英汉翻译入门chapter 1

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翻译理论与实践 1. Definition of Translation (P1-3) 英国The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another 美国Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language

《辞海》、《汉语大词典》:把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。  Nothing should be added to or taken from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.  从以上的翻译定义来看,我们知道……不可有所增删。译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此翻译有两个要素:准确性与表达性(忠实与通顺)。  综合各家之长: 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 Three key words from the definitions  1. Textual (What we usually translate are texts rather than independent words or sentences.) Eg. 警幻道:“此茶出在放春山遣香洞,又以仙花灵叶上所带之宿露而烹,此茶名曰‘千红一窟’。” (第五回) Thousand Red Flowers in One Cavern(直译) Maiden’s Tears(意译)  2. Natural (it is not enough to produce grammatically correct sentencs but idiomatic, natural sentecnces.) Eg. 1. When things happen that you don’t like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better. 发生你不喜欢的事情时,你有两种选择:要么痛苦不堪,要么痛快达观。 2. …until absolutely necessary. 直到绝对必须之时→非到万不得已… 3. essential information for travellers 供给旅客重要的信息→旅客须知 4. A managing director has a lonely job. He needs a sparring partner. 一个总经理有一份孤独的工作。他需要一个拳击练习的对手。 →当了总经理做起事来就形单影只,也要有个时时和他交手的人。 5. I will teach him to deceive others. (I will punish him so that he will not deceive others.) 我要教训他一顿,看他还敢不敢再欺骗人。 6. “Ellen, shut the window. I’m starving!” and her teeth chattered as she shrunk closer to the almost extinguished embers. “爱伦,把窗子关上,我快冻死了,”她的牙齿在打颤,一面蜷缩身子,向快要熄灭的火炉靠拢。  3. flavor (style) Eg. “You may run, but you can never hide.” 1)你可以逃亡,但你永远无法把自己藏起来。 简评:直译;词义翻译。译文有感情色彩,且有一定的力量。适用于Bush的文本和中国受众,也适用于同传和交传。 2)你可以四处逃窜/到处逃亡,但你永远无处藏身。 简评:直译,词义翻译。译文有感情色彩,用了四字结构、注意修辞(见下划线),显得更有力量、韵味。适用于Bush的文本和中国的受众,也适用于同传和交传。 3)不管你怎么逃,(怎么躲,)但是天网恢恢,疏而不漏。 简评:意译;交际翻译(有点创造性)。译文有庄严感、正义感,有权威性、严肃性,创造性使用中国俗语(见划线部分),适合在正式场合和非正式场合使用,修辞效果甚佳。虽然原文在字面上并非如此,但译文到位、寓意深刻,如果美国是代表正义的,那就是佳译,甚至在诸方面都“超越”了原文。 Some types of translation (P3) 1. Interpretation(口译): Consecutive interpretation连续传译/即席翻译 Simultaneous interpretation 同声传译 2. Written(笔译): “general translation” and “gloss translation”(释词翻译 3. Machine translation 2. Criteria of translation <<“ Five Don’ts”(五不译); i. e.: Don’t translate: what is mysterious; (秘密故) what is multi-semantic; (多义故) what is too alien to be reproduced;(此无故) what is hereditary; (顺古故) what is philanthropic. (生善故) <