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考博士英语试题及答案一、词汇和语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. DuplicateD. Annihilate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She has been working here since she graduated.B. She has been working here since she graduated from university.C. She has been working here since she graduated university.D. She has been working here since she was graduated.答案：B3. The correct usage of the word "subsequent" is demonstrated in which sentence?A. The subsequent event was unexpected.B. The subsequent events were unexpected.C. The subsequent event was not expected.D. The subsequent events were not expected.答案：B4. What is the antonym of "abundant"?A. ScarceB. AbundantC. PlentifulD. Ample答案：A5. The phrase "at the mercy of" means:A. To be in a position of power.B. To be controlled by someone or something.C. To show mercy to someone.D. To be in a state of uncertainty.答案：B...二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇阅读5题，每题2分）Passage 1[文章内容略]6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]8. The author's attitude towards the subject can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. OptimisticC. NeutralD. Pessimistic答案：[正确答案]9. What does the term "paradigm shift" refer to in the context of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]10. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案][其他Passage及问题略]三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[文章内容略]11. The blank [ ] should be filled with:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]12. The word that best completes the sentence is:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]...四、翻译（共20分，每题5分）13. Translate the following sentence into English: [中文句子]答案：[英文翻译]14. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: [英文句子]答案：[中文翻译]...五、写作（共10分）15. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic "The Impact of Technology on Education".[写作指导略][学生作文略]注意：以上试题及答案仅为示例，实际考试内容会有所不同。
Unit 1From her accent I guess she’s from the Northeast.从她的口音我猜她是来自东北地区的。
It was very clever of her to turn his argument against himself.她很聪明，使他对自己的论点I found a couple of shoes under the bed but they don’t make a pair.我在床下发现了一双鞋，但他们不做一双4. Dr. Bright always takes his time as he examines his patients andtreats them with extreme care.Bright博士总是把他的时间用于他检查他的病人，并把他们的极端护理5. British companies are trying to avoid the fate their Americancounterparts have already suffered.英国公司正试图避免他们的美国同行已经遭受的命运。
6. Wilfred’s remarks confirmed me in my opinion that he was anhonorable young man.威尔弗雷德的话证实了我在我看来，他是一个光荣的年轻人7. The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protectionafter she received death threats.检察机关的主要证人在收到死亡威胁后提供了警方的保护8. I thought that was the end of the matter but subsequent eventsproved me wrong.我认为这是事情的结束，但随后的事件证明我错了。
Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。
[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。
”[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。
他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。
机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20％。
[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。
[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。
出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。
他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。
”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。
他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。
博士生英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. EventC. PhenomenonD. Fact2. Which of the following is the correct usage of "affect"?A. The weather will affect tomorrow.B. The weather will be affected by tomorrow.C. The weather will affect tomorrow's plans.D. The weather will be affected to tomorrow's plans. ...10. In the sentence "He is one of the most talented students in the class," the word "talented" refers to:A. GiftedB. EducatedC. SkilledD. Trained答案：1. C2. C...10. A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The _______ of the new policy has caused a lot of controversy.A. implementationB. introductionC. executionD. application2. Despite his _______, he managed to finish the project on time.A. illnessB. healthC. sicknessD. disease...10. The _______ of the experiment was to determine the effects of different variables.A. purposeB. goalC. aimD. target答案：1. B2. A...10. C三、阅读理解（每篇5分，共20分）阅读以下文章，回答后面的问题。
1.金融市场对美元的迅速贬值感到吃惊。
The money market sat up the rapid devaluation of the dollar.2.他们很注重尽可能多地同人民接触。
They make a point of getting as many contacts as possible with the people.3.她事事要管，而且喜欢打听得详详细细。
She likes to get involved in everything and to know all the details.4.正如Carlyle所说，“对于我们来说，词汇会变成具体的事物”。
Just as Carlyle put it,"Words will harden into things for us."5.他做了许多年的生意。
He engagee in trade for a number of years.6.回头我再接着讲故事。
I will return to my story later.7.要做出一篇好的博士论文，你必须深入钻研这个课题的各个方面。
To produce a good Ph.D dissertation, you need to delve deeply into all aspects of the subject.8.这位导演感到有许多无用而又引起思想混乱的法则束缚他。
This film director felt bound down by a lot useless and confusing rules.9.这位母亲纵容儿子，他要干什么就让他干什么，最终使他养成了肆无忌惮的性格。
The mother indulges her son in whatever he wishes to do, and finally turns him into a scrupulous character.10.警察出于自卫枪击逃犯的行为被判无罪。
博士入学英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。
The Impact of Technology on EducationThe rapid development of technology has greatly influencedthe field of education. It has brought about a significant change in the way educators teach and students learn. Withthe advent of the internet, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular, allowing students to access educational resources from anywhere and at any time.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of technology in education.B. The influence of technology on education.C. The advantages of online learning.D. The future of education with technology.2. According to the passage, what has technology done to education?A. It has made education more traditional.B. It has limited access to educational resources.C. It has changed the teaching and learning methods.D. It has reduced the popularity of online learning platforms.3. What is the role of the internet in education as mentioned in the passage?A. It has replaced traditional classroom teaching.B. It has made educational resources less accessible.C. It has facilitated access to educational resources.D. It has hindered the development of technology in education.4. What can students do with online learning platforms?A. They can only access resources at specific times.B. They can access educational resources from anywhere.C. They can only learn from traditional textbooks.D. They are restricted to learning within a classroom setting.5. What is the overall tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Optimistic.C. Neutral.D. Pessimistic.答案：1-5 B C C B B二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
博士专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "sustainability" refers to the ability to endure over the long haul.A) TrueB) False2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of sustainable development?A) Economic growthB) Environmental protectionC) Social equityD) Unlimited resource consumption3. The phrase "paradigm shift" in academic writing often refers to:A) A change in the weatherB) A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptionsC) A minor adjustment in perspectiveD) A change in political leadership4. The concept of "ecosystem services" is associated with which field of study?A) EconomicsB) EcologyC) SociologyD) Political science5. In the context of climate change, "mitigation" refers to:A) Adapting to the effects of climate changeB) Reducing greenhouse gas emissionsC) Planting more treesD) Moving populations to less affected areas6. The term "peer review" in academic publishing is a process where:A) Authors review each other's workB) Journal editors review all submissionsC) Experts in the field evaluate and critique manuscriptsD) The public reviews and comments on published articles7. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A) Solar powerB) Wind powerC) Nuclear powerD) Hydroelectric power8. The "Kyoto Protocol" is an international treaty linked to:A) Biodiversity conservationB) Climate changeC) International tradeD) Space exploration9. "Circular economy" is a model of production and consumption that:A) Encourages the use of non-renewable resourcesB) Minimizes waste and promotes recyclingC) Focuses on mass production and consumptionD) Ignores the environmental impact of production10. The "Precautionary Principle" in environmental policy suggests that:A) Action should be taken only after full scientific certainty is achievedB) Scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent harmC) Environmental policies should be based solely on economic considerationsD) Environmental harm should be accepted as a cost of economic growth二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants is known as __________.12. The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by the accumulation of __________ gases in the atmosphere.13. In a __________ economy, the goal is to minimize waste and make the most of resources.14. The term "biodiversity" refers to the variety of life in all its forms and levels of __________.15. The __________ Principle states that it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to potential harm to the environment.16. The __________ is a global environmental facility that provides grants for projects that benefit the global environment.17. The __________ is a set of international rules for the trade and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.18. "Eco-friendly" products are designed to have the leastpossible __________ on the environment.19. The __________ is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities.20. The __________ is a branch of environmental science concerned with the study of the total environment of a given area, both physical and biological.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "sustainable development" and explain its three main pillars.22. What are the key components of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?23. Describe the role of "stakeholders" in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR).24. Explain the concept of "ecological footprint" and why it is important for environmental conservation.四、论述题（每题25分，共50分）25. Discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy.26. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international environmental agreements in addressing global environmental issues.五、翻译题（共30分）27. Translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese (15 points):"Environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and climate change are three of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. The need for sustainable solutionsthat balance economic growth, social development, and environmental protection is more urgent than ever."28. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese to English (15 points):"可持续发展是指在不损害后代满足其需求的能力的前提下，满足当代人的需求。
博士英语翻译被动的句子，不一定是‘被’，可以有多种翻译和表达。
“加以”,“经过”,“用……来”, ‘得’，‘得以’，‘发生了’，“被”,“给”,“遭”,“挨”,“为……所”,“使”,“由…”,“受到”以及其他方式，比如主语宾语颠倒，增加施事人或翻译成无主语等。
He was robbed.The apple was eaten.We are cheated.You may be influenced by others.Quality must be guaranteed first.首先要保证质量。
It is amply justified by the result.结果充分证明了假设。
My words had been misunderstood by others.他们误解了我的话。
These issues were rarely touched.大家很少谈及这些事情。
He was elected monitor,他当选为班长。
Other questions will be discussed briefly（as follows）.其他问题将简单地加以讨论。
其他问题给予简述。
其他问题不再赘述。
其他问题简述如下。
A new bill was adopted in the meeting.会议通过了一项新的决议。
In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operationswhich make them available to us.换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。
就是说，地球上的矿物质得经过挖、钻、爆破等才能获取。
1、P123本刊只接受全部用英文写成的稿件。
来稿在4000字左右为宜。
论文必须另页附200字以内的中文摘要、100词以内英文摘要和不少于3个的主题词。
正文格式应符合以下要求：1、英文12磅字体；2、双倍行距；3、左右两边空白各不少于3.5厘米；4、单面打印；5、段落第一行行首缩进四个字符；6、加入页码；7、文内引语和参考书目采用美国心理学会（APA）的论文格式。
This journal accepts only papers in English. Keep the paper about 4000 words. Accompanying an Chinese abstract within 200 words an English abstract 100 words and no less than 3 keywords in another page. The following is the format of the text:1. Use font size 12 in English;2. Write on double-space;3. Leave margin at least 3.5 cm on the right and left sides;4. Type on only one side;5. Indent the first line of every paragraph with 4 spaces;6. Number the paper with pages;7. Adopt the format of APA for the introduction and the reference.2、P120本文针对当前我国对外经济法规汉英翻译的一些实际问题，探讨了以翻译规律来规范对外经济法规汉英翻译的可能性，提出了基本规律和特殊规律。
本文指出，对外经济法规汉英翻译必须遵循建立在服从法律英语的语言特点和表达规律基础上的对外经济法规翻译规律。
Unit SevenON HUMAN NATURE Frank and Lydia Hammer我对人类的了解越多，对他们的期望就越低。
和以前相比，我现在常常以较宽松的标准把一个人叫做好人。
——塞缪尔·约翰逊博士论人性弗兰克，莉迪亚·汉默尔1 Human nature is the basis of character, the temperament and disposition; it is that indestructible matrix upon which the character is built, and whose shape it must take and keep throughout life. This we call a person's nature.1人性是性格、气质和性情的基础，性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的，它必须以这种基质的形式存在，并将它保留终生，这种基质，我们称之为一个人的本性。
2 The basic nature of human beings does not and cannot change. It is only the surface that is capable of alteration, improvement and refinement; we can alter only people's customs, manners, dress and habits. A study of history reveals that the people who walked thisearth in antiquity were moved by the same fundamental forces, were swayed by the same passions, and had the same aspirations as the men and women of today. The pursuit of happiness still engrosses mankind the world over.2人类的本性不会也不能改变，只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升；我们可以改变人们的风格、举止、衣着和习惯。
中南大学肿瘤研究所博士英语课后翻译内部资料版有所权 Unit1 1. “Equality between women and men is no longer a negotiable issue.”…. “As long as women remain unequal, they cannot have access to resources, they can never participate in political decision-making, they cannot make their choices in life. That is the bottom line.” Mrs Mongella says women round the world ear all concerned about equality. In developing countries, in states emerging as industrial powers, in the countries of west, women are looking for action, action she sometimes calls a revolution. 男女平等已不是什么可以商讨的问题。只要妇女仍处於不平等的地位，他们就得不到各种资源，永远无法参加政治决策，甚至在生活中都不能做出自己的选择。这就是底线。Mongella夫人说全世界的女人都关心平等问题。无论是发展中国家，正在成为工业国的国家，还是西方国家，妇女都希望采取行动，她有时称之为革命。 2. 一些妇女认为牺牲一个女婴可以确保下次怀孕生个儿子。 Some women believe that sacrificing a female infant guarantees a son in the next pregnancy. 3. 对于许多母亲来说，亲自宣判女儿的死刑，胜过判定女儿一辈子遭受歧视忍受贫困。 For many mothers， sentencing a daughter to death is better than condemning her to life with cradle-to-grave discrimination and poverty 4. 城市妇女可以根据胎儿性别选择堕胎，因为他们更容易有机会享用现代医学技术。 In urban areas，easier access to modern medical technology enables women to undergo sex-selective abortions 5. 在印度，一个年轻女子只是被看成是她出生家庭的临时成员，而且对这个家庭的财力是极大的消耗。 In India, a young women is regarded as a temporary member of her natural family and a drain on its wealth 6. 烧柴做饭的女人一天吸入的致癌物质相当于每天抽20包烟。 Those women who use wood fuels in cooking inhale carcinogenic pollutants that are the equivalent of smoking 20 packs of cigarettes a day 7. 妇女的健康需求过去常常被忽视，或者被认为和男人的相同。去年开罗的大会上一致认为不安全的流产，应该是整个医疗保健中要注意的一个方面。多次会议都承认，必须理解妇女有特殊的健康需求，妇女应充分获得足够的医疗卫生服务。 Women’s health needs have in the past often been over looked, or assumed to be the same as man’s. At Cairo conference last year it was agreed that the consequence of unsafe abortions are part of overall health care. The conferences recognize that women have specific health needs which must be understood, and that women must have full access to adequate health-care services. Unit 2 1. In 1993 national survey of 50,000 junior and senior high school students revealed a marked increase in marijuana use among high school students. One of the researchers noted, we have the unenviable role of informing the country that drug use are making a comeback, that the epidemic could be re-emerging.This increase in the use of marijuana on the part of teenagers is significant because of some of this young people, pot will become a gateway drug, that is, a relatively mild or soft mind-altering substance that lead to the ingestion more powerful drugs. Substance abuse expert Herbert Kleber notes, if you used marijuana less than 10 times the likelihood of use cocaine was practically nil. But if you used marijuana more than 100 times, or twice a week for a year, the likelihood of using cocaine went up 70 percent. 1993年国家对5万名初中高中生进行的调查显示中学生中吸食大麻的人数明显上升。一个研究人员陈述说，我们肩负一个不值得羡慕的责任，要让全国人民了解到吸食毒品现象正在回潮，这一流行病有可能重新出现。就青少年这方面而言，吸食大麻的这种上升是值得注意的。因为对一些年轻人来说，大麻会成为一种入门毒品，即，这种相当温醇和轻微改变意识的物质会导致吸食更具效力的毒品。专门从事毒品滥用研究的专家Herbert Kleber说，你如果吸食大麻少于10次，吸食可卡因的可能性实际上为零。但是，如果你吸食大麻超过100次，或者说一年里每周两次，那么吸食可卡因的可能性就中南大学肿瘤研究所博士英语课后翻译内部资料版有所权 上升到70%。 2. 如果你到医院去，你会见到病人在做手术前吸止痛药 If you go to a hospital, you will find that patients usually snort pain-killing medicine before an operation 3. 那个议员在她的政党里是一股很强的势力，所以她今年很可能赢得今年的那个席位 Since the senator is a potent force in her political party, she is most surely to win the place this year 4. 自从他得知了事实真相以来，他就一直寻找机会为被谋杀的兄弟报仇 He has been seeking vengeance for the murder of his brother since he was told of the fact 5. 在较长的节假日周末，死亡人数会因为车祸上升 On long holidays weekends there is always raise in the number of fatalities due to auto accidents 6. 你在中学度过的那段时间是你受教育的一个重要时期 The time you spent in high school is an important phase of your education 7. 然而，我应该指出的是在医学和科学研究领域里，实际上在进行认真的，并且是有价值与毒品有关的工作。但是，在对毒品政策进行大规模的讨论中，学术界和知识界的来说没有提出什么好办法，提出的办法也很少真正有用。 I should point out, however, that in the field of medical and scientific research, there is indeed serious and valuable drug-related work going on. But in the great public policy debate over drugs, the academic and intellectual communities have by and large had little to contribute, and little of that has been genuinely useful. Unit 3 1. The primacy of genes also assumes that genes act on their own. How do they know when to turn on and off the synthesis of particular proteins? If you view genes as autonomous, the answer is that they just know. No one tells a gene what to do; instead, that bucks start and stop there. However, that view is far from accurate too. Within the staggeringly long sequences of DNA, it turns out that only a tiny percentage of letters actually form the words that constitute genes and serve as code for proteins. More than 95 percent of DNA, instead, is non-coding. Much of DNA simple constitute on and off switches for regulating the activity of genes. It’s like you have a 100-page book, and 95 of the pages are instructions and advice for reading the other five pages. Thus, genes don’t independently determine when proteins are synthesized. They follow instructions originating somewhere else.What regulates those switches? In some instances, chemical messengers from other parts of the cell. In other cases, messengers from other cells in the body (this is the way many hormones work). And, critical, in still other cases, genes are turned on or off by environmental factors. As a crude example, some carcinogens work by getting into cells, binding to one of those DNA switches and turning on genes that cause the uncontrolled growth that constitutes cancer. 基因至上论还认为基因可自发作用。基因如何知道何时开始和结束某些蛋白质的合成呢？如果你将基因看成是自发作用的，那么结论就是基因自己知道如何行事。没有人告诉基因应该怎么做；换而言之，他们自主行事。但是，这种观点也远非正确。结果证实，在长得惊人的DNA链中，事实上只有很小一部分字母组成了构成基因的词汇并充当蛋白质的密码。95%以上的DNA只是构成了调节基因活动的开关。这就像你有一本100页的书，其中有95页是关于如何阅读另外5页的指示和建议。因此，基因不是独立地决定什么时候合成蛋白质的。他们需要根据来自外部的指示行事。那么是什么调节这些开关呢？有些时候，是来自细胞其他部分的化学信使担当此任。在另外一些情况下，化学信使来自于身体的其他细胞（许多荷尔蒙是这样工作的）。而起关键作用的是，在还有一些情况下，基因的关闭和开启由环境因素决定。举个简单的例子，一些致癌物质通过进入细胞内部起作用，它们吸附在某些DNA开关的一个开关上，启动能造成细胞增长失控的基因，最终导致癌症。再比如，一只母耗子通过舔抚小耗子而引发一系列的事件，最终启动小耗子体内与生长有关的基因。 2. 赛莱拉公司已经把他们测得的20多个显示出特质的基因登记申请专利。 Celra has filed for about two dozen patents on the identification of genes that signal for unique traits
