(学生用)硅及其化合物2013

(1)碳 与O 2反应 O 2(足量)： O 2(不足)： 与氧化物反应 CuO ： (冶炼金属)SiO 2： (制取粗硅)H 2O ：C ＋H 2O(g)=====CO ＋H 2(制取水煤气)与强氧化 性酸反应 浓H 2SO 4： 浓HNO 3：C ＋4HNO 3(浓) =====CO 2↑＋4NO 2↑＋2H 2O) 2013届高三一轮复习碳.硅及其化合物的性质及应用广州市第五中学 汪爱华【考纲要求】1．了解碳.硅元素单质及其重要化合物的主要性质及应用. 2．了解碳.硅元素单质及其重要化合物对环境质量的影响 【教学建议】1． 用对比类比的归纳的方法对碳、硅单质及氧化物的主要性质及应用的基础知识进行整理，分成小组，采用思考讨论交流的形式，完成知识点网络的搭建。

2． 关于碳.硅元素单质及其重要化合物对环境质量的影响，可从高考题中总结，让学生熟悉热点，同时结合元素周期律和结构的理论知识帮助学生理解的基础上加深记忆。

【课时安排】第1课时：碳、硅单质及氧化物的主要性质及应用 第2课时：硅酸、硅酸盐和无机非金属材料. 【教学过程】【知识重现1】1．C 、Si 单质的存在形态、物理性质及用途(1)碳在自然界既有________态又有________态。

碳的同素异形体有________、________、无定形碳、________等。

(2)硅在地壳中的含量占第____位，仅次于____，全部以________态存在，是一种亲____元素，单质硅有________和________形两种。

晶体硅是良好的________材料，在计算机等电子工业，可用作____________、大规模____________等。

硅是人类将________能转化为____能的常用材料，所以硅还用于制造________。

2．碳、硅单质的化学性质碳、硅在参与化学反应时，一般表现还原性。

(2)Si ⎩⎨⎧与非金属单质反应⎩⎨⎧ O 2： F 2：Si ＋2F 2===SiF4Cl 2：Si ＋2Cl 2=====△SiCl4与氢氟酸反应：Si ＋4HF===SiF 4↑＋2H 2↑【及时练习】1．下列关于碳族元素的叙述，不正确的是 ( ) A ．碳族元素的化合物主要是共价化合物高温 △B ．碳族元素的单质都是导体或半导体C ．自然界中大量存在着碳族元素中某元素的气态氢化物D ．碳族元素形成的化合物多于其他族元素形成的化合物 2．下列关于硅的说法中，不正确的是 ( )A ．硅是人类将太阳能转换为电能的常用材料B ．硅的导电性能介于金属和绝缘体之间，是良好的半导体材料C ．硅的化学性质不活泼，常温下不与任何物质反应D ．加热到一定温度时，硅能与氯气、氧气等非金属反应【知识重现2】 1．一氧化碳(1)物理性质：____色气体，____毒，____溶于水。

硅及其化合物（Silicon and its compounds）[lesson] carbon group elements[requirements]1. Understand the similarity and degeneration of the properties of carbon elements and the properties of carbon elemental and its compounds3. Master the main properties of silicon single and important compounds, and understand the silicate industry and inorganic non-metallic materialsThe properties of carbon, silicon and its compounds, as well as the transformation of carbon, silicon, and compounds[basic review]The family of carbon elements in the periodic table, including elements. The atom has four electrons in its outermost shell, and it's not easy to lose electrons in the reaction, and it's not easy to get electrons, and it usually forms a combination of electrons and other elements. Its main price is + 2 + 4. The element of carbon increases from top to bottom, and thenon-metallic nature gradually decreases, and the gold is gradually strengthened. Most of them can form gaseous hydrides, and their stability wears off. The highest oxide corresponds to the acidity of the hydrates.[ramming foundation]I. knowledge network:Transformation of carbon and its compounds. The transformation of silicon and its compoundsOne: carbon element (the property of carbon elements)Element symbols and namesMajor valenceSingle color, statehydrideMajor oxideThe highest oxide corresponds to hydratesimilarityPass degenerationTest point two carbon and its compounds1. Carbon single matter(1) allotropediamondgraphiteC60structureTetrahedron, space network, atomic crystalThe plane layer is a hexagonCage (soccer) molecular crystalMain propertiesMelt, boiling point high, hardness, difficult to dissolve in solvent, not conductiveThe melting point is high, soft and smooth, and conductiveIt can be mixed with metal to form a superconductoruseDiamonds, knives, decorationsElectrode, pencil core, lubricantApplied to material scienceNote: common allotropesDiamond, graphite, C60 O2, O3 P4 (white phosphorus), red phosphorus crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon(2) chemical properties (flammability, reductive)Carbon compounds(1) oxide (CO, CO2)The nature of theCarbon monoxide COCO2 CO2Physical propertiesColor, state, tasteColorless and odorless gasColorless, odorless gasThe toxicity oftoxicIt's not toxic, it's a greenhouse effect but not an atmospheric pollutantComparison of density with airA slightly smallerbigsolubilityPoorly soluble in waterSoluble in waterChemical properties1. Flammability2 co 2 co2 + O2 to ignite1. Cannot burn, or support combustion2. ReductiveCuO + CO delta Cu + CO2Oxidation C + CO2 high temperature 2CO3. Can react with alkaline solutions such as clarified water CO2 plus Ca (OH) 2 = CaCO34. Can react with waterH2O + CO2 = H2CO3Thinking: how to remove the gas from CO and CO22. CO2 in CO gas (the gas is filled with gas cylinders containing sodium hydroxide solution)2. Carbon dioxide gas mixed with CO (gas through rigid glass tube in hot CuO)2. 2 (2) 2. 2 (2)Carbon dioxide gas mixed with SO2 (gas is used to clean gas cylinders containing sodium bicarbonate solution or acid potassium permanganate solution)In the CO2 gas, HCl is mixed (gas is used to clean gas cylinders with sodium bicarbonate solution)In the CO2 gas, H2S are mixed (gas is poured into a gas cylinder containing copper sulfate solution)(2) NaHCO3, Na2CO3 (mentioned in metal and its compounds)The following method of removing impurities is correctA. Remove the CO in CO2B. In addition to BaCO3 solids mixed with BaSO4: after adding excess hydrochloric acid, filtration and washingC. Remove FeCl3 from FeCl2 solution: add excess iron powder and filterD. Remove the CuO from the Cu powder: after a moderate amount of dilute nitric acid, filter and washTest point three silicon and its compounds1. The elemental silicon(1) main physical propertiesSingle silicon has crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon is gray black, metallic luster, hard and brittle solid. Its structure is similar to diamond, melting, boiling point higher, is good semiconductor material.(2) chemical propertiesThere is no free silicon in nature, and silicon in the common chemical phase is SiO2 and silicate. Normal temperature is stable and can only react with F2, HF and NaOH solution. In the case of heating, you can react with O2 and Cl2.(3) industrial process of siliconIn industry, the reduction of SiO2 with coke in the furnace is obtained, and the chemical equation is SiO2 + 2C Si + 2COPurification: Si + 2Cl2 SiCl4 + 2H2 Si + 4HCl(4) use of siliconSilicon is a good semiconductor material that can be used to make integrated circuits, transistors, silicon rectifiers, and silicon solar cells.Silicon dioxide(1) the atomic crystal, which has a tetrahedral structure, does not dissolve in water.Quartz crucible, agate accessories, quartz optical fiber, used in the laboratory of silica as the main component (the relationship between silica, quartz, crystal, agate).(2) chemical propertiesThe weak oxidizing properties of acid oxide(3) use: 1. Skeleton of the information highway. 2. Quartz crucible, quartz glass, quartz clock, etc3. Optical instrument and process accessories (crystal, agate)Think: 1. Why the glass reagent of alkaline solution cannot be used with glass, and rubber plug or cork.2. How to preserve Na2SiO3 and other alkaline solutions in the laboratory?3. Based on common sense, try to compare the boiling point ofcarbon dioxide and silica. Why?4. How to prepare silicic acid from silica?22. The following statements about silicon elemental and its compounds are correctSilicon is the basic element of some rocks and minerals. The cement, glass, and crystal ornaments are silicate productsThe high purity of silicon is widely used in the production of fibre-optic ceramic, which is a very early application of silicate materialsA. in b. in c. in d. in2. Indicate the chemical nature or function of SiO2 in the following reactions, and choose the correct answer in the A ~ D optionIn parentheses.(1) SiO2 naoh + 2 = Na2SiO3 + H2O ()(2) SiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 + CO2 write ()(3) Si SiO2 + 2 c + 2 co write ()(4) SiO2 hf + 4 = SiF4 write + 2 h2o ()A. the glass is consumed and the glass is corrodedB. oxidizingC. acidic oxideD. Exchange volatile anhydride from its saltThe application of silicon elemental and its compound is very wide. Please answer the following questions:(1) silicon semiconductor materials must be prepared with high purity silicon first. Trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) reduction method is the main method of preparing high purity silicon at present, the production process diagram is as follows:The chemical reaction equation of high purity silicon was prepared by pure SiHCl3.The whole preparation process must be strictly controlled without water and oxygen. SiHCl3 reacts violently to produce H2SiO3, HCl and other substances, and writes out the chemical reaction equation of the balance. In the process of H2 reduction of SihCl3, if it is mixed 02, the possible consequence is.(2) the following information about silicon is correct (to fill in the letter).A. The chemical properties of silicon carbide are stable and can be used in the production of high-temperature water mixingB. Silicon nitride has a high hardness and high melting point,which can be used to make high temperature ceramics and bearingsC. ordinary glass is made of pure alkali, limestone and quartz sand, and its melting point is highD. hydrochloric acid can react with silicon, so it is used to polish single crystal silicon with hydrochloric acid(3) sodium silicate water solution is commonly known as water glass. A small amount of sodium silicate solution was used in the test tube, and the solution of saturated ammonium chloride was added. Write an experiment and give an explanation.3. Silicate and silicate(1) silicic acid(1) properties: silicic acid is a weak acid that is insoluble in water, and its acidity is weaker than carbonic acid; silicic acid cannot make the purple litmus test liquid red.The acid is unstable and the heat is easy to break down: H2SiO3 SiO2 + H2O.The reaction of silicic acid to alkali solution, such as the chemical equation with NaOH solution, is:H2SiO3 naoh + 2 = Na2SiO3 + 2 h2o.In water, silicic acid is easily polymerized to form colloid. Lower concentration - colorless transparent solution; When theconcentration is larger -- the gel. Silica gel drying part dehydration after the formation of the porous solid, and silicate adhesive, also known as silica gel, water adsorption ability (physical adsorption method), commonly used as a desiccant, also used as the carrier of catalyst.(2) preparation: silicate can be prepared through soluble silicates and other acid reactions. The chemical equation of reaction is:Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2SiO3, Na2SiO3 + CO2 + H2O = Na2CO3 + H2SiO3.(2) silicate(1) silicates are the general name of compounds composed of silicon, oxygen and metals. Silicates are complex structures that are generally insoluble in water. The chemical properties are stable and are usually represented in the form of silica and metal oxides.(2) the composition of the following silicates is expressed in the form of oxide.Sodium silicate: Na2SiO3 Na2O · SiO2;Calcium silicate: CaSiO3 CaO · SiO2;Kaolinite: Al2 (Si2O5) (OH) 4 Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O.In particular, silicates are expressed in the form of oxidesdue to their complex composition.The order of oxides: active metal oxide, reactive metal oxide, silica, waterThe principle of pre-oxide coefficient configuration: except oxygen, other elements are allocated according to the conservation principle of the number of atoms before and after the configuration.Note: the oxide is separated by "·" The coefficient configuration appears to be an integer.A special case of silicon and its compound knowledgeDeepen understanding of the particularity of silicon:1. Non-metallic single matter is generally non-conductor (such as sulfur), but Si is semiconductor.2. Non-metallic single and base reactions are generallynon-metallic dismutation reactions (non-metals are both oxidizing and reducing agents), while Si and lye are only used as reducing agents.Si + naoh + 2 H2O + 2 = Na2SiO3 h2 write (Cl2 naoh + 2 = NaClO + NaCl + H2O)3 C, Si belong to Ⅳ A clan, reducing Si is larger than C, butC will Si reduction from the SiO2 (condition is high temperature), the reason is the product of CO gas quickly escapefrom the reaction system.SiO2 Si + 2 c + 2 co write4. Non-metallic monominis generally do not interact with non-oxidizing acids, while Si can react with HF.Si + 4 hf = SiF4 write + 2 h2 write5. Acid oxides generally do not react with acid, but SiO2 can work with HF.SiO2 hf + 4 = SiF4 write + 2 h2o6. Inorganic acids are generally soluble in water, while H2SiO3 and H4SiO4 are not soluble in water."Glass is not glass, and alkali is salt", this is the portrayal of Na2SiO3, which is known as "water glass", but it is very different from glass. Na2SiO3 is alkaline for hydrolysis, but it is not a base, but salt.In silicate, silicon only shows a + 4 price, which is shown in SiH4 and Mg2Si.3 (2008 · huanggang simulation) asbestos is a kind of compressive strength, flexibility, heat resistance, high temperature resistance and acid and alkali resistanceCorrosion, and cheap silicates. Asbestos is toxic, and people are susceptible to lung cancer when they inhale asbestos fiber.In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, there was a lot of asbestos in the rubble of the world trade centerOne is called asbestos, and its formula is Na2Fe5Si8O22 (OH) 2.(1) the number of oxygen atoms formed in this asbestos formula with five iron atoms is _______.(2) the "average valence" (or oxidation number) of the asbestos chemical element may be regarded as...(3) change the chemical formula of the asbestos to the form of oxide: _________________.(4) this kind of asbestos belongs to traditional inorganic non-metallic materials, which are not in the traditional inorganic non-metallic materialsMaterial ()A. optical fiber b. cement c. high temperature resistant metal titanium d. alumina ceramic E.concrete(5) the asbestos-acid or alkali reaction can be seen as the reaction of each oxide to an acid or base, if the stone is takenThe cotton soluble in sufficient dilute nitric acid, which isfiltered by the full reaction, the filter is mainly _____, the salt in the filtrateMatter is mainly in the form of ________________.As shown in the figure below. It is known that elemental I can be used as a semiconductor material, and the simple G is the least dense gas, the compoundH is a colorless and odorless toxic gas that can be burned in the air. The compound E is easily soluble in water to form an oxygen-free acid.The anaerobic acid can react with oxide A at normal temperature.Please fill in the blanks:(1) the chemical formula of oxide A is ______________________.(2) the electronic form of compound E is______________________.The chemical equation of the reaction is_______________________________.The chemical equation of reaction is_______________________________.[experimental design]Crystalline silicon is an important non-metallic material. Themain steps of preparing pure silicon are as follows:In high temperature, silica is made of carbon dioxideThe gas reaction of coarse silicon and dry HCl is SiHCl3: Si + 3HCl 3 + H2(3) SiHCl3 with excess H2 in 1 000 ~ 1 100 ℃ reaction was pure siliconSiHCl3 is known to react strongly with H2O and spontaneously ignite in the air.Please answer the following questions:(1) the chemical reaction equation for the preparation of crude silicon by step 1 is __________________________.(2) the coarse silicon react with HCl, completely by the condensation of SiHCl3 boiling point (33.0 ℃) contains a small amount of SiCl4 (boiling point 57.6 ℃) and HCl (boiling point 84.7 ℃), the method for purification SiHCl3 ______.(3) the installation of pure silicon with SiHCl3 and overdose of H2 is as follows (the heat source and clamping device are omitted) :The reagent in device B is _______________.The flask in device C needs to be heated, and its purpose is __________________.After a period of time, the observed phenomenon in device D is ________________________,The reason why device D cannot adopt ordinary glass tube is that ________________________,Device D react in the chemical equation for__________________________________.(3) in order to guarantee the success of the preparation of pure silicon experiment, experiment device of operation is the key to check the air tightness, good control of reaction temperature and_______________________________________________.In order to determine whether the silicon in the product contains trace iron, the sample is dissolved with the dilute hydrochloric acid, and the reagent (fill in the letter code) that needs to be added after taking the upper cleaning liquid is....A. Iodine water b. chlorine water c.N aOH solution d. k SCN solution e.N a2SO3 solution[experimental development]In the electronic industry, the reaction of using magnesium to make silicon is 2Mg + SiO2 2MgO + Si, and the side reaction will occur: 2Mg + Si Mg2Si, Mg2Si will react rapidly with hydrochloric acid to produce SiH4 (silane),SiH4 is an unstable, spontaneous gas at normal temperature. The following diagram is an experimental device for the reaction of Mg and SiO2. Try to answer the following questions:(1) because the existence of O2 has a great influence on the experiment, the gas should be used as the protective gas in the experiment. The solid medicine in the test tube can be used for....The limestone is a pure alkali(2) at the beginning of the experiment, it is necessary to pass into the X gas and then heat the reactants for a reason.When the reaction is triggered, the alcohol lamp is removed and the reaction can proceed, because _____________.(3) after the reaction is over, the diluted hydrochloric acid can be added to the mixture after cooling to normal temperature, and the shining Mars can be observed. The reason for this phenomenon is expressed as:1)___________________________________________________________ ,(2)___________________________________________________________ .The following equation of ions, the correct one is ()A. silica reacts with hydrofluoric acidB. silicon and hydroxide solution reaction Si + 2oh-+ H2O = SiO2 + 2H2 arrowC. pour the water glass into the hydrochloric acidD. Barium carbonate is soluble in dilute nitric acid, CO3, 2 - + 2H + = H2O + CO2Speaks the 24th 25th silicon carbon group elements and compounds inorganic non-metallic materials (total 89 PPT) carbon, silicon is the main content of this unit, inorganic nonmetallic material is carbon element of knowledge application, the family and cheek by jowl with daily life and production, is also one of the college entrance examination examination site calendar year. The review should proceed from the following four aspects: 1. Glass, cement; Common and difference of traditional inorganic non-metallic materials and new inorganic non-metallic materials; 2. Grasp application and combine with life and production. 3. Grasp information and pay attention to knowledge transfer; Grasp the propositional trend. The college entrance examination is mainly multiple-choice questions, and the fill-in-the-blanks and experiments are also covered in small amounts. Due to the practical applications of this unit is strong, flexible proposition direction, and the basic theory, knowledge combining with other element compounds examination together, reflect the new material, new technology of knowledge will be transplanted into the proposition scope,test students' ability to accept new information. This unit includes knowledge of the property of carbon elements, the main properties of carbon and its oxides and carbonates, the properties of silicon and its oxides, silicates and inorganic non-metallic materials. The knowledge of this unit has been used as a hot topic in the 2008 college entrance examination. There are choice questions, fill-in-the-blanks, experiments, information, and comprehensive reasoning. Examination of students' ability to accept new information and knowledge transfer is the trend of the college entrance examination. In this unit, we should be careful to make full use of theoretical knowledge to guide the review of chemical elements. Through review of the basic knowledge of the production of silicate industry, more knowledge of industrial production。

12碳和硅及其化合物一、课标导航知识内容课标要求目标层次常见非金属元素和应用根据研究物质的思想和方法，掌握常见非金属单质及其重要化合物的主要性质Ⅱ了解常见非金属单质及其重要化合物对环境质量的影响I二、核心纲要1. 硅单质1．物理性质2．化学性质：和碳相似，在常温下化学性质不活泼．(1)常温下，不与强酸反应，但能与氢氟酸、氟气和烧碱等物质反应．(硅的特性)(2)加热条件下，能跟一些非金属单质反应．存在和形态颜色状态导电性自然界中无游离态的硅，主要以二氧晶化硅和硝酸盐的存在形式晶体是灰黑色、有金属光泽、脆而介于导的固体介于导体和绝缘体之间（硅和锗是重要的半导体材料）高温加热3.工业制法(焦炭在电炉中还原二氧化硅得到粗硅，粗硅提纯后可以得到半导体材料的高纯硅)粗硅提纯：4．用途①做半导体材料的晶体管、集成电路、硅整流器和太阳能电池等②制合金：含硅 的钢具有良好的磁性------变压器铁芯；含硅左右的钢具有良好的耐酸性，可做耐酸性设备等．高温（）（）加热（）2. 二氧化硅1．存在2．物理性质3．化学性质颜色状态硬度，熔沸点水溶性无色透明固体硬度大，熔沸点高难溶于水4．用途光导纤维的主要材料；石英表中压电材料；石英坩埚类别酸性氧化物熔沸点较高化学性质与水不与水反应，也不溶于水与碱及碱性氧化物反应（装溶液的试剂瓶用橡皮塞，而不用玻璃塞）与特殊酸（雕刻玻璃）与碳酸盐反应（制玻璃原理）弱氧化性高温高温高温高温高温3. 硅酸1．物理性质白色固体，难溶于水．2．化学性质(1)弱酸性①的酸性比弱，因此可由比强的酸与可溶性硅酸盐反应得到硅酸： （胶体） （胶体）（胶体）生成的硅酸逐渐聚合形成胶体溶液—硅酸溶胶，浓度较大时形成硅酸凝胶，经干燥脱水，形成硅胶，硅胶多孔，吸附水分能力强，常用作实验室和袋装食品、瓶装药品等的干燥剂，也可用作催化剂的载体．②硅酸不能使指示剂变色，但可以与强碱反应．(2)不稳定性受热分解：4. 硅酸盐1．硅酸盐的组成及物理性质硅酸盐是由硅、氧和金属元素组成的化合物的总称，在自然界中分布极广，大多数不溶于水，化学性质很稳定．2．硅酸钠化学式为 ，可溶于水，其水溶液俗称水玻璃，又称泡花碱．是一种无色粘稠的液体．3．化学性质(1)与酸反应（胶体）（胶体）(2)热稳定性好，不能燃烧，不易被腐蚀．具有阻燃性．可用作肥皂填料、木材防火剂及黏胶剂等．4．三大传统硅酸盐产品水泥玻璃陶瓷主要原料黏土，石灰石；辅料：石膏黏土，石灰石；辅料：石膏黏土主要用途用作建筑材料，制水泥砂浆，混凝土，钢筋混凝土制有色玻璃，钢化玻璃，光学玻制，玻璃纤维等制作绝缘餐具，砖瓦，瓷坩埚，蒸发皿精华点拨1．与的比较2．硅酸盐的表示方法硅酸盐种类繁多，结构复杂，组成各异，通常用二氧化硅和金属氧化物的组成形式表示其组成． 例如：硅酸钠：硅酸钙：：高岭石：名称二氧化碳二氧化硅存在空气岩石中，硅石、石英、水晶、硅藻土都含结构由分子构成的晶体由 两种原子构成的立体网状结构的晶体物理性质熔、沸点低，常温时是气体，能溶于水()熔、沸点高，无色透明晶体或白色粉末，不溶 于水化学性质与水反应与酸反应除 外不反应与 反应与反应相互转换（不能说明硅酸酸性比碳酸强）（胶体）高温高温三、全能突破1. 基础演练A.B.1.关于二氧化硅，下列叙述不正确的是（ ）水晶的主要成分是二氧化硅二氧化硅和二氧化碳在物理性质上有很大差别C. D.二氧化硅不溶于水，也不能跟水起反应生成酸二氧化硅是一种酸性氧化物，它不跟任何酸起反应A.两者均为弱酸B.两者均可使紫色石蕊试液变红色C.气体通入 溶液中可以制得硅酸D.两者受热时均可以分解2.下列关于碳酸（）和硅酸（）的说法中不正确的是（ ）A.B.C.D.3.四氯化硅还原法是当前制备较高纯度硅的一种方法，有关反应的化学方程式为：下列说法不合理的是（ ）反应制得的硅可用于制造半导体材料反应制得的硅可用于制造光导纤维粗硅可以用反应来制取，该反应属于置换反应混入少量空气对上述反应有影响高温高温A.①②⑤B.①③C.②④D.③④⑤4.在一定条件下，既能与 反应，又能跟 反应的物质是（ ）① 溶液；②浓硫酸；③溶液；④碳；⑤碳酸钠2. 能力提升A.B.C.D.1.下列各实验操作中，能证明生石灰中可能既混有石英，又混有石灰石的是（ ）加入过量盐酸，观察是否有气泡冒出加入过量烧碱溶液，观察是否有固体溶解加热至高温、观察是否有气泡冒出、有硅酸钙生成先加过量盐酸搅拌，观察是否有不溶物剩余及气泡出现；若有不溶物则滤出，投入到 溶液中看其是否溶解A.①②③④B.②C.①③④ D.②③④2.将过量的 分别通入：① 溶液；② 溶液；③ 溶液；④ 溶液，最终有沉淀析出的是（ ）A. B. C. D.3.下列变化中不能一步实现的是（ ）4.A.B.C.D.由 、、、 组成的混合粉末。