英语句子成分

1 英 语 句 子 成 分 讲 解 2014年9月 掌握句子成分,把握句子脉络,有助于理解句子意思,见到英语句子应当首先抓住句子的主要成分,即: 主语和谓语部分, 先弄清句子要陈述的对象(谁或什么) 干什么做什么,然后再去找修饰成分或说明成分. 句子所要陈述的对象(谁或什么)是主语; 干(做)什么是谓语;谓语的承受者是宾语; 修饰主语和宾语的成分是定语; 修饰谓语, 形容词或副词的成分是状语; 系动词之后的是表语. 一 句子成分的定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有 _____和______；次要成分有_______, _______, _______, ________,_______, 和_____。 例如：(划分句子成分) The delicious food tastes good. __________ ____ _____ _____ The Chinese workers are building a tall building near the school. ________ ______ __________ ____ ______ ___________ 二 分类 ： 1. 主语： 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 例如： （在主语下划横线） During the 1990s, country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） What makes you so upset? （疑问代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 【注意：】there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面 练一练： 找出下列句子中的主语，并说出是由什么来充当主语的： 1. She wrote a letter to him. ________________ 2. Whether he will come is none of my business. ____________ 3. To say it is easier than to do it. ____________ 4. It is possible to fly to the moon by spaceship._____________ 5. Listening to music is the best way to relax. ___________________ 6. The wounded have been sent to hospital. ______________________ 7. Teachers and students were excited to hear the news. ________________ 2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在 主语之后。谓语的构成有三种不同的形式， 如下： 1）动词 ： 由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2）情态动词或其他助动词 + 实意动词构成。 例如： （在谓语下划横线） You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 2

3）系动词 + 表语 The report is interesting. 掌握谓语应注意它的几种变化： 1）人称和数的变化 I work in a forein company. He works in a ....... 2）时态变化 3）语态变化 4）语气变化 练一练： 在下列句子中的谓语动词下划横线: 1. The earth moves round the sun. 2. The factory has turned into a big store. 3. We must give up some bad habits. 4. The sentence doesn’t sound right. 5. The weather becomes cold. 3. 表语： 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 例如：（在表语下划横线） Our teacher of English is an American. （名词） Is it yours? （代词） The weather has turned cold. （形容词） The speech is exciting. （分词） Three times seven is twenty one? （数词） His job is to teach English. （不定式） His hobby is playing football. （动名词） The machine must be out of order. （介词短语） Time is up. The class is over. （副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） 英语中常用的系动词有：___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 例如：（在宾语下划横线） They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. （代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me. （不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office. （宾语从句） 有一些动词能接双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. 人称代词称作间接宾语， 表示物的名词称做直接宾语。 能接双宾语的动词有： give , choose, pass, teach, buy, show, send, bring, cook 等， 例如： She bought me a bike. They gave the children many books. 3

5. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 例如：（在宾语补足语下划横线） His father named him Dongming. （名词） They painted their boat white. （形容词） Let the fresh air in. （副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短语） We saw her entering the room. （现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now. （从句） 【注意：】 ①不定式做宾语补足语有时可以省不定式符号 to, 这种情况取决于谓语动词，这样的谓语动词有; make , let , have ; listen to, hear, see, wacth ,observe, notice, + 宾语 + V原形

He made me work all day. ②不是所有的动词都能接现在分词做宾补。能接动词分词做宾补的谓语动词有： have, get, keep, set, leave ; hear,listen to, see, notice, watch, observe, find, catch +宾语+ Ving

The old man had the lights burning all night long. 6. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： 例如：（在定语下划横线） Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） His speech moved everyone present. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His progress in English made us surprised.（代词） The monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） The train which has just left is for Shang Hai. ( ________________) Do you know the person who spoke in the room? ( ________________) 7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： 例如： （在状语下划横线） Light travels most quickly. （副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six? （_______状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（______状语）