从《嘉莉妹妹》看美国梦与道德观

《嘉莉妹妹》女性主义特征解读
电影《嘉莉妹妹》是一部经典的女性主义影片，它以女性独立自主、追求自我挣脱束
缚为主题，讲述了一位年轻女子嘉莉的自我成长历程。

本片的女性主义特征主要表现在以下方面：
一、对传统婚姻观的批判
嘉莉的恋爱观不同于一般女性的崇尚婚姻观念，她认为女人不应该为了嫁人而把自己
限制在一个小小的社会圈子内。

而在电影中，嘉莉的婚姻被父亲安排，这种安排让嘉莉感
到很不舒服，她开始怀疑婚姻制度是否真的适合女性。

她通过自己的生活方式，表达了对
传统婚姻观的批判，主张女性独立、自主。

二、对家庭、父权、男性霸权的反思
电影中的父权结构被嘉莉坚决反对，她认为每个人应该有独立的思想和人格，而不应
该被压抑在某种传统价值观当中。

电影中，嘉莉的父亲的形象被描绘成典型的父权主义者，他认为男性的作用就是支配、控制女性，女性只能依附于男性生存。

在嘉莉的成长过程中，她始终在探索如何自由地生活和追求自我实现，以摆脱自己被父权压迫的状态。

三、对性别歧视和男性优越观的反击
电影中的男性形象被赋予了很多消极的内涵，他们在电影中具有很强的攻击性、暴力
性和不道德性。

而嘉莉则被描绘成一位强烈的女性形象，她拒绝被男性的权力关系所束缚，试图寻找一种更为平等的人际关系。

她反击了社会上的性别歧视，主张女性应该有自己独
立自主的思想和生活。

电影《嘉莉妹妹》用温和、理性和理智的手法反映了女性主义的思想。

嘉莉提出的女
性自我独立、追求自我实现的观点在电影中得到了充分的表现和发展，是一部很值得女性
学习和借鉴的影片。

Style and genre

At the urging of his journalist friend Arthur Henry, Dreiser began writing his manuscript in 1899. He frequently gave up on it but Henry urged him to continue. From the outset, his title was Sister Carrie, though he changed it to The Flesh and the Spirit while writing it; he restored the original name once complete. Dreiser had difficulty finding a publisher for Sister Carrie. Doubleday & McClure Company accepted the manuscript for publication but it was withdrawn after the publisher's wife declared it too sordid. Dreiser insisted on publication and 1,008 copies were printed on November 8, 1900. The book was not advertised and only 456 copies sold.[6] However, Frank Norris, who was working as a reader at Doubleday, sent a few copies to literary reviewers.

.
了 嘉莉 的美 貌 。 赫 斯 握 虽 然拥有 比 杜 洛 里y自uianh0comw3 6 e1 埃 更 高 的地 位 和 更 多 的财 富 , 却 在脱 离 其 原配 的关 系 之后一 无是 处 , 颓 废 到正 常 的生 活都 无 以 为继 的程 度 。 嘉 莉在 痛 定 思痛 的情况 下 , 最终决定 摆脱赫斯 握 , 而 以 自己独 立 的身份 寻找 新 的工作 , 并 最 终凭 借其 漂亮 的外 貌和 美丽 的歌 喉取 得 了事 业 上 的 成 功。 对 于赫斯握 来说 , 嘉 莉在 很 长一段 时 间都将 其未来 的生 活 寄托在 他身 上 , 然 而赫 斯 握 的颓 废却 将 嘉 莉 的这种 希 望彻底 击碎 。 嘉莉 对赫 斯 握 的最 终 摆脱 , 意味着 她 真正 踏上 了 掌 握 自己 的命 运 , 而不是 被 动地依 靠男 人 生 活 的道路 , 从而在其女性 主 义成 长 的 道路上迈 出了最 为关键 的一 步。
一 、 《嘉莉妹 妹 》 中 女 性主 义 的 典 型表 现
《嘉莉妹 妹 》 中描述 的时代 , 正是美 国工 业化 初步 完成 , 生产 力得 到极 大发 展 的年代 。 小说 中的芝加 哥 即是 在 美 国 工业 革命 的过 程 中应 运 而 生 的世界 级大 都会 。 然而 , 在美 国资本 主义经 济 高速 发展 的 同时 , 女 性却 依 旧 被来 自家 庭和 社会 的双重 束缚栓桔 在传统主妇 的角 色 , 而无 法施 展 自己 的抱 复并 实现 自己 的理
《嘉莉妹妹 》 的女性主 义解析
天津理 工大 学外国语 学院 张 学敏
摘 要 : 作 者德 莱塞在 《嘉莉妹妹 》 这
部 小 说 中, 以 其现 实主 义 的 笔触 , 深刻
揭 示 了 19 世 纪 末以 嘉莉为 代表 的 美 国女

本科毕业论文题目浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的人物形象学院文学与新闻传播学院专业汉语言文学年级2011 级学号**********姓名汪琴红指导教师陈永兰成绩年月日目录摘要 (1)关键词 (1)Abstract (1)Key Words (1)一、嘉莉的美好形象 (2)（一）美丽单纯 (2)（二）热情而富于青春幻想 (4)（三）努力实现自我 (5)二、嘉莉性格的弊端 (7)（一）贪图物质享乐，爱慕虚荣 (7)（二）道德观念上的模糊与匮乏 (8)（三）观察能力与分析能力尚不成熟 (9)结语 ................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。

注释 . (11)参考文献 (12)浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的人物形象摘要：在德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》中，女主人公嘉莉表现出了独特的性格特征：一方面她美丽单纯、热情而富于青春幻想，努力实现自我；另一面她贪图物质享乐、爱慕虚荣，观察能力与分析能力尚不成熟，在道德观念方面的匮乏与模糊的性格缺陷也展露无疑。

她身上显现出一个人真正应有的优缺点，展现出了新一代女性的形象。

本文就上述几方面对嘉莉身上所展现的人格魅力进行进一步分析。

关键词：《嘉莉妹妹》正面形象反面形象意识的觉醒Abstract：In Dreiser's novel "Sister Carrie", the heroine Carrie showed a unique character: on theone hand, her beautiful and pure, warm and full of youthful fantasies, and strive to realize the self; the other side she covet material enjoyment, vanity, ability and observation and analysis ability is not mature, the lack of moral concept and fuzzy character defects also showed no doubt. Her show a person really should have advantages and disadvantages, showing a new generation of female image. This paper further analyzes the above several aspects of the show on the Jail Li body charm of personality.Key Words：Conservatism, Sister Carrie, positive image, negative image, The awakening of consciousness故事发生在19世纪末的美国，当时新兴工商业城市相继崛起，大批的乡村人口涌进城市。

《嘉莉妹妹》女性主义特征解读《嘉莉妹妹》是一部充满女性主义特征的文学作品，通过故事中的女性角色和情节展现了女性的自立自强、追求自由平等的精神。

下面将从女性主义的角度对《嘉莉妹妹》进行解读。

作为女性主义文学作品，《嘉莉妹妹》强调了女性的自立自强。

故事中的主人公嘉莉是一个聪明、独立、有主见的女孩，她追求自己的梦想，独立地去做自己认为对的事情，不被社会束缚，不愿意墨守成规。

她不满足于传统的女性角色定位，而是积极地追求进步和自我实现。

在嘉莉的身上，展现了一种坚强、独立的女性形象，这种形象对于当时来说是颠覆性的，也是对传统妇女角色的一种解构和重塑。

《嘉莉妹妹》也呈现了女性追求自由和平等的愿望。

在小说中，嘉莉对自己的命运充满了自主意识，她渴望摆脱家庭和社会的束缚，去追寻自己的理想和幸福。

她不愿意被动地接受命运的安排，而是希望能够拥有自由选择的权利，能够享受与男性平等的社会地位。

这种追求自由和平等的情感，体现了女性对自身权利和地位的关注，呼应了女性主义强调的自由平等原则。

小说中对男女角色的塑造也体现了女性主义的一些特征。

在《嘉莉妹妹》中，男性角色往往被描绘成世俗、功利、冷漠的形象，而女性角色则被赋予了更多的温情、关怀和梦想。

这种塑造方式有助于突显女性在家庭和社会中的特殊作用，以及她们对情感、关怀的重视，从而为女性主义的理念提供了一种对比和支撑。

值得注意的是，《嘉莉妹妹》中的情节安排和主题思想也体现了女性主义的立场和关注点。

小说中反映了女性在婚姻和家庭中的命运困境，以及她们对爱情和自我实现的追求。

同时也探讨了女性在现实生活和内心世界中的矛盾与挣扎，对爱情、婚姻、家庭和自我认同的思考。

这些情节和主题的设计，深刻而真实地展现了女性在当时社会中的生存状态，在思想上对女性问题的认识和关注，体现了作者对女性命运和情感体验的关切和探索。

探析《嘉莉妹妹》之赫斯特伍德的悲剧摘要：随着1900年《嘉莉妹妹》的出版，西奥多•德莱赛与他的作品便成了富有争议性的话题。

由于对19世纪美国城市社会的无情披露，不少评论家认为该部小说有违常理。

尤其是小说中人物赫斯特伍德的悲剧，使人对城市生活陷入无限的哀思与心灵的震颤。

一直以来，人们对该部小说的批评大多聚焦于嘉莉妹妹这一人物形象之上，而对赫斯特伍德的悲剧研究却是屈指可数。

本篇论文旨在通过多重文化视角的分析，阐释出赫斯特伍德所处的客观环境与自身的个性特所潜藏的悲剧因素。

一切现象都不是偶然的，人的命运与结局是由起初的每一步选择酝酿而成的。

关键词：赫斯特伍德；嘉莉妹妹；失败；悲剧“在世纪之交，很多传统的道德标准和生活法则受到了极大的冲击。

与此同时，人们的认知概念在这种不断的冲击之下，进行着天翻地覆的变化。

（黄开宏，2006）19世纪末期，随着美国梦，以及消费主义等观念的不断盛行，对于小说中赫斯特伍德这一人物形象来说，他便是这一时代生活在大都市里，沉浮在灯红酒绿、物欲横流之中的代言人。

一、婚姻上的不忠是赫斯特伍德走向失败的原因之一婚姻需要彼此的忠诚，一个对婚姻不负责任的男人，是不可以拥有爱情的。

曾经坠入过爱河的赫斯特伍德，已经拥有了家庭，拥有了子女的他，再去涉足一场新的爱情是有违伦理的。

“显然，除了好多别的原因之外，他还认为，她已是年老色衰，索然无味了。

”（嘉莉妹妹，第22章）如果有钱有势之人把爱情当做闲暇之余的游戏，如果夫妻两人都抱着这样的嗜好，这个世界岂不是乱了套？更甚一步的是，嘉莉妹妹是德鲁埃的未婚妻，而赫斯特伍德是德鲁埃的好朋友！当他背叛了自己的朋友，背叛了自己的妻子，随之而来的便是报应。

妻子控制了家庭所有的财产，将他拒之门外，离婚的噩耗也悄然而至。

他的朋友德鲁埃则是勃然大怒。

他所酿成的婚外情，简直就是众叛亲离，让他无安身之地。

的确，赫斯特伍德走到了家庭的水尽山穷。

“如今，乔治这小子连片言只语都不寄给他”家里有他没他，没有两样。

关 键 词 ：嘉 莉 妹妹 道 德 自然 主义 观
西 奥 多 ·德 莱 塞 ，美 国 著 名 的 自然 主 义 小 说 家 ，被 文 学 批 评 家 推 崇 为 与 海 明 威 、福 克 纳 并 列 的 美 国 现 代 小 说 的 三 大 文 学 巨匠 之 一 。 《嘉莉妹妹》是西奥多 ·德莱 塞 的 处 女 作 。 小 说 讲 述 了 乡 村 女 孩 嘉 莉 从 闭 塞 落 后 的 农 村 到 繁 华 的 大 都 市 来 寻 求 新 生 活 ，最 后 成 为 一 名著名 的喜剧 演员 的经历 。嘉 莉先委身 于查尔斯 ·德鲁 埃 ，继 而 又 依 附 赫 期 特 伍 德 ，并 非 因为 她 是 个 机 会 主 义 者 ，而 实 在 是 环 境 使 然 。她 就 像 风 中 的 一 根 羽 毛 ，无 力 掌 握 自己 的 方 向 。幸 运 地 是 她 所 走 的路 正 好 碰 对 了追 寻 美 国 梦 的 方 向 。 环 境 以及 她 向往 美 好 生 活 的 愿 望 指 引 着 她 朝 成 功 的 目标 迈 进 。最 后 她 凭 借 着 自己 与 生 俱 来 的 美 貌 和 表 演 天 赋 成 为 了一 颗 冉 冉 升起 的音 乐 喜 剧 明 星 ，而 小 说 中的男主人公 赫斯特 伍德却 从 一 位 风 度 翩 翩 、气 质 非 凡 的酒 店 经 理 沦 落 为 街 头 乞 丐 ，最 后 在 乞 丐收容 所里结 束 了 自己年轻 的生 命 。嘉 莉虽然 最后拥 有 了金 钱和 社会 地 位 ，但 仍然 孤 独 、寂寞 、空 虚 。 坐 在 摇 椅 里 ，“梦 想 着 永 远 不 会 感 得 的幸 福 ”。
一 自然 主 义 流 派 的 形 成 ．
达 尔文 的进化论 以及 十九世 纪 法 国 文 学 对 美 国文 学 家 的 影 响 使 美 国产 生 了 另 一 个 现 实 主 义 的 文 学 流 派 ：美 国 自然 主义 。达 尔 文 在 《物 种起 源 》（１８５９年 ）和《人 类 的由来》（１８７１年 ）两 书 中提 出 了

梦想的失落与破灭：《教父》与《嘉莉妹妹》解读唐利芹(吉林师范大学大学外语部，吉林四平136000)摘要:本文试图从人性的角度来解读影片《教父》与《嘉莉妹妹》：这两部影片中的几位主人公在不断追逐自己的梦想过程中，体现了人性中的善良与凶恶，美丽与丑陋，但是最终他们都没有逃脱梦想失落与破灭的悲惨结局。

本文最后呼吁为了构建美好和谐社会，重视美好善良的人性的回归。

关键词: 《教父》；《嘉莉妹妹》；人性；梦想一．人性的解读人性，就是人具备的特性，是集目的与智慧为一体，是人们运用其智慧以实现其目的的过程。

如：人们能够利用语言、文字等工具彼此进行交流、彼此团结协作，同时又能够独立思考和感悟人生，能够认识客观世界并改造客观事物等的特性。

人性可以表现出不同的特色：一方面是“先人后己、先公后私、舍生取义”等的高尚情操，是人性善良美好的体现；另一方面是“先己后人、损人利己、见利忘义”等的低劣行径，是人性丑陋与凶恶的体现。

实际上，人的所做所为是人性中某一方面或者几个方面的具体体现——或善或恶，或美或丑，甚至是二者兼而有之。

因此，人性是复杂的，是变化的，同时人性又是矛盾的，因为人总是处在本我、自我、超我的不断平衡发展变化中。

本文试图从人性的角度来解读影片《教父》与《嘉莉妹妹》：这两部影片中的主人公不断地追逐自己的梦想，但是最终都没有逃脱梦想失落与破灭的悲惨结局。

这两部影片反映了在特定的历史时期和特定的环境背景下所体现的人性中的善良与凶恶，美丽与丑陋。

二．从人性的角度解读电影《教父》电影《教父》一方面揭露了人性丑陋与凶恶的特色，另外又体现了人性的善良。

影片于1972年出品，它是由美国现实主义作家马里奥·普佐所著的长篇小说《教父》改编而成，同小说一样这部电影获得了巨大的成功——该片荣获了第四十五届奥斯卡金像奖最佳影片奖、最佳男演员奖和最佳编剧奖，还获得了第三十届金球奖中包括最佳导演奖在内的九项大奖；被列为好莱坞最有气势的十大巨片之一，以及美国百部经典名片之一。

《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物分析本页仅作为文档封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物分析摘要：《嘉莉妹妹》是德莱赛编写的第一部长篇小说，被称为典型的现代美国小说，拉开了美国现代文学的序幕。

这本书谈论的是一个年轻的乡村女孩移居到大城市中，实现自己梦想的故事。

她首先成为了一个男人的情妇，为此她感觉到了极大的优越感，后来经过自身不懈的努力成为一位著名的女演员。

这部小说被称为“伟大的美国城市小说”，深刻影响了后来20世纪的作家。

《嘉莉妹妹》中有三个主要人物：嘉莉是一个普通女孩，来自一个低收入家庭，在大城市中一步步慢慢往上爬，后来成为了高薪的女演员；而赫斯特伍德是来自上层阶级的成员最后却沦落为在街头的落魄乞丐；杜洛埃是一个推销员，年轻、精力充沛，对女人充满了热切的渴望。

小说通过对这些人物的描写比较真实地揭露了20世纪初人们狂热的追求美国梦的悲剧事实。

关键词：嘉莉；美国梦；人物分析一、简介西奥多德莱塞是美国文学历史上一名出色的作家，同时也是美国现代小说的先驱。

《嘉莉妹妹》是德莱塞的第一部长篇小说，讲述了农村少女嘉莉如何从社会底层登上百老汇红舞星宝座的过程，细腻地展示了嘉莉的生存景观及心路历程。

这部小说的面世对美国文学界产生了巨大的影响。

它在文学史上也占据了重要的位置。

《嘉莉妹妹》大胆忠实的写作方式同20世纪早期传统的写作方式大相径庭，因此成为了美国文学史上一部里程碑式的作品。

本文从人物视角分析《嘉莉妹妹》。

在《嘉莉妹妹》中，德莱塞从美国经济生活的三个阶层选取了主要人物。

他向我们展示了这些人都是如何被美国资本主义制度以及资产阶级生活压榨和腐蚀的。

二、对《嘉莉妹妹》中三个人物的分析读者不要期待《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物有高尚的道德立场或强大的分析能力。

但是这并不意味着他们是不吸引人的，甚至是无趣的。

《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物受到了各种力量的压制，又由于自身意志的薄弱，他们通常是自我迷失的。

候， 如果没有人在她们身边轻声告诫和解说 ， 又有什么谎言
和谬误不会灌入这些不加提 防的耳朵里去呢？ 头脑简单的
年轻人看不清生活中的那些虚假外表， 为它们的美所倾 而
倒， 就像音乐一样 ， 它们先令人陶醉松弛 ， 继而令人意志薄 弱， 最后诱人走上歧路。
（） 酷 的现 实 对 嘉莉 妹 妹价 值 观 的 影 响 ２残 在 开往 芝 加 哥在火 车 上 ， 嘉利 遇 到 了德鲁 埃 ， 爱意 已经
和城市化都达到了前所未有的水平， 商品非常丰富。经济 要想进一步发展就必须最大限度地消费。 为此 以鼓励人们 互相攀 比、 摆阔气的消费文化兴盛起来 。这种文化的道德 标准是 ： 有钱建豪宅 、 买昂贵服装 ， 男人 以吸引和 占有最美 的女人为 自豪。 像鲍德里拉所说的这 时的物 品就 已经成为 地位 的象征， 而不是仅仅满足生活的基本需要 。 因此， 人们 应该听从本能的驱使， 作为消费者的人将享乐看成是 自己
小说 中所蕴含的社会 价值观 对人物 的影 响。 ‘
关键词
社会价值观
嘉莉妹妹
探 究
一
中图分类号 ： ６ Ｇ４
一０２７６（０２１—１ １ ３ １０－６ １ １）９０４ － ２ ０ 悄悄地在嘉莉心里萌发 。 到达芝加哥后， 嘉利住在姐姐家， 同时每天都在努力地寻找工作 ， 但现实的残酷和微薄的薪 水给她的心里泼了一桶冷水， 马上就陷入贫困的泥潭。 她 这时 ， 嘉莉意识到贫富的极大差异性 ： 一方面是贫困潦倒 ， 另一方面是朱 门酒 肉臭 。工作 的不顺心， 德鲁埃欲望 的灌
输 让 嘉 莉在 这 个 充满 欲 望 的 大都 市 ， 有保 持 住 自己清 纯 没
、
嘉莉妹妹社会价值观转变的动因

19 世纪， 美国以生产为主的社会意识形态逐渐被 消费意识形态所取代，物成为人的地位的象征，而不是 仅仅满足基本的需要。 “物质产品对人类的生存开始获 得一种前所未有的物质力量，变成一只铁的牢笼”⑵。 早 期资本主义 “寻求上帝的天国的狂热开始逐渐转变为 冷静的经济德性;宗教的根开始慢慢枯死，让位于世俗 的功利”⑶。 置身于富丽堂皇的大都市，嘉莉的欲望是不 断膨胀永无止境的， 一种欲望满足之后会立即让位于 另一种欲望， 欲望的生成和满足根本不受社会现实条 件限制， 社会现实条件对于欲望来说既没有意义也没 有作用。 置身于这种环境中，个人只能依照社会和市场 的标准来判断自我， 因为个人已经对自身失去了评判 能力。 自我感不再是“我即是我所是”，而是“我即是你 所欲求的我”。
⑴卢 卡 奇 ：《历 史 与 阶 级 意 识 》[M].重 庆 ：重 庆 出 版
存在，让生命延生，让生命发展，让生命奔腾不息。 进入
社，1989，第 93 页，第 96 页。
现代社会之后，人类对自然的诸种不当活动，更是加速
⑵⑶马 克 斯·韦 伯 ：《新 教 伦 理 与 资 本 主 义 精 神 》，
了自然生态环境方面的种种危机。 男性对女性的压抑
五、工业文明对女性的压抑 《嘉 莉 妹 妹 》的 场 景 设 置 在 19 世 纪 末 20 世 纪 初 ， 美国完成工业革命后，城市化快速发展。 工业文明产生 以来，成片的森林在机器的轰鸣声中倒下，大片的绿野 被机器的耕作化为灰烬， 大大小小的海洋资源在无情 的捕捞中日趋衰竭， 各式各样的地下矿藏几乎要被挖 掘干净，丰富多样的动植物在猎杀和砍伐下日渐稀少。 人类掠夺和控制自然的机制与社会中人对人的控制， 尤其是男性对女性的控制和压迫的机制和动机是相同 的⑻。 在小说 中 ，我 们 可 以 看 到 一 些 将 女 性 自 然 化 的 描 写：嘉莉“从田野中走来，浑身散发着清新的气息，眼睛 里闪烁着乡村生活那种淳朴的色彩。 ”⑼“这朵纯洁的百 合花是从他从未涉足过的深水之下吸取了柔和之美和 芬芳， 是在他无法理解的沼泥和生存方式中发育长 成”。 ⑽在资本主义社会高度发展的前提下，物质财富空 前繁盛，男性话语处于强势，女性被等同于自然。 在这 种情况下， 女性的异化是同现代城市的发展和城市工 业文明的迅猛发展是同步的。 女性是男权社会和工业文明的受害者和牺牲者。 嘉莉的第一份工作，周薪低，工作量大，工作环境艰苦。 失去工作后，她面对的只有饥饿、贫穷。 波伏娃说过“在 女 人 一 无 所 有 时 ， 她 也 就 没 有 了 做 人 的 尊 严 ”， 这 时 她

二、《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义写作风格 《嘉莉妹妹》写于达尔文主义盛行时期，小说中的 很多主 题— ——斗 争 、生 存 和 欲 望 ，都 直 接 来 源 于 达 尔 文 理论的进化论观点。 同时《嘉莉妹妹》创作于美国自然 主义成熟时期— ——19 世纪末期， 美国自然主义受法国 自然主义的影响，强调人的特质是由遗传决定的，行为 受到社会和经济环境的支配。 德莱塞在小说 《嘉莉妹 妹》中都充分体现了这种自然主义风格，淋漓尽致地展 现了在欲望的驱动下不同人所展现的各异的心态和经 历的不同命运， 探讨了欲望本能和环境对个体命运的 影响，期间充满了“超道德观”和适者生存的法则。 作者 充满坎坷的一生使他有机会观察社会的各个方面，从 纸醉金迷的上层社会到饥寒交迫的底层社会。 1. 基于环境决定论的自然主义写作风格 在《嘉莉妹妹》中，德莱赛着重描绘了各种不同的 环境对嘉利所造成的深刻影响， 认为嘉利的一切沉浮 荣辱都是环境所造成的。 小说中的嘉莉也并非一个天 生放荡的女人， 大城市的诱惑和生活的压迫使她不自 觉地堕落下去。 嘉莉出生于一个贫苦的家庭， 十八岁那年由于受 到周围环境的影响，开始幻想过大城市的生活，向往芝 加哥的五光十色，向往芝加哥的富裕自在。 于是，聪明、 羞怯，“由于无知和年轻而充满了幻想的十八岁的嘉 莉”独自一人前往芝加哥这个她从未去过的城市，她的 全部行李是“放着些盥洗用的小物件的鳄鱼小提包，一 盒点心和一只弹簧开关的黄皮荷包， 里面放着她的车 票， 写着她姐姐在范布伦街的地址的纸条和四块钱现 金”。 嘉莉原本想着依靠姐姐过上她所向往的城里人的 幸福生活， 但生活的拮据和姐夫的淡漠使她不得不尽 快出去工作。 经过一系列的失败后，她终于在一家鞋厂 谋得一份周薪四块半的工作， 然而冬天的到来使她很 快又陷入困境，现实的残酷粉碎了她的美梦。 更糟的是 嘉莉又因为生病失去了仅有的工作， 姐姐劝她回乡村 老家去。 去留之际，她偶然在街上遇到了火车上认识的 推销员杜洛埃，在贫困的逼迫和物质的诱惑下，嘉莉接 受了杜洛埃的帮助，之后也同意与其同居，成为他的情 妇。 杜洛埃将她从贫困的生活中拉了出来，让她享受到 城市的文明。 渐渐地嘉莉发现杜洛埃也并非如她想象 的那么理想。 在海尔太太的介绍下，嘉莉接触了更多的 社会名流，见识到上流社会的奢华，她开始不满足于杜 洛埃为她提供的生活。 酒店经理赫斯特伍德的出现，给 嘉莉提供了满足新欲望的机会。 于是，嘉莉舍弃了杜洛

英美文学：欲望驱动下的嘉莉妹妹 【摘要】小编为您提供一篇关于欲望驱动下的嘉莉妹妹的英美文学文化论文，欢迎参考! 《嘉莉妹妹》是美国著名的自然主义小说家西奥多德莱塞(1871 1945)的第一部长篇小说。

书中描写了名叫嘉莉米贝的农村姑娘因羡慕大城市的物质生活来到芝加哥谋生的故事。

她先后经历了寻找工作的艰辛、疾病的困扰和失业的痛苦。

为了生存，她成了推销员杜洛埃的情妇，后来又与酒店经理赫斯特伍德私奔。

在纽约赫斯特伍德也丢掉了工作，为生活所迫，她在一家剧院当上了一名合唱演员。

一个偶然的机会一举成名，挤进了上流社会，似乎实现了朝思暮想的愿望，然而在故事的结尾她依然坐在摇椅里梦想着自己的幸福。

究其原因，是因为嘉莉自始至终都被欲望驱使着，欲望使她永远不满足于现状，不断地寻找下一个目标。

她的欲望是多种因素促成的。

 1.消费观念的影响 在19世纪末20世纪初，美国社会发生了一场深刻的变革，以生产为主的意识形态正逐渐被消费意识形态代替，因为当时美国内战后上稳定，上迅速，化和城市化都达到了前所未有的水平，商品非常丰富。

经济要想进一步发展就必须最大限度地消费。

为此以鼓励人们互相攀比、摆阔气的消费文化兴盛起来。

这种文化的道德标准是：有钱建豪宅、买昂贵服装，男人以吸引和占有最美的女人为自豪。

像鲍德里拉所说的这时的物品就已经成为地位的象征，而不是仅仅满足生活的基本需要。

因此，人们应该听从本能的驱使，作为消费者的人将享乐看成是自己的义务，享乐和满足就像一种事业①。

 在这种社会环境下，嘉莉渴望占有物品，特别是那些新衣服、漂亮马车之类。

期望用这些物品提升自己的价值和社会地位。

因此当她见到商店里琳琅满目的商品时，情不自禁地感到拥有这些无比重要。

甚至在她进入消费的中心城市之前，她就已经感觉到了商品的吸引力推销员那入时的衣着。

当她到达芝加哥之后，马上就发现她那破旧的衣服和小行李箱只能显示她卑微的地位。

周围是各种各样的巨幅广告和美丽诱人的物品，她痛苦地感到自己只是个城外人，自己不能拥有想要的。

威等人的去世而衰落。实用主义的特 点是：不是看最先的原 环 境 、 极低 的薪 水 ， 这一 切 与 她 眼前 的灯 红 酒 绿 、纸 醉 金迷
则 、范畴 ，而 是看 最后 的效 果 、事实 ，也 就是 说注 重实 践和 效 的 生活 相 差 太远 了 。雪 上加 霜 的 是 ， 因 为疾 病 她连 卑 微 的 工 果 。即强调 立足 于现 实 生活 ，把 确定 信念 当作 出 发点 ，把采 取 作 也丢 了。 这 时她 意 识 到靠 诚 实 努 力 工作 实 现 自己 的梦 想 是
华 ，也看 到 了各 种 悲剧 ，这 些 经历 都 是 他 写 作 的素 材 。 当 时
否 抓 住 机会 发 展 自 己、取 得 成 功 ，关 键 在 于 自己是 否采 取 行
的美 国，在 经 济 方 面 ， 正处 于 蒸 蒸 日上 的工 业繁 荣 期 ， 各种 动 。这 样 ，经 济 的 蓬机 器 隆 隆 ，显 现 出一派 生 机 勃 勃 的样 子 。 而在 向导 ， 使得 重 视 机 会 、积 极 行 动 成 为美 国人 的信 条 。在这 种
实 用 主 义 的 悲 剧
一 一
以 嘉莉妹 妹 为例
。梁 华
摘 要 ：德莱塞生活在 美国实用主义哲 学与工业的繁荣期， 目睹并如 实描绘 了实用主 义对人们 的影 响以及所造 成
的悲剧。由于 自身的经历和思 想的局 限性 ，他对 实用主义者是充满同情的，没有认识到实用主义悲剧的实质一一剥 夺 了人性 ，使人 堕落到动物的层次 ，改变 了自由、健康 、纵情 、不屈的人类生命本 色。
们 带 来 的 悲剧 ， 引发 了人 们 的 思考 。
一
国家 哲 学 。
然 而 ， 正像 美 国文 艺 评 论 家 托 马斯 ・ ・ 普 尔 说 的那 Ｋ 惠

关于嘉莉妹妹的分歧焦点评述作者：刘映希来源：《广西教育·C版》2011年第08期[摘要]从人生选择、行为准则、女性形象和美国梦四个方面评述了对嘉莉妹妹人物形象争论的主要分歧。

[关键词]嘉莉妹妹德莱赛分歧[文献编码]doi:10.3969/j.issn.0450-9889(C).2011.08.029作为生活纪实者，美国自然主义文学的杰出代表，西奥多·德莱塞的作品成功塑造了不少具有坚实生活基础的人物。

但是，德莱塞的个人遭遇、不断发展变化的哲学思想和所处时代的转型社会，共同铸就了其创作在内容、思想、艺术上深深的矛盾性和复杂性。

他的第一部长篇小说《嘉莉妹姘》就是这样一部典型的著作。

在美国自然主义文学的发展史上，《嘉莉妹妹》是一块里程碑，而对小说主人公嘉莉妹妹的评论却是众说纷纭。

自从该小说出版，国内外对德莱塞的争论便一直没有停止，小说主人公嘉莉也饱受争议。

综观相关评论，笔者发现集中于嘉莉妹妹这一人物形象的主要分歧观点包括四个方面。

一、嘉莉的人生选择：是受欲望驱使的非理性追求，还是顺应了社会时代发展要求19世纪末20世纪初该小说问世时，美国正处于由农业国到工业国的转型期，1900年，纽约、费城、波士顿等都已成为国际化大都市，成千上万的人涌向那里，渴望在工厂里找到一份工作来实现自己的“美国梦”。

前者观点认为，在这样的时代背景下，欲望的牵引让对幸福极度渴望的嘉莉离开家乡来到城市。

可作为普通农村少女，嘉莉接受的教育非常有限，她从不清楚自己真正追求什么，也不知怎样改变现状，而她身上又存在动物的本能和欲望，在认识到贫与富、苦与乐的鲜明对比后，她便在本能催促下不断向前。

对于芝加哥，嘉莉满脑子浮想联翩的是对物和金钱而不是对体力劳动的向往。

她把城市生活与自由安逸、地位名誉、奢侈享受紧密相联。

在她看来，家乡生活沉闷乏味，芝加哥却神秘而了不起。

可见，是城市具有的物质舒适和各种享乐刺激了她无以穷尽的欲望。

作为一个孤立无依的无知少女，要在城市立足、穿戴漂亮服饰和获得安全感，做男人的情人是嘉莉必需的手段。

摘要《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一位农村女孩不甘贫穷,独自来到芝加哥实现自己的“美国梦”，最终成为了纽约百老汇的一位著名演员，物质享受得到满足，精神却陷入迷失的故事。

阅读这部小说我们很容易注意到嘉莉不断升级的需要及日益增长的欲望，及在追求欲望的过程中对传统道德的违背。

本文主要依据马斯洛层次需求理论，分析嘉莉及与嘉莉妹妹关系密切的两位男主人公，在不同时期的不同需要，并分析这些欲望产生的原因，即一方面是人物内在的欲望，另一方面是环境、城市的诱惑等外在因素。

这两方面的相互作用最终导致嘉莉陷入精神的迷失。

《嘉莉妹妹》的故事似乎在警示我们，在物质越来越发达的今天，人们不应该盲目追求物质的享受，而应该充分认识到精神带给人们的幸福感和满足感,思索自己人生的意义和价值所在。

关键词：嘉莉妹妹；欲望；层次需求理论AbstractSister Carrie tells the story of a small country girl Carrie who moves to Chicago to realize her “American Dream” and eventually becomes a Broadway star in New York. Despite living a luxurious life, she is lost in spirit. Reading the novel, we may easily notice Carrie’s different needs and desires arising gradually and also the betrayal of traditional moral code in the process of pursuing material gain. The paper analyzes the reasons why Carrie and two male heroes closed to her have various needs at different stages of life, mainly based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. One is figures’inner desires; the other is the outside force, including temptations of environment, cites, etc. The interaction between them makes Carrie lose herself eventually. It seems to tell people that in modern society material supplies more and more abundantly, but we should never pursue it blindly and much importance should be attached to happiness and stability created by spirit. It is essential to ponder the significance and the value of life.Key words: Sister Carrie; desire; hierarchy of needsContentsChapter 1 General Introduction (1)1.1 About the author and the novel (1)1.1.1 The author: Theodore Dreiser (1)1.1.2 The novel: Sister Carrie (1)1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (2)Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs (4)2.1 Carrie’s primary needs (4)2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for Chicago (4)2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistress (5)2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs (6)2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking step (6)2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced development (7)2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goal (8)Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs (10)3.1 Drouet’s primary needs (10)3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of Carrie (10)3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of material (11)3.2 Droue t’s higher level needs (12)Chapter 4 Hurstwood’s needs (13)4.1 Hurstwood’s needs in Chicago (13)4.1.1 Hurstwood’s physiological needs (13)4.1.2 Hurstwood’s safety needs (14)4.1.3 Hurstwood’s love and belonging needs (14)4.2 Hurstwood’s needs in New York (15)Conclusion (17)References (19)Acknowledgments (20)Chapter 1 General Introduction1.1 About the author and the novel1.1.1 The author: Theodore DreiserTheodore Dreiser is the most outstanding realistic novelist in the history of American literature. He is also an American naturalistic writer famous for the exploration of realistic life. Dreiser was born in Indiana in a poor German immigrant family. When Dreiser was eight, his mother was forced by the pressure of living, left home with him and three other young children, wandered from one town to another in the Midwest. The family lived a tough and criticized life. Dreiser’s childhood also endured poverty and ignorance.In 1887, he came to Chicago alone, worked in restaurants and hardware companies. In spite of this, he was attracted by the city life full of excitement and stimulation. In 1889, “he was sponsored by a sympathetic middle school teacher to study at the University of Indiana. But he dropped out of school the next year, returned to Chicago to become a debt collector in a real estate and furniture company” (Wang Sixiang, 2009: 158). This job led him to come into contact with the underworld characters and the dark side of society, accumulated a wealth of material for the future creation. It also determined the naturalistic color and the tragic thought of his creation. Dreiser entered the press in 1892, started to be a journalist. In Chicago, he witnessed the strong contrast of extreme poverty and extravagant life. These experiences are the beginning of his thought, which led him to create his own novel.1.1.2 The novel: Sister CarrieSister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser’s first novel, is a good work of epoch-making significance in the history of American fiction. This novel tells the story of Caroline Meeber, a pretty rural girl, leaves her rural home to make a living in Chicago. On the train, she meets Charles Drouet, a traveling salesman. The harsh reality shatters her dream. At the same time, in front of her is unemployment and disease. In desperation she becomes Drouet’s mistress. Later, due to the greater desire, she becomes the hotelmanager Hurstwood’s mistress. Hurstwood and Carrie elope to New York, and Carrie becomes a popular actor by chance and squeezes into the upper class. However, Hurstwood becomes poorer and finally committed suicide. The life of upper class does not make her feel satisfied. She feels empty and can not find the real meaning of life. In the loneliness and desolation, she sits in a rocking chair dreaming of the happiness that she would not get.The novel reveals the cruel squeezing of the American capitalist system for poor people and the corrosive action of bourgeois lifestyle for petty bourgeois. And the moral concept the novel reflects is also a counter-tradition. Because Carrie rather than be punished for her depravity, but becomes a popular star of musical comedies finally. Therefore, this book has aroused widespread concern in society since it was published, was banned for a time which led up to intense controversy of the literary world for more than 30 years until it is regarded as a classic to gain public recognition. Until today the novel was born one hundred years later, people are still controversial about Carrie’s character and behavior, especially her endless desire.1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needsIn Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there are five kinds of needs ranging from lower level to higher level. These are physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs. (1)The physiological needs — it is the most basic requirement of human beings, including food, sleep, water, secretion, and sex. If any one of these needs, except sex, can not be satisfied, the physiological function of human can not operate normally. In other words, the life of human would be threatened. In this sense, the physiological need is the primary motivation of people’s action. Maslow believes that only those basic needs be met, the other needs can become new motivating factors. And to this point, the needs has been relatively satisfied will no longer be motivating factors. (2)The safety needs — it is the demand for the following things: personal and property safety, health care, job security and family safety. Maslow believes that the pursuit of the whole organism is a security mechanism, the human receptors, effectors’ organs, intelligence and other forms of energy are mainly seeking safety tools. We can even put both science and philosophy as part of meeting the security needs. (3)The love and belonging needs — if both physiological and safety needs are relatively well satisfied, and then there will emerge the love and belonging needs. Everyone wants to get mutual concern and care.The love and belonging needs is more meticulous than the physiological needs. It relates to a person’s physiological characteristics, experience, education and religion. Generally people will hunger for affectionate relations with others, for a place in the group and have a family. (4)The esteem needs — everyone wants to have a stable social status. And it requests that personal ability and achievements are recognized by the society. These needs can be divided into two parts. First is the desire for strength, achievement, adequacy, confidence and freedom. Secondly, we have what we may call the desire for reputation, attention, importance or appreciation. Satisfaction of the esteem need can make people have confidence, worth, strength, capability and adequacy of being useful and necessary in the world. (5)The self-actualization needs — it is the highest level of needs. It refers to the realization of personal ideals, aspirations and the individual’s ability to the greatest degree. Maslow notes that in order to satisfy self-actualization needs, different people take different measures. The self-actualization need is an effort to realize their potential. It is to make them become the characters they desire to be.These basic needs are related to each one and another, but any physiological and safety needs that remain unsatisfied will keep playing an important role, and needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. This means that the highest goal will monopolize consciousness and will tend to organize the recruitment of the various capacities of the organism. The lower needs are minimized, even forgotten or denied. But when a need is fairly well satisfied, the next higher need emerges,in turn to dominate the conscious life and to serve as the center of organization of behavior, since gratified needs are not active motivators.Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs2.1 Carrie’s primary needs2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for ChicagoBy the end of the Civil War (1861-1865), most of the forces that would typify twentieth century American had begun to emerge. Northern industrialism had triumphed over southern agrarianism. The great age of big city bossism began. Americans ceased to be isolated from the world and from each other. Soon the United States had the most extensive railroad system in the world. The tempo of life accelerated as Americans became increasingly mobile. From 1870 to 1890 the total population of the United States doubled. Villages became towns, towns became cities, and cities grew to a size with a speed that would have astonished the Founding Fathers. The population of Chicago increased twenty times to two million, making it the nation’s second largest city after New York. The national income quadrupled. It was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age”. Thousands and thousands of men, women and children native-born and foreign, flooded to American cities, drawn by hopes for making their fortune. They believed that anyone could grasp an opportunity to attain success through honest and hard work. Just as American naturalists argued: the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.Dreiser clothed the social phenomenon of so-called “American Dream” through his character, Carrie. At the beginning of the novel, the heroin, Carrie, keeps pace with the general trend of the time, and moves to Chicago, which is not far away from her hometown. She is eighteen years old, bright, timid, and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth:And yet she was interested in her charms, quickly to understand the keenerpleasures of life, ambitious to gain in material things. A half-equipped littleknight she was, venturing to reconnoiter the mysterious city and dreamingwild dreams of some vague, far-off supremacy, which should make it preyand subject-the proper penitent, groveling at a woman’s slipper. (TheodoreDreiser, 1979: 3)In Maslow’s view, humans are wanting beings, mainly because humans are not satisfied with the status and are eager to achieve a higher realm. Desire is one of the strong emotions which tells people that he is still curious to exist, that he still have an edge on his longings and want to bite into the world. Carrie is driven by the environment and the internal desire to move to Chicago. Strictly speaking, it is the physiological needs. Carrie wants to change the poor life. She begins to hunt a job to earn money to fulfill her needs. Carrie accepts a job in a shoe factory for four and a half dollars a week. Every week she pays four dollars for her board and lodging. Does the story develop smoothly like this? The author gave a hint by writing “When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse” (Zhang Xiaowei, 2011: 203). Carrie tries to live on her own to start her first step of material pursuit.2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistressChicago is a charming city indeed. Carrie is surrounded by various temptations: Carrie passed along the busy aisles, much affected by the remarkabledisplays of trinkets, dress goods, stationary and jewelry. Each separatecounter was a show place of dazzling interest and attraction. She could nothelp feeling the claim of each trinket and valuable upon her personally.There was nothing there which she could not have to used-nothing whichshe did not along to own. The dainty slippers and stockings, the delicatelyfrilled skirts and petticoats, the laces, ribbons, hair-combs, purses, all touchher with individual desires. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 27)She longs for dress and beauty with a whole heart.But the fact is that the cold reality takes her by the hand. First, her sister and brother-in-law live a lean life and consumed by housework. The money left by Carrie every week is not enough for her car fares, let alone clothes, laces, ribbons, etc. And none of those things is in the range of her purchase. Second, in the shoe factory, the machines work intensively. Carrie is not strong. Her shoulders and necks ache in bending over and she is totally exhausted every day. “As Carrie listened to this and much more of similar familiar badinage among the men and the girls, she instinctively withdraws into herself. She feared that the young boys about would address such remarks to he r” (LI Wei, 2011: 278). The wholeatmosphere of the shoe factory is sordid.Carrie does not like to bear the hard work, the foul working condition and the human environment. She hopes to break away from the factory to enjoy physical comfort and from such uncouth men to keep her calm. Third, as the rigorous winter is around the corner, Carrie worries about the problem of winter clothes, for she has nothing to wear. At last, as a result of illness she loses the job and to return hometown seems to be the only choice.According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerge the safety needs. The problem is that whether she can satisfy it or not, it depends on the reality which supplies enough conditions or not, besides her own effort. Carrie understands that it is impossible to buy dress and entertain herself by her personal diligence. Drouet is, for Carrie, an escape. She does not love him, but he means a source of amazement, and she recognizes that the relative opulence of his chambers and department he procures for Carrie are the signs of that for which she is striving. Eventually she betrays herself to become Drouet’s mistress to realize her safety need. Carrie and Drouet pay a visit all round the city and go shopping, take part in various activities, enjoy delicious foods. It seems that Carrie has never hesitated,“Money! Money! What a thing it was to have! How plenty of it would clear away all the troubles” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 82). She surrendered to the magic of money. At the second stage of material pursuit, Carrie has a much stronger desire. She falls in love with it without reason.2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking stepAs the plot goes, the author depicts a panorama of rising needs and desire. On one hand, Carrie is not just satisfied with living together with Drouet:That young lady, under the stress of her situation and the tutelage of hernew friend, changed effectively. She the glow of a more showy life was notupon her. She did not grow in knowledge so much as she awakened in thematter of desire. Mrs. Hale’s extended harangues upon the subjects ofwealth and position taught her to distinguish between degrees of wealth.(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 140)When she comes to her own room, Carrie sees her comparative poverty. She is not comparing it with what she has had, but what she has seen recently. She begins toponder what, after all, Drouet is and what she is. On the other hand, Carrie fears of losing Drouet’s affection, of being abandoned, and also she longs for someone to sympathize with her, but not let her ponder and wonder. It makes clear to Carrie that Drouet could not understand her. He just cares about her beauty. When Carrie is sorrow, he only asks her to dance. Carrie feels lonely and forsaken. What’s more, Carrie believes Drouet does not plan to marry her. He prefers the single state to any legal bondage. These two sides wake up Carrie’s deep desire. She “hopes to live an extravagant life but not from hand to mouth” (Peng Dankui, 1995: 74). She is eager to be understood and loved. Drouet is only an intermediary in her movement from poverty to affluence. Carrie is ready and longs to change.More wealth and higher status are Carrie’s new goal. At this time, Hurstwood becomes another male stepladder to gratify her needs both in material and spirit. Hurstwood can give her a life of honor. Carrie recognizes the quality of Hurstwood’s clothes, his style and his bearing as distinct improvements on Drouet. Hurstwood shows his thoughts and feelings concerning Carrie. “In contrast, Hurstwood appeared strong and sincere. He had no easy manner of putting her off. He sympathized with her and showed her what her true value was. He needed her, while Drouet did not care” (Gao Chenke, 2011: 115).Though Carrie has achieved her material goal, all in all, she has another need—love. Carrie begins to care about her inner thoughts, which takes the first step of exploring her spirit. Carrie’s spirit pursuit is based on material pursuit.2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced developmentAfter becoming Hurstwood’s mistress, in a material way, Carrie is considerably improved. Hurstwood writes her regularly-a letter every morning. They both enjoy the happy days. Carrie has an opportunity to take part in a play. It is not an important thing, but because of the prestige of Hurstwood, it is significant. “By the time of the 16th had arrived Hurstwood’s friends had rallied like Romans to a senator’s call. A well-dressed, good-natured, flatteringly-inclined audience was assured from the moment he thought of assisting Carrie”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 209). Carrie moves into a new environment. She feels the respect and power of celebrities. Carrie’s needs develop further: the esteem needs. That is the desire for confidence and appreciation:There was nothing bold in her manner. Life had not taught herdomination-superciliousness of grace, which is the lordly power of somewomen. Her longing for consideration was not sufficiently powerful tomove her to demand it. Even now she lacked self-assurance, but there wasthat in what she had already experienced which left her a little less thantimid. She wanted pleasure, she wanted position. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:176)For Carrie she is nervous. She hopes the play could succeed to gain confidence and appreciation, “The glamour, the tense situation, the fine clothes, the applause, these had lured her until she felt that she, too, could act-that she, too, could compel acknowledgment of power” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 192). Carrie tries best to explore her potentials.2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goalHurstwood coaxes Carrie to elope to New York. But he is merely another man who either cannot hold or find a job. He forces to begin the battle for place and comfort all over again. But his situation becomes worse and worse. At the beginning, he strolls about, and then he just picks his papers up, and stays for day after day. At last, he becomes a beggar completely, lived by other’s charity. Finally he committed suicide by turning on the gas in a Bowery flophouse. When the attraction of material disappears, it is inevitable for Carrie to abandon Hurstwood. The physiological and safety needs play an important role now. Carrie begins to make a livelihood on her own. Different from the former experience, this time, she is successful by her own power without depending on some other men. Carrie becomes an actor because of her pretty-look and her diligence. Her salary rises from 30 dollars to 150 dollars per week. She becomes a famous star. She could possess of her gowns and carriage, her furniture and bank account. But she is alone, “It does not take money long to make plain its important, providing the desires are in the realm of affection. With one hundred and fifty in hand, Carrie could think of nothing particularly to do. In itself, as a tangible, apparent thing which she could touch and look upon, but this soon passed” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 548).After Carrie gains her economic status, there is only self-actualization need left. And Ames helps Carrie sublimate her spiritual pursuit into the world of literature and philosophy. Ames isn’t attracted by Carrie’s beauty, but there is something in him that has attracted her. Ames says to Carrie that riches are not everything, and there is always a great deal more in the world than she has known. Carrie understands that the thingsAmes pointed out is not money, or clothes, or applauses but a kind heart to serve others. It is an aesthetic world of which Carrie has not dreamed of and which she recognizes as a new peak to conquer and a new level to achieve. Carrie moves to the highest needs, which states that the true value of life is not in what we get but in what we give. This is the ultimate goal in her spiritual world.Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs3.1 Drouet’s primary needs3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of CarrieDrouet is a man who has a keen desire for the feminine. In the driving of the sexual instinct, he will involuntarily chase every beautiful woman he meets. After seeing beautiful pure Carrie on the train, he is attracted by her. With beautiful clothes, grandiose talk and his experiences of chatting up girls, Drouet wins Carrie’s favor. Just as the author says:Let him meet with a young woman once and he would approach her withan air of kindly familiarity, not unmixed with pleading, which would resultin most cases in a tolerant acceptance. If she showed any tendency tocoquetry he would be apt to straighten her tie, or if she “took up” with himat all, to call her by her first name. If he visited a department store it was tolounge familiarly over the counter and ask some leading questions. In moreexclusive circles, on the train or in waiting stations, he went slower. If someseemingly vulnerable object appeared he was all attention to pass thecompliments of the day to lead the way to the parlor car, carrying her grip,or, failing that, to take a seat next her with the hope of being able to courther to her destination. Pillows, books, a footstool, the shade lowered; allthese figured in the things which he could do. If, when she reached herdestination he did not alight and attend her baggage for her, it was because,in his own estimation, he had signally failed. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:5) Drouet’s chasing for young beautiful girls is not because he is a cold-blooded, black heart, scheming villain, but because he is full of lust. When Drouet meet Carrie in the street secondly, Carrie was looking for a job and has no winter clothes to wear. Then he use Carrie’s plight to persuade her to leave her sister’s home and l ive together with him. After Carrie beca me Drouet’s mistress, Drouet didn’t have the plan to marry her. In the second part of the novel, Drouet and Carrie met again in New York, after he tried to mend fences and Carrie refused, he was not feeling so sad. Because, for him, he canfind a woman for pleasure wherever. Losing Carrie is not so important for him. At the end of the novel, on the night of a big snowstorm, he is talking with a partner to discuss where to look for a woman to have fun.3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of materialThe great industrial development in American brings about the booming of the cities like Chicago and New York. At the same time, the social gap between the rich and the poor is widening. People are obviously graded. Whether having high material consumption ability has almost become the sole criterion of level division. Drouet is divided into middle class in this social background. He doesn’t have to live in poverty like Hanson, but not as well as Hurstwood has a wealthy family and prominent position. He is good at enjoying life and the pursuit of a higher level of material comforts, immersed in his salesman career and tried to improve his social status. In his view, his life is fulfilling and almost perfect. He dressed in fashion style, wearing a striped plaid wool suit, white and pink striped shirt, gold-plated button, covered with yellow agate known as the “cat ey e”. His vest dangled a neat gold watch chain, matched with a pair of glowing shoes and a fedora. This fashionable dress greatly satisfied the vanity of him. Drouet’s s afety needs come to be realized in the abundant material world.Drouet likes to have dinner at Rector’s,a restaurant he believes that successful person would go. After dinner, he likes to go to th e resort of Fitzgerald and Moy’s to drink a glass of whiskey and enjoy a couple of cigars. In such a place, he can get to know a variety of celebrities, in order to increase the capital to show off and meet his vanity. The author has described it in detail:Rector’s, with its polished marble walls and floor, its profusion of lights, itsshow of china and silverware, and, above all, its reputation as a resort foractors and professional men, seemed to him the proper place for asuccessful man to go. He loved fine clothes, good eating, and particularlythe company and acquaintanceship of successful men. When dining, it wassource of keen satisfaction to him to know that Joseph Jefferson was wontto come to this same place, that Henry E. Dixie, a well known performer ofthe day, was then only a few tables off. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 39) As a successful salesman, Drouet believes that it is an honor to be able to make celebrities. At the same time, the big company he is working for also let him feel glory. With the reputation of Bartlett, Caryoe & Company, his work goes well. Although he isnot rich, also does not have a high social status, but he is good at communication, appropriate interaction with others, which also provides a possibility of success in his career. Living with Carrie, Drouet’s career developed gradually and his social status improved accordingly. When he and Carrie meet again, he has been responsible for a branch and is about to establish his own company. He can meet Carrie’s desire for material. He bought her beautiful dresses and coats, purchased cosmetics and went to the theatre with her. But objectively speaking, he was too concerned with material life, treat feelings do not serious. This is also the most dissatisfied for Carrie.3.2 Drouet’s higher level needsAlthough the physiological and material satisfaction is very important for Drouet, he has some higher level of needs. As a traveling salesman, Drouet’s social status is not high. He frequently went to the restaurants and pubs which celebrities always went to. In addition to the pursuit of material comforts, but also he is in the search for a social identity and the sense of belonging. Eating and talking together with the upper-class people, let him have a feeling of integrated into the society.His pursuit of Carrie is not only to satisfy his needs for sex, but also to get rid of the emptiness.Due to his work requirement, Drouet often go to travel around, and he is lacking of group sense of belonging. While Carrie as his mistress, can bring him some emotional comfort.In addition, Carrie’s young and beautiful can meet Drouet’s vanity. And he can show off in social occasions. However, Carrie is not the only choice for Drouet. Instead of creating a stable family, the best way to meet his spiritual emptiness is to seek new love affairs constantly. That is also the reason why he does not marry Carrie.。

龙源期刊网 http://www.qikan.com.cn 美国梦中的“勤奋、节俭和谨慎” 作者：陈瑞青 来源：《文存阅刊》2018年第05期

摘要：本杰明·富兰克林在其名作《致富之路》中提出“勤奋、节俭和谨慎”三个核心道德规范。这三个道德规范不仅是美国梦的主要内容，也是美国梦的实现方式。本文将阐述美国梦中的这三个主题在美国文学作品中的呈现和变迁。

关键词：美国梦；勤奋；节俭；谨慎 本杰明·富兰克林于1757年创作了《致富之路》，并在次年将其作为《穷理查德年鉴》的序言。《致富之路》整篇文章精选了《穷理查德年鉴》中前25年关于德行、经济等方面的箴言警句，并借书中“亚伯拉罕”的发言向公众传播。全文突出强调了“勤奋、节俭和谨慎”三个主题，而本杰明在文中所提倡的这些品质也被视为18世纪后半叶实现美国梦的重要品质。一般来说，美国梦可从广义和狭义两方面理解。广义上说，美国梦是一个民族关于自由、平等、民主、权利的理想。狭义上说，它指的是无论社会地位和出生环境，每个人都有机会通过努力工作获得财富。富兰克林提倡的勤奋、节俭和谨慎被视为美国梦的重要部分，它们不仅是美国梦的主要内容，也是美国梦的实现方式。本文关注这些品质在美国社会及文学作品中的体现和变化。

一、实现 富兰克林是18世纪美国梦的原型。他成功践行了自己文学作品中提倡的品质和价值观。勤奋、节俭和谨慎在他的一生中得到了充分体现并成为他成功的重要因素。富兰克林生活在美国梦的盛行时期，对他来说，生活是一场持久的抗争。尽管他的出生背景很贫穷，但他始终不懈地充实知识和完善个人品质。通过努力，他最终获得了巨大成功，实现了梦想并成为一名百万富翁。更重要的是，他严格自律已提高个人道德修养，因为他认为高尚的道德品质是通往成功的第一步。这样的信条使他不仅在物质世界收获巨大，也使他站在了精神世界的高点。他的成功并非偶然，而是他多年努力和道德修养的结果。在他的自传中，他也同样强调品德修养对于成功的重要性。他将品德修养与物质成功相联系，并使美国梦成为物质与精神双重收获的结合。可以说富兰克林为当时和后世树立了一个良好的美国梦标杆。