a date? • Whether to go to class or sleep in?
• The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.
Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #1: Peo Efficiency v. Equity
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• • • • Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity
People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin. • Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off.
• People gain from their ability to trade with one another. • Competition results in gains from trading. • Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
• How people make decisions.
• • • • People face tradeoffs. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. Rational people think at the margin. People respond to incentives.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It. LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.
• Households decide what to buy and who to work for. • Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
• A household and an economy face many decisions:
• Who will work? • What goods and how many of them should be produced? • What resources should be used in production? • At what price should the goods be sold?