语篇分析 讲义Discourse Analysis

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2.2 Topic and comment 话题和述题
• Topic话题: what the utterance is about. • Comment述题: what is said about the topic.
• Topic is the element of a sentence that functions as the center of attention.
• written
spoken
• Used interchangeably now
语言学discourse-analysis
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1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis
• Discourse analysis • Discourse linguistics/ discourse studies/ text analysis
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2.1 Given and new information
• Forms of N/G information: • New-information carriers usually receive more stress, and they are
commonly more elaborated, e.g. with a full noun phrase, relative clause or adjectival modifier(s).
• Kent returned my car last night after borrowing it for the day. One of the wheels was about to fall off and the dashboard was missing.

Implications about the definition:
1) It is the use of language that makes
2)
human beings human;
2) Language seems to be as old as our species;
3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates
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Discourse Analysis (7)
a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society;
b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech;
c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write;
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
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Discourse Analysis (9)
d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
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Discourse Analysis (8)

2.3 Discourse Pattern
2.3.2The general particular pattern The typical textual patterns are those as follows: General statement General statement

↓
↓
Specific statement 1 ↓ Specific statement 2
2.3 Discourse Pattern

2.3.3 The hypothetical-real pattern or the claimcounterclaim pattern [2.10] Every other critic has said that On Food and Cooking is brilliant, a revelation, and a unique combination of scientific insight and literacy which sweeps aside all myth and jargon as none have done before. Mcgee‘s book is indeed well written, is full of good things and is good to have on the shelves as a continuing source of reference and quotes . But it also has its fair share of mistakes, omissions and misalignments of emphasis.
2.3 Discourse Pattern

06 话语分析的挑战与未来发 展
数据收集与处理问题
1 2 3
数据来源的多样性
话语分析需要收集各种类型的数据，包括口语、 书面语、多媒体等，如何有效地从各种来源收集 数据是一个挑战。
数据处理的复杂性
对于大规模的话语数据，如何进行有效的处理和 分析，提取有用的信息，需要借助自然语言处理 等技术手段。
话语功能理论
话语的交际功能
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话语是交际的基本单位，具有表达思想、传递信息、建立联系
等交际功能。
话语的语境适应性
02
话语需要根据不同的交际语境进行调整和变化，以适应不同的
交际需求。
话语的语体特征
03
不同类型的话语具有不同的语体特征，如口语和书面语、正式
和非正式等。
话语认知理论
话语的心理过程
话语的理解和生成涉及复杂的心 理过程，包括感知、记忆、思维、 情感等。
揭示语言与社会 的密切关系
话语分析能够揭示语言使用 与社会文化、政治经济等方 面的密切关系，有助于我们 深入理解语言的社会功能。
促进跨文化交流
通过话语分析，我们可以了 解不同文化背景下的语言使 用习惯和交际规则，从而促 进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
提高语言教学效 果
话语分析可以帮助教师了解 学生的实际语言需求和交际 能力，从而有针对性地设计 教学内容和方法，提高语言 教学效果。
数据质量的控制
在数据收集和处理过程中，如何保证数据的质量 和代表性，避免数据的偏见和误导，是一个需要 关注的问题。
理论框架的完善与创新
现有理论框架的局限性
目前的话语分析理论框架在某些方面存在局限性，如对话语结构的描述、对话语意义的解释等，需要进一步完善和创 新。