No 08-02 Date June 13, 2008 Foreign Corrupt Practices

2008年6月应用能力B级真题Part II Vocabulary & Structure (15 minutes)Directions: This part is to test your ability to use words and phrases correctly to construct meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. It consists of 2 sections.Section ADirections: There are 10 incomplete statements here. You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.16. Please keep a detailed ______ of the work that you have done.A. paperB. ideaC. exerciseD. record17. ______ our great surprise, the new secretary can speak four foreign languages.A. OfB. InC. ToD. For18. The department manager ______ a new plan to promote sales at the meeting.A. took awayB. put forwardC. looked afterD. got on19. What he told me to do was ______ I should get fully prepared before the interview.A. whatB. ifC. whichD. that20. When dealing with a ______ task. Alice always asks for help from people around her.A. difficultB. wonderfulC. funnyD. simple21. Location is the first thing customers consider when ______ to buy a house.A. planningB. plannedC. to planD. having planned22. Soft drink sales in this city have ______ by 8% compared with last year.A. pickedB. movedC. increasedD. pushed23. If I hadn't attended an important meeting yesterday, I ______ to see you.A. will have comeB. would have comeC. have comeD. had come24. To obtain a visa to enter that country for the first time, you need to apply ______.A. in partB. in personC. in turnD. in place25. The new model of the car was put into production in 2007, ______ helped to provide another 1400 jobs. A. that B. when C. what D. which Section BDirections: There are also 10 incomplete statements here. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given in brackets. Write the word or words in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet.26. My impression is that the sales of this company have (great) ______ increased this year.27. This picture (take) ______ by a young reporter in Beijing last month.28. Tom has made the (decide) ______ to apply for a job in the company.29. No reader is allowed (take) ______ any reference book out of the reading room.30. Although you may not (success) ______ in the beginning, you should keep on trying.31. Because light travels (fast) ______ than sound, lightning is seen before thunder(雷) is heard.32. The doctor recommended that Mary (start) ______ the health program as soon as possible.33. It took me several weeks to get used to (drive) ______ on the left side of the road in London.34. This medicine is highly (effect) ______ in treating skin cancer if it is applied early enough.35. Now the number of people who are working at home on the Internet (be) ______ still very small.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Directions: This part is to test your reading ability. There are 5 tasks for you to fulfill. You should read the reading materials carefully and do the tasks as you are instructed.Task 1Falls are the number one cause of death to old people at home. Most old people can live safely at home if they make a few changes. Falls are common as people are getting older. Up to half of home accidents could be prevented by making some very simple changes. Here are a few suggestions.Mark trouble spots with bright tapes. The first and last steps on stairs are usually high-risk accident are- as. Applying bright tapes and using bright light in these areas would make these spots easier to see.Put grab bars(扶手) in the bathroom. A large number of falls occur in the bathroom. This is unfortunate(不幸的) because it's easy to make the area safe from accidents. Putting grab bars in the bathroom gives people something to hang on to.Invest in a personal alarm. A personal alarm can be started if a person falls or otherwise gets in trouble. With the push of a button, the alarm automatically sends a signal, which gets someone to call and see if the person needs help.36. By making some very simple changes at home, old people ______.A. are free from home accidentsB. can improve their healthC. are likely to live longerD. can live more safely37. Last Steps on stairs may become a high-risk accident area if they are ______.A. not painted in a different colorB. not marked with bright tapesC. fixed with grab barsD. very brightly lit38. Falls in the bathroom are considered to be unfortunate because ______.A. they can easily be avoidedB. old people seldom fall in bathroomsC. grab bars do not help to prevent fallsD. bathroom accidents are difficult to prevent39. A personal alarm is designed for old people to ______.A. detect safety conditions at homeB. avoid falls in the bathroomC. send out signals for helpD. make phone calls easily40. The purpose of this passage is to tell people that ______.A. most old people die from accidents at homeB. up to half of home accidents could be preventedC. falls at home can be avoided by taking some simple measuresD. protection of old people should be the first concern for the publicTask 2We have created a special rate that will let you travel actually thousands of miles on your vacation at no extra cost.In most of our US and Canadian offices, we'll rent you cars of high quality for seven days for $ 99.You can drive as far as you like without paying us a penny over the $ 99 as long as you return the car to the city from which you rented it. Insurance(保险) is included, gas is not.If you rent the car in Florida or in California, the rate is the same, but you can return the carto any city in the state.If you'd like some suggestions on what to do with the car once you've got it, we have driving and touting guides for almost every part of the country. No matter which rate you choose, the company comes at no extra cost. You don't just rent a car. You rent a company!41. According to the advertisement, $ 99 is the rate offered for ______.A. traveling a limited distanceB. renting a car for seven daysC. hiring a driving guideD. driving within a state42. Which of the following is included in the car-renting rate?A. Gas used.B. Car repairs.C. The hotel charge.D. Insurance fee.43. The car-renting rate remains $ 99if you ______.A. return the car to where you rent itB. drive within the same cityC. buy the insuranceD. pay for the gas44. The last sentence of the passage "You rent a company" means that ______.A. you have to be responsible for the companyB. you should obey the rules set by the companyC. you can enjoy all-round services of this companyD. you may choose the best car from the company45. The purpose of the passage is to advertise ______.A. car-renting services in the USB. a special rate of car-rentingC. the advantages of car-rentingD. a US car-renting companyTask 3Dear Ms. Rennick:Professor Saul Wilder, an adviser to your firm, has informed me that your company is looking for someone with excellent communication skills, organizational experience, and leadership background for a management position. I believe that my enclosed resume will show that I have the qualifications (资历) and experience you seek. In addition, I'd like to mention how my work experience as a sales manager last summer makes me a particularly strong candidate for the position.I would be grateful if you can offer me an opportunity for an interview with you. If you are interested, please contact me at (317) 555-0118 any time before 11:00 a. m., or feel free to leave a message. I look forward to meeting with you to discuss the ways my skills may best serve your company.Sincerely yours,Richard Smith An Application LetterApplicant: Richard SmithPosition applied for. a (46) positionQualifications required for the position.1. excellent (47)2. organizational experience3. (48) backgroundWork experience (last summer): as 49Contact number. (50)Enclosure: resurneTask 4Directions:The following is a list of terms used in the waybill(详情单)of the Express Mail Service. After reading it, you are required to find the items equivalent to (与......等同) those given in Chinese in the table below. Then you should put the corresponding letters in the brackets on the Answer Sheet, numbered 51 through 55.A--original office B--accepted dateC--posting stamp D--delivery stampE--company name F--sender's addressG--customer code H--documentI--parcel J--name of contentsK--insurance amount L--sender's signatureM--postal code N--insurance feeO--total charge P--receiver's signatureQ--remark51．( )费用总计( )收寄日期52．( )文件资料( )邮政编码53．( )用户代码( )收件人签名54．( )内件品名( )发件人地址55．( )收寄日戳( )单位名称Task 5To effectively use this washing machine, you must complete four steps carefully, loading(装载) the clothes, pouring in the detergent (洗涤剂), adjusting the water temperature, and putting in the coins. First, throw clothes of similar color into the machine; for example, whites, colored clothes, and towels should be washed separately. While completing this step, you must be careful not to overload the machine. Second, you should read the directions on your detergent box to find out the correct amount for your particular load. Next, select one of three possible water temperatures, hot, warm, or cold. Generally, hot temperature is used for white clothes, warm temperature for light colored clothes, and cold temperature for dark or brightly colored clothes. Finally, after dosing the door of the washing machine, put in the proper amount of money.In summary, by following these simple directions, the washer will give you a clean load of wet clothes.56. Why should you follow the directions carefully when using the machine?To use the washing machine ______57. What is the first step for using the machine to wash your clothes?To throw the clothes of ______ into the machine.58. Where can you find the correct amount of the detergent to be used? On ______59. What temperature is recommended for washing light colored clothes? ______60. When should you put in the money? After ______ of the washing machine.Part IV Translation —— English into Chinese (25 minutes)61. Two assistants will be required to check reporters' names when they arrive at the press conference.A．两位助手要求记者在到达新闻发布会时通报他们的姓名。

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Part I Writing (30 minutes)Recreational ActivitiesDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write A Letter of Apology according to the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.1.娱乐活动多种多样2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性3.作为大学生，我的看法。

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Media Selection for AdvertisementsAfter determining the target audience for a product or service, advertising agencies must select the appropriate media for the advertisement. We discuss here the major types of media used in advertising. We focus on attention on seven types of advertising: television, newspapers, radio, magazines, out-of-home, Internet, and direct mail.TelevisionTelevision in an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? you can understand the power of television to communicate with a large audience. When advertisers create a brand, for example, they want to impress consumers with the brand and its image. Television provides an ideal vehicle for this type of communication. But television is an expensive medium, and not all advertisers can afford to use it.Television’s influence on advertising is fourfold. First, narrowcasting means that television channels are seen by an increasingly narrow segment of the audience. the Golf Channel, for instance, is watched by people who play golf. Home and Garden Television is seen by those interested in household improvement projects. Thus, audiences are smaller and more homogeneous (具有共同特点的) than they have been in the past. Second, there is an increase in the number of television channels available to viewers, and thus, advertisers. This had also resulted in an increase in the sheer number of advertisements to which audiences are exposed. Third, digital recording devices allow audience members more control over which commercials they watch. Fourth, control over programming is being passed from the networks to local cable operators and satellite programmers.NewspapersAfter television, the medium attracting the next largest annual as revenue is newspapers. The New York Times, which reaches a national audience, accounts for $1 billion in ad revenue annually. It has increased its national circulation (发行量) by 40% and is now available for home delivery in 168 cities. Locally, newspapers are the largest advertising medium.Newspapers are a less expensive advertising medium than television and provide a way for advertisers to communicate a longer, more detailed message to their audience than they can through television. Given new production techniques, advertisements can be printed in about 48 hours, meaning newspapers are also a quick way of getting the message out. Newspapers are often the most important form of news for a local community, and they develop a high degree of loyalty from local readers.RadioAdvertising on radio continues to grow. Radio is often used in conjunction with outdoor bill-boards (广告牌) and theInternet to reach even more customers than television. Advertisers are likely to use radio because it is a less expensive medium than television, which means advertisers can afford to repeat their ads often. Internet companies are also turning to radio advertising. Radio provides a way for advertisers to communicate with audience members at all times of the day. Consumers listen to radio on their way to school or work, at work, on the way home, and in the evening hours.Two major changes—satellite and Internet radio—will force radio advertisers to adapt their methods. Both of these radio forms allow listeners to tune in stations that are more distant than the local stations they could receive in the past. As a result, radio will increasingly attract target audiences who live many miles apart.MagazinesNewsweeklies, women’s titles, and business magazines have all seen increases in advertising be cause they attract the high-end market. Magazines are popular with advertisers because of the narrow market that they deliver. A broadcast medium such as network television attracts all types of audience members, but magazine audiences are more homogeneous. If you read Sports Illustrated, for example, you have such in common with the magazine’s other readers. Advertisers see magazines as an efficient way of reaching target audience members.Advertisers using the print media—magazines and newspapers—will need to adapt to two main changes. First, the Internet will bring larger audiences to local newspapers. These audiences will be more diverse and geographically dispersed (分散) than in the past. Second, advertisers will have to understand how to use an increasing number of magazines for their target audiences. Although some magazines will maintain national audiences, a large number of magazines will entertain narrower audiences.Out-of-home advertisingOut-of-home advertising, also called place-based advertising, has become an increasingly effective way of reaching consumers, who are more active than ever before. Many consumers today do not sit at home and watch television. Using billboards, newsstands, and bus shelters for advertising is an effective way of reaching these on-the-go consumers. More consumers travel longer distances to and from work, which also makes out-of-home advertising effective. Technology has changed the nature of the billboard business, making it a more effective medium than in the past. Using the digital printing, billboard companies can print a billboard in 2 hours, compared with 6 days previously. This allows advertisers more variety in the types of messages they create because they can change their messages more quickly.InternetAs consumers become more comfortable with online shopping, advertisers will seek to reach this market. As consumers get more of their news and information from the Internet, the ability of television and radio to get the word out to consumers will decrease. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that audience members remember. Internet advertising will play a more prominent role in organizations’ advertising in the near future. Internet audiences tend to be quite homogeneous, but small. Advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach these audiences and will have to adapt their persuasive strategies to the inline medium as well.Direct mailA final advertising medium is direct mail, which uses mailings to consumers to communicate a client’s m essage. Direct mail includes newsletters, postcards, and special promotion. Direct mail is an effective way to build relationships with consumers. For many businesses, direct mail is the most effective form of advertising.1. Television is an attractive advertising medium in that ________.A) it has large audiencesB) it appeals to housewives C) it helps build up a company’s reputationD) it is affordable to most advertisers2. With the increase in the number of TV channels, ________.A) the cost of TV advertising has decreased B) the number of TV viewers has increasedC) advertisers’ interest in other media has decreasedD) the number of TV ads people can see has increased3. Compare with television, newspapers as an advertising medium _______.A) earn a larger annual ad revenueB) convey more detailed messages C) use more production techniquesD) get messages out more effectively4. Advertising on radio continues to grow because _______.A) more local radio stations have been set upB) modern technology makes it more entertaining C) it provides easy access to consumersD) it has been revolutionized by Internet radio5. Magazines are seen by advertisers as an efficient way to _______.A) reach target audiencesB) appeal to educated people C) attract diverse audiencesD) convey all kinds of messages6. Out-of-home advertising has become more effective because _______.A) billboards can be replaced within two hoursB) consumers travel more now than ever before C) such ads have been made much more attractiveD) the pace of urban life is much faster nowadays7. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that are ________.A) quick to update B) pleasant to look at C) easy to remember D) convenient to access8. Internet advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach audiences that tend to be _______.9. Direct mail is an effective form of advertising for business to develop ________.10. This passage discusses how advertisers select ________ for advertisements.Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section A11. A) Given his ankle a good rest.B) Treat his injury immediately. C) Continue his regular activities.D) Be careful when climbing steps.12. A) On a train. B) On a plane. C) In a theater. D) In a restaurant.13. A) A tragic accident.B) A sad occasion. C) Smith’s unusual life story.D) Smith’s sleeping problem.14. A) Review the detail of all her lessons.B) Compare notes with his classmates. C) Talk with her about his learning problems.D) Focus in the main points of her lectures.15. A) The man blamed the woman for being careless. B) The man misunderstood the woman’s apology.C) The woman offered to pay for the man’s coffee. D) The woman spilt coffee on the man’s jacket.16. A) Extremely tedious.B) Hard to understand. C) Lacking a good plot.D) Not worth seeing twice.17. A) Attending every lecture.B) Doing lots of homework. C) Reading very extensively.D) Using test-taking strategies.18. A) The digital TV system will offer different programs. B) He is eager to see what the new system is like.C) He thinks it unrealistic to have 500 channels. D) The new TV system may not provide anything better. Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) A notice by the electricity board.B) Ads promoting electric appliances. C) The description of a thief in disguise.D) A new policy on pensioners’ welfare.20. A) Speaking with a proper accent.B) Wearing an official uniform. C) Making friends with them.D) Showing them his ID.21. A) To be on the alert when being followed.B) Not to leave senior citizens alone at home. C) Not to let anyone in without an appointment.D) To watch out for those from the electricity board.22. A) She was robbed near the parking lot. B) All her money in the bank disappeared.C) The pension she had just drawn was stolen. D) She was knocked down in the post office. Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) Marketing consultancy.B) Professional accountancy. C) Luxury hotel management.D) Business conference organization.24. A) Having a good knowledge of its customs.B) Knowing some key people in tourism. C) Having been to the country before.D) Being able to speak Japanese.25. A) It will bring her potential into full play.B) It will involve lots of train travel. C) It will enable her to improve her Chinese.D) It will give her more chances to visit Japan.Section BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the conversation you have just heard.26. A) The lack of time.B) The quality of life. C) The frustrations at work.D) The pressure on working families.27. A) They were just as busy as people of today.B) They saw the importance of collective efforts. C) They didn’t complain as much as modern ma n.D) They lived a hard life by hunting and gathering.28. A) To look for creative ideas of awarding employees.B) To explore strategies for lowering production costs.C) To seek new approaches to dealing with complaints.D) To find effective ways to give employees flexibility.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the conversation you have just heard.29. A) Family violence.B) The Great Depression. C) Her father’s disloyalty.D) Her mother’s bad temper.30. A) His advanced age.B) His children’s efforts. C) His improved financial condition.D) His second wife’s positive influence.31. A) Love is blind.B) Love breeds love. C) Divorce often has disastrous consequences.D) Happiness is hard to find in blended families.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the conversation you have just heard.32. A) It was located in a park.B) Its owner died of a heart attack. C) It went bankrupt all of a sudden.D) Its potted plants were for lease only.33. A) Planting some trees in the greenhouse.B) Writing a want ad to a local newspaper. C) Putting up a Going Out of Business sign.D) Helping a customer select some purchases.34. A) Opening an office in the new office park.B) Keeping better relations with her company. C) Developing fresh business opportunities.D) Building a big greenhouse of his own.35. A) Owning the greenhouse one day.B) Securing a job at the office park. C) Cultivating more potted plants.D) Finding customers out of town.Section CWe’re now witnessing the emergence of an adv anced economy based on information and knowledge. Physical (36) ________, raw materials, and capital are no longer the key (37) ________ in the creation of wealth. Now, the (38) _______ raw material in our economy is knowledge. Tomorrow’s wealth depends on the development and exchange of knowledge. And (39) _______ entering the workforce offer their knowledge, not their muscles. Knowledge workers get paid for their education and their ability to learn. Knowledge workers (40) ________ in mind work. They deal with symbols: (41) ________, and data.What does all this mean for you? As a future knowledge worker, you can expect to be (42) ________, processing, as well as exchanging information, (43) _______, three out of hour jobs involve some form of mind work, and that number will increase sharply in the future. Management and employees alike (44)_______________________________________________________________________.In the new world of work, you can look forward to being in constant training (45) _______________________________________________________________. And don’t wait for someone to ―empower‖ you. You have to empower yourself.Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ASome years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would require three months of travel through Europe. I had been abroad a couple of times, but I could hardly _47_ to know my way around the continent. Moreover, my knowledge of foreign languages was _48_ to a little college French.I hesitated. How would I, unable to speak the language, _49_ unfamiliar with local geography or transportation systems, set up _50_ and do research? It seemed impossible, and with considerable _51_ I sat down to write a letter begging off. Halfway through, a thought can through my mind: you can learn if you don’t try. So I accepted the assignment.There were some bad _52_. But by the time I had finished the trip I was an experienced traveler. And ever since, I have never hesitated to head for even the most remote of places, without guiders or even _53_ bookings, confident that somehow I will manage.The point is that the new, the different, is almost by definition _54_. But each time you try something, you learn, and as the learning piles up, the world opens to you.I’ve learned to ski at 40, and flown up the Rhine River in a _55_. And I know I’ll go on doing such things. It’s not because I’m braver or more daring than others. I’m not. But I’ll accept anxiety as another name for challenge and I believe I can _56_ wonders.A) accomplishB) advancedC) balloonD) claim E) constantlyF) declareG) interviewsH)limitedI) manufactureJ) momentsK) newsL) reducedM) regretN) scaryO) totallySection BPassage OneGlobal warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but regardless of whether it is or isn’t –we won’t do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.Al Gore calls global warming an ―inconvenient truth,‖ as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. But the real truth is that we don’t know enough to relieve global warming, and –without major technological breakthroughs—we can’t do much about it.From 2003 to 2050, the world’s population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO2) will be 42% higher in 2050. but that’s too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we condemn the world’s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else’s livin g standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they’re ―doing something.‖ Consider the Kyoto Protocol (京都议定书). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t. But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories (签字国) didn’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we don’t solve the engineering problem, we’re helple ss.57. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph?A) It may not prove an environmental crisis at all.B) It is an issue requiring world wide commitments. C) Serious steps have been taken to avoid or stop it.D) Very little will be done to bring it under control.58. According to the author’s understanding, what is Al Gore’s view on global warming?A) It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware of.B) It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences.C) It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized.D) It is an area we actually have little knowledge about.59. Green house emissions will more than double by 2050 because of _______.A) economic growthB) the widening gap between the rich and poor C) wasteful use of energyD) the rapid advances of science and technology60. The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, ________.A) politicians have started to do something to better the situationB) few nations have adopted real tough measures to limit energy useC) reductions in energy consumption have greatly cut back global warmingD) international cooperation has contributed to solving environmental problems61. What is the message the author intends to convey?A) Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one.B) The ultimate solution to global warming lies in new technologyC) The debate over global warming will lead to technological breakthroughs.D) People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming.Passage TwoSomeday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the Websites you’ve visited. Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchase or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits.In fact, it’s likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without your permission? It might be a spouse, a girlfriend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen — the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked.Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it’s important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs (碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simple cannot keep a secret.The key question is: Does that matter?When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losing it. A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents sayin g they feel their privacy is ―slipping away, and that bothers me.‖But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths (收费站) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacy economist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon (优惠券).But privacy does matter –at least sometimes. It’s like health: When you have it, you don’t notice it. Only when it’s gone do you wish you’d done more to protect it.62. What does the a uthor mean by saying ―the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked ‖(Lines 3-4, Para.2)?A) People’s personal information is easily accessed without their knowledge.B) In the 21st century people try every means to look into others’ secrets.C) People tend to be more frank with each other in the information age.D) Criminals are easily caught on the spot with advanced technology.63. What would psychologists advise on the relationships between friends?A) Friends should open their hearts to each other.B) Friends should always be faithful to each other. C) There should be a distance even between friends.D) There should be fewer disputes between friends.64. Why does the author say ―we live in a world where you simple cannot keep a secret‖ (Line 5, Pa ra.3)?A) Modern society has finally evolved into an open society.B) People leave traces around when using modern technology.C) There are always people who are curious about others’ affairs.D) Many search engines profit by revealing people’s identities.65. What do most Americans do with regard to privacy protection?A) They change behaviors that might disclose their identity.B) They use various loyalty cards for business transactions.C) They rely more and more on electronic devices. D) They talk a lot but hardly do anything about it.66. According to the passage, privacy is like health in that ________.A) people will make every effort to keep itB) its importance is rarely understood C) it is something that can easily be lostD) people don’t cheris h it until they lose itPart V Cloze (15 minutes)Universities are institution that teach a wide variety of subjects at advanced levels. They also carry out research work aimed _67_ extending man’s knowledge of these subjects. The emp hasis given to each of these functions _68_from university to university, according to the views of the people in _69_ and according to the resources available. The smaller and newer universities do not _70_ the staff or equipment to carry out the _71_ research projects possible in larger institutions. _72_ most experts agree that some research activity is _73_ to keep the staff and their students in _74_ with the latest developments in their subjects.Most students attend a university mainly to _75_the knowledge needed for their chosen _76_. Educationists believe that this aim should not be the _77_ one. Universities have always aimed to produce men and women _78_ judgment and wisdom as well as knowledge. For this reason, they _79_ students to meet others with differing _80_ and to read widely to _81_ their understanding in many fields of study. _82_ a secondary school course, a student should be interested enough in a subject to enjoy gaining knowledge for its own _83_. He should be prepared to _84_ sacrifices to study his chosen _85_in depth. He should have an ambition to make some 86 contribution to man’s knowledge.67. A) at B) by C) to D) in68.A) turns B) ranges C) moves D) varies69.A) prospect B) place C) control D) favor70.A) occupy B) possess C) involve D) spare71.A) maximum B) medium C) virtual D) vast72.A) But B) As C) While D) For73.A) natural B) essential C) functional D) optional74.A) coordination B) accordance C) touch D) grasp75.A) acquire B) accept C) endure D) ensure76.A) procession B) profession C) possession D) preference77.A) typical B) true C) mere D) only78.A) with B) under C) on D) through79.A) prompt B) provoke C) encourage D) anticipate80.A) histories B) expressions C) interests D) curiosities81.A) broaden B) lengthen C) enforce D) specify82.A) Amid B) After C) Over D) Upon83.A) object B) course C) effect D) sake84.A) take B) make C) suffer D) pay85.A) field B) scope C) target D) goal86.A) radical B) truthful C) meaningful D) initialPart VI Translation (5 minutes)87. Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research ___________________(能应用于新技术的开发)。

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is大1家to say it anyway.He is that大2家bird,a scientist who works independently大3家any institution.Hehelped popularize the idea that some diseases not大4家thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.大5家he,however,might tremble at the大6家of what he is about to do.Togetherwith another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only大7家that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in大8家are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,大9家12-15points above the大10家value of100,and have contributed大11家to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,asthe大12家of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,大13家.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breastcancer.These facts,大14家,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been大15家to social effects,such as a strong tradition of大16家education.The latter was seen as a(an)大17家of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately大18家.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 大19家them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this大20家state of affairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]given up[B]got over[C]carried on[D]put down16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of the studies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”for stress.“It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well.It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes,“it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by, unfortunately,parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at18and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a single mother.“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C]are more capable of avoiding stress.[D]are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph4,the stress women confront tends to be[A]domestic and temporary.[B]irregular and violent.[C]durable and frequent.[D]trivial and random.24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)shows that[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Strain of Stress:No Way Out?[B]Responses to Stress:Gender Difference[C]Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say[D]Gender Inequality:Women Under StressText2It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reachingconsequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7billion and$11billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than1.2million articles each year in some16,000journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discusses[A]the background information of journal editing.[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D]the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A]It criticizes government-funded research.[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in that[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required to[A]cover the cost of its publication.[B]subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C]allow other online journals to use it freely.[D]complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B]A new mode of publication is emerging.[C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D]Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text3In the early1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than140years ago, today’s people–especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations–apparently reached their limit in the early1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller.“In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of20,demands calories and nutrients–notably,protein–to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inch and a half every20years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height–5′9″for men,5′4″for women–hasn’t really changed since1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but don’t expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that90percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need topredict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C]compare different generations of NBA players.[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A]Genetic modification.[B]Natural environment.[C]Living standards.[D]Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text4In1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52, was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slaveryplayed in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington, His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of1800by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in1803;the new land was carved into13states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S.history.[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B]in its early days the U.S.was confronted with delicate situations.[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C]Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A]moral considerations.[B]military experience.[C]financial conditions.[D]political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)是大家网原创出品Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)是大家网原创出品Grammar,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43)是大家网原创出品Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44)是大家网原创出品These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote“The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45)是大家网原创出品Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times–and then again–working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper,pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It’s probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression. [C]It’s worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may lookterrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developed a topicinto a tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explainshow the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P“policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in“A&P,”the student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will verylikely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but(46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,thathis power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy.So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,because the“Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end,and has convinced many able men.No one, he submits,could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.He was willing to assert that“I have a fair share of invention,and of common sense or judgment,such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have,but not,I believe,in any higher degree.”(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.Formerly,too,pictures had given him considerable,and music very great,delight.In1881,however,he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob,your landlord there.Write him a letter to1)make an apology,and2)suggest a solution.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2008年真题答案解析Section I:Use of English(10points)1.【答案】[B]【解析】本题测试语义逻辑衔接。

2008研究生入学考试英语真题大作文（推荐5篇）第一篇：2008研究生入学考试英语真题大作文08考研大作文真题解析及范文2008年01月19日22:06 Part B: Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly，2)explain its intended meaning, and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on Answer Sheet 2.文字说明：“你一条腿，我一条腿；你我一起，走南闯北。

Team Spirit（团队精神）,Cooperation.Esprit de corpsTraveling “Leg by Leg” with You in the Jo urney of Life独腿结伴走天下As is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon, supporting each other with their powerful hands, two handicapped adolescents(青少年juvenile)are continuing their new journey on the ground.Crutches(拐杖)left behind, they have successfully cracked(解决)the hard nut(难题)of lameness which might have confused(使烦恼)the majority of the disabled.The caption indicates, “You have merely one leg and so do I.Helping each other, we can travel extensively.”Undoubtedly, we can deduce from(推断)the cartoon that the cartoonist is trying to attract our attention to the issue of cooperation.According to a survey conducted among a group of people who were in the same college class 10 years ago, those who are ready to give their cooperation to others all become rich or managers of all field, while not a single young man having difficulty in getting along with their classmates becomes an executive or boss.Why those who are excellent in team work tendto be managers or own their own enterprise in their later life? The answer seems self-evident(不证自明的).On the one hand, if you are competent(有能力的)in profession, but have difficulty in getting along with your colleagues and even your boss, you can hardly survive the corporation.On the other hand, your chances of success are much higher with wide circle of friends who are willing to cooperate with you to provide information and resources.It is my view that, first of all, we can frequently use the drawings to enlighten(启发, 开导)the youth to learn to cooperate successfully with each other.On the other hand, whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work are nearer to success.Just as John Adams, the second U.S.president quoted from the ancient Greek Aesop’s Fables(伊索寓言), “United we stand, divided we fall.”(298words)What an astonishing picture it is above!Two one-legged men are running together on each other’s help.Departed, they would have been unable to move even an inch forward, combined, they are now capable of running over any complete person.As the core(核心)value of development strategy at the time being, sense of cooperation and its weight couldn’t be more clearly proved and revealed in the picture above-shown.In real world, no one is perfect, rather we are all flawed(有瑕疵的)and fallible(易错的).With limited strength and unavoidable shortage, it is hard for an individual to reach great achievement all by his own.United, however, other person’s advantage will perfectly and swiftly(很快地)cover our shortcomings, and a proper policy(手段,策略)will be expectable around the corner.From my own perspective(观点), such an understanding will do good to our society if it is carried out more profoundly(深刻的).Only through a mutual(共同的)aiding system assisted by government can Social harmony actually come true.Therefore a well-established system should be in use so that different communities, groups and families can live on one another, sharing interests and achievements.As it has been announced by UN in 2000, united, we are the world!Example 3 As is depicted in the cartoon, there are two handicapped men supporting each other: one is lame in the left leg, while the other in the right.They have overcome their difficulty of lameness by cooperating with each other and are successfully going on with their journey.The caption below the picture says, “You have only one leg, and so do I.Helping each other, we can travel wherever we want.”The picture really sets me thinking.It reveals the importance of cooperation and the necessity of keeping in step with each other.It also teaches us that success, to a great extent, results from cooperation.When faced with difficulties, we will certainly cope with them only if we cooperate with each other.There are a lot of examples to illustrate the issue.Of them, the most obvious one is the case with the war on SARS in 2003.At that time the whole country was plagued(使遭殃)by SARS.But led by our government, people from all walks of life in the society were mobilized(动员起来)and united as one.We soon won a great victory over the disease.In my opinion, the dependence(信任)of people on one another has now increased, without which the society we live in cannot keep going smoothly.In short, cooperation has become a driving force(动力)for the development of our country.(228 words)第二篇：2012研究生入学考试政治真题2012年考研政治真题一、单项选择题：1～16小题，每小题1分，共16分。

2008年10月份全国自考英语（二）历年真题参考答案一、Vocabulary and Structure（10 points,1 point for each item）1.He was specifically asked to write a play that would be______to the localcommunity.A.flexibleB.accessibleC.responsibleD.Capable答案：B2.It is strongly held that new______must be introduced to protect the right ofthe immigrants.A.statisticsB.constructionsC.measuresD.Concessions答案：C3.Country life is better than city life______it offers fresh air and noiselessenvironment.A.in thatB.as thatC.as forD.in which答案：A4.Opposition leaders will be watching carefully to see how the PrimeMinister______the crisis.A.handlesB.conductsC.observesD.directs答案：A5.It took a few seconds for her eyes to______to the darkness.A.allocateB.adoptC.applyD.adjust答案：D6.To write up his novel，John is looking for an environment free______outsidedistraction.A.onB.withC.fromD.in答案：C7.Johnson was ______unknown before running for the presidency.A.visiblyB.visuallyC.verticallyD.virtually答案：D8.The volunteers would rather go by train than______.A.to driveB.driveC.drivenD.to be driven答案：B9.Never before______so rapidly developing as it is today.A.has our country beenB.has been our countryC.our country has beenD.our country been has答案：A10.Police are______the disappearance of two children.A.looking upB.looking throughC.looking intoD.looking on答案：C二、Cloze Test（10 points,1 point for each item）下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。

1. （ ） The Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, attempts to reduce intellectual property protections to enhance trade. 2. （ ） The government of a country takes over the airport security industries following a major terrorist attack, to improve airport security. This is an example of privatization. 3. （ ） Guanxi is an important mechanism for building long-term business relationships and getting business done in China. 4. （ ） Ethical strategies are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of businesspeople. 5. （ ） A well-functioning market economy requires laws protecting private property rights and providing mechanisms for contract enforcement. 6. （ ） Employees in a business often take their cue from business leaders, and if those leaders do not behave in an ethical manner, they might not either. 7. （ ） WTO rules do not allow countries to impose antidumping duties on foreign goods that are being sold cheaper than at home, or below their cost of production, even when domestic producers can show that they are being harmed.

2008年5月英语二级《笔译实务》试题Section 1: English-Chinese Translation（英译汉）Part A Compulsory Translation（必译题）If a heavy reliance on fossil fuels makes a country aclimate ogre, then Denmark — with its thousands ofwind turbines sprinkled on the coastlines and at sea — is living a happy fairy tale.Viewed from the United States or Asia, Denmark is an environmental role model. The country is"what a global warming solution looks like," wrote Frances Beinecke, the president of theNatural Resources Defense Council, in a letter to the group last autumn. About one-fifth of thecountry's electricity comes from wind, which wind experts say is the highest proportion of anycountry.But a closer look shows that Denmark is a far cry from a clean-energy paradise.The building of wind turbines has virtually ground to a halt since subsidies were cut back.Meanwhile, compared with others in the European Union, Danes remain above-average emittersof the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. For all its wind turbines, a large proportion of the restof Denmark's power is generated by plants that burn imported coal.The Danish experience shows how difficult it can be for countries grown rich on fossil fuels to switch to renewable energy sources like wind power. Among the hurdles are fluctuating political priorities, the high cost of putting new turbines offshore, concern about public acceptance of large wind turbines and the volatility of the wind itself."Europe has really led the way," said Alex Klein, a senior analyst with Emerging EnergyResearch, a consulting firm with offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts.Some parts of western Denmark derive100 percent of their peak needs from wind if thebreeze is up. Germany and Spain generate more power in absolute terms, but in thosecountries wind still accounts for a far smaller proportion of the electricity generated. Theaverage for all 27 European Union countries is 3 percent.But the Germans and the Spanish are catching up as Denmark slows down. Of the thousandsof megawatts of wind power added last year around the world, only 8 megawatts were installedin Denmark.If higher subsidies had been maintained, he said, Denmark could now be generating close toone-third —rather than one-fifth —of its electricity from windmills.Part B Optional Translation（二选一题）Topic 1 （选题一）ONE DAY in February 1926 an unknown American writer walked out of a New York snowstormand into history. An important piece of that history is now in danger of being lost forever,caught in the controversy over the US trade embargo against Cuba.The unknown writer was Ernest Hemingway, and the New York office he walked into was thatof Maxwell Perkins, the most famous American literary editor of his day.It is difficult to conceive -- 80 years and an incandescent literary career later -- the idea ofpublishing the 26-year-old Hemingway was a big risk. Hemingway had not yet published a novel.Indeed, his only published fiction consisted of a few short stories and poems, mostly in obscure Paris literary journals.Yet Mr. Perkins, as Hemingway was to call him for years afterwards, even after they had becomeclose friends, took the risk. On the spot, he offered Hemingway a deal included a generous$1,500 advance on an unfinished, unnamed novel that Perkins had not even seen.Hemingway and Perkins began a correspondence that lasted for 21 years, until Perkins's deathin 1947. A number of those letters are now housed in Cuba, at Finca Vigia, where Hemingwaylived longer than anywhere else.But the house is in danger of collapse.A group of Americans is trying to save the house and its contents. Yet the US governmentwon't let them.The Treasury Department recently turned down the Hemingway Preservation Foundation's application for a license to permit its architects, engineers, and consultants to travel to Cubato research a feasibility study to help the Cubans save Finca Vigia. This denial, which is contrary to the letter and spirit of the law, is being appealed.Section 2: Chinese-English Translation（汉译英）Part A从19世纪40年代之后的鸦片战争、甲午战争，至20世纪30年代的日本侵华战争，中国惨遭东西方列强的屠戮和极其野蛮的经济掠夺；再加上封建腐败和连年内乱，中国主权沦丧、生灵涂炭、国力衰弱、民不聊生。

2008年12月大学英语四级考试真题Part I Writing（30 minutes）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bag.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.一次性塑料袋的使用2.使用一次性塑料袋带来的问题3.限制一次性塑料袋的意义Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bag__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ________Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked [A], [B], [C] and [D].For questions 8 -10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.That’s enough, kidsIt was a lovely day at the park and Stella Bianchi was enjoying the sunshine with her two children when a young boy, aged about four, approached her two-year-old son and pushed him to the ground.“I’d watched him for a little while and my son was the fourth or fifth child he’d shoved,” she says.” I went over to them, picked up my son, turned to the boy and said, firmly, ’No, we don’t push,” What happened next was unexpected.“The boy’s mother ran toward me from across the park,” Stel la says,” I thought she was coming over to apologize, but instead she started shouting at me for disciplining her child, All I did was let him know his behavior was unacceptable. Was I supposed to sit back while her kid did whatever he wanted, hurting othe r children in the process?”Getting your own children to play nice is difficult enough. Dealing with other people’s children has become a minefield.In my house, jumping on the sofa is not allowed. In mysister’s house it’s encouraged. For her, it’s about kids being kids: “If you can’t do it at three, when can you do it?”Each of these philosophies is valid and, it has to be said, my son loves visiting his aunt’s house. But I find myself saying “no” a lot when her kids are over at mine. That’s OK between si sters but becomes dangerous territory when you’re talking to the children of friends or acquaintances.“Kids aren’t all raised the same,” agrees Professor Naomi White of Monash University.” But there is still an idea that they’re the property of the parent. We see our children as an extension of ourselves, so if you’re saying that my child is behaving inappropriately, then that’s somehow a criticism of me.”In those circumstances, it’s difficult to know whether to approach the child directly or the parent first. There are two schools of thought.“I’d go to the child first,” says Andrew Fuller, author of Tricky Kids. Usually a quiet reminder that ’we don’t do that here’ is enough. Kids nave finely tuned antennae (直觉) for how to behave in different settings.”He points out bringing it up with the parent first may make them feel neglectful, which could cause problems. Of course,approaching the child first can bring its own headaches, too.This is why White recommends that you approach the parents first. R aise your concerns with the parents if they’re there and ask them to deal with it,” she says.Asked how to approach a parent in this situation, psychologist Meredith Fuller answers: “Explain your needs as well as stressing the importance of the friendship. Preface your remarks with something like: ’I know you’ll think I’m silly but in my house I don’t want…’”When it comes to situations where you’re caring for another child, white is straightforward: “common sense must prevail. If things don’t go well, then have a chat.”There’re a couple of new grey areas. Physical punishment, once accepted from any adult, is no longer appropriate. “A new set of considerations has come to the fore as part of the debate about how we handle children.”For Andrew Fuller, the child-centric nature of our society has affected everyone:” The rules are different now from when today’s parents were growing up,” he says, “Adults are scared of saying: ’don’t swear’, or asking a child to stand up on a bus. They’re worried that there will be conflict if they point these things out – either from older children, ortheir parents.”He sees it as a loss of the sense of common public good and public courtesy (礼貌), and says that adults suffer form it as much as child.Meredith Fuller agrees: “A code of conduct is hard to create when you’re living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in which nice people are perceived to finish last.”“I t’s about what I’m doing and what I need,” Andrew Fuller s ays. ”the days when a kid came home from school and said, “I got into trouble”. And dad said, ‘you probably deserved it’. Are over. Now the parents are charging up to the school to have a go at teachers.”This jumping to our children’s defense is part of what fuels the “walking on eggshells” feeling that surrounds our dealings with other people’s children. You know that if you remonstrate(劝诫) with the child, you’re going to have to deal with the parent. It’s admirable to be protective of our kids, but is it good?“Children have to learn to negotiate the world on their own, within reasonable boundaries,” White says. “I suspect that it’s only certain sectors of the population doing therunning to the school –better –educated parents are probably more likely to be too involved.”White believes our notions of a more child-centered, it’a way of talking about treating our children like commodities(商品). We’re centered on them but in ways that reflect positively on us. We treat them as objects whose appearance and achievements are something we can be proud of, rather than serve the best interests of the children.”One way over-worked, under-resourced parents show commitment to their children is to leap to their defence. Back at the park, Bianchi’ intervention(干预) on her son’ behalf ended in an undignified exchange of insulting words with the other boy’ mother.As Bianchi approached the park bench where she’d been sitting, other mums came up to her and congratulated her on taking a stand. “Apparently the boy had a long standing reputation for bad behaviour and his mum for even worse behaviour if he was challenged.”Andrew Fuller doesn’t believe that we should be afraid of dealing with other people’s kids. “look at kids that aren’t your own as a potential minefield,” he s ays. He recommends that we don’t stay silent over inappropriate behaviour,particularly with regular visitors.1. What did Stella Bianchi expect the young boy’s mother to do when she talked to him?A) make an apologyB) come over to interveneC) discipline her own boyD) take her own boy away2. What does the author say about dealing with other people’s children?A) it’s important not to hurt them in any wayB) it’s no use trying to stop their wrongdoingC) it’s advisable to treat them as one’s own kidsD) it’s possible for one to get into lots of trouble3. According to professor Naomi white of Monash university, when one’s kids are criticized, their parents will probably feel___________________________A) discouragedB) hurtC) puzzledD) overwhelmed4. Wh at should one do when seeing other people’s kids misbehave according to Andrew fuller?A) talk to them directly in a mild wayB) complain to their parents politelyC) simply leave them aloneD) punish them lightly5. Due to the child-centric nature of our society, ______________________A) parents are worried when their kids swear at themB) people think it improper to criticize kids in publicC) people are reluctant to point our kids’ wrongdoingsD) many conflicts arise between parents and their kids6. In a world where everyone is exhausted from over work and lack of sleep,____________________________A) it’s easy for people to become impatientB) it’s difficult to create a code of conductC) it’s important to be friendly to everybodyD) it’s hard for peop le to admire each other7. How did people use to respond when their kids got into trouble at school?A) they’d question the teachersB) they’d charge up to the schoolC) they’d tell the kids to clam downD) They’d put the blame on their kids8. Professor white believes that the notions of a more child-centred society should be____________________9. According to professor white, today’s parents treat their children as something they___________________10. Andrew fuller suggests that , when kids behave inappropriately, people should not______________________ Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D], and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11. A)Only true friendship can last long.B)Letter writing is going out of style.C)She keeps in regular touch with her classmates.D)She has lost contact with most of her old friends.12. A) A painter. C) A porter.B) A mechanic. D) A carpenter.13. A) Look for a place near her office. C) Make inquiries elsewhere.B) Find a new job down the street. D) Rent the $600 apartment.14. A) He prefers to wear jeans with a larger waist.B) He has been extremely busy recently.C) He has gained some weight lately.D) He enjoyed going shopping with Jane yesterday.15. A)The woman possesses a natural for art.B) Women have a better artistic taste than men.C) He isn’t good at abstract thinking.D) He doesn’t like abstract paintings.16. A) She c ouldn’t have left her notebook in the library.B) she may have put her notebook amid the journals.C) she should have made careful notes while doing reading.D) she shouldn’t have read his notes without his knowing it.17. A)she wants to get some sleep C) she has a literature class to attendB) she needs time to write a paper D)she is troubled by her sleep problem18. A)He is confident he will get the job.B)His chance of getting the job is slim.C)It isn’t easy to find a qualified sales manager.D)The interview didn’t go as well as he expected. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A)He can manage his time more flexibly.B)He can renew contact with his old friends.C)He can concentrate on his own projects.D)He can learn to do administrative work.20. A)Reading its ads in the newspapers.B)Calling its personnel department.C)Contacting its manager.D)Searching its website.21. A)To cut down its production expenses.B)To solve the problem of staff shortage.C)To improve its administrative efficiency.D)To utilize its retired employees’ resources.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A)Buy a tractor.B)Fix a house.C)See a piece of property.D)Sing a business contract.23. A)It is only forty miles form where they live.B)It is a small one with a two-bedroom house.C)It was a large garden with fresh vegetables.D)It has a large garden with fresh vegetables.24. A)Growing potatoes will involve less labor.B)Its soil may not be very suitable for corn.C)It may not be big enough for raising corn.D)Raising potatoes will be more profitable.25. A)FinancesB)EquipmentC)LaborD)ProfitsSection BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.26 A) To introduce the chief of the city’s police forceB)To comment on a talk by a distinguished guestC)To address the issue of community securityD)To explain the functions of the city council27 A)He has distinguished himself in city managementB)He is head of the International Police ForceC)He completed his higher education abroadD)He holds a master’s degree in criminology28 A)To coordinate work among police departmentsB)To get police officers closer to the local peopleC)To help the residents in times of emergencyD)To enable the police to take prompt action29 A)PopularB)discouragingC)effectiveD)controversialPassage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.30 A)people differ greatly in their ability to communicateB)there are numerous languages in existenceC)Most public languages are inherently vagueD)Big gaps exist between private and public languages31 A)it is a sign of human intelligenceB)in improves with constant practiceC)it is something we are born withD)it varies from person to person32 A)how private languages are developedB)how different languages are relatedC)how people create their languagesD)how children learn to use languagePassage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33 A)she was a tailorB)she was an engineerC)she was an educatorD)she was a public speaker34.A)Basing them on science-fiction movies.B) Including interesting examples in themC) Adjusting them to different audiencesD) Focusing on the latest progress in space science35.A) Whether spacemen carry weaponsB) How spacesuits protect spacemenC) How NASA trains its spacemenD) What spacemen cat and drinkSection CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Crime is increasing world wide. There is every reason to believe the (36)____will continue through the next few decades.Crime rates have always been high in multicultural, industrialized societies such as the United States, but a new (37) ____has appeared on the world (38)____rapidly rising crime rates in nations that previously reported few(39)____. Street crimes such as robbery, rape (40) ___and auto theft are clearly rising (41)___in eastern European countries such as Hungary and in western European nations such as the united Kingdom.What is driving this crime (42)____?There are no simple answers. Still，there are certain conditions(43) _______with rising crime increasing heterogeneity (混杂) of populations, greater cultural pluralism, higher immigration, democratization of government,(44) _________________________________________________.These conditions are increasingly observable around the world. For instance, cultures that were previously isolated and homogeneous(同种类的) ,such as Japan, Denmark and Greece (45)______________________.Multiculturalism can be a rewarding, enriching experience, but it can also lead to a clash of values. Heterogeneity in societies will be the rule in the twenty-first century, and (46)_______________________Part IV Reading Comprehension （Reading in Depth）（25 minutes）Section AQuestion 47-56A bookless life is an incomplete life. Books influence the depth and breadth of life. They meet the natural______47_____for freedom, for expression, for creativity and beauty of life. Learners, therefore, must have books, and the right type of book, for the satisfaction of theirneed. Readers turn______48_____ to books because their curiosity concerning all manners of things, their eagerness to share in the experiences of others and their need to ____49 _____ from their own limited environment lead them to find in books food for the mind and the spirit. Through their reading they find a deeper significance to life as books acquaint them with life in the world as it was and it is now. They are presented with a __50 _____ of human experiences and come to ___51 ____ other ways of thought and living. And while ____52 ____ their own relationships and responses to life , the readers often find that the ___53__ in their stories are going through similar adjustments, which help to clarify and give significance to their own.Books provide ___54 ____ material for readers’ imagination to grow. Imagination is a valuable quality and a motivating power, and stimulates achievement. While enriching their imagination, books __55 ____their outlook, develop a fact-finding attitude and train them to use leisure ___56 ___. The social and educational significance of the readers’ books cannot be overestimated in an academic library.A. AbundantB. CharactersC. CommunicatingD. CompletelyE. DeriveF. DesireG. DiversityH. EscapeI. EstablishingJ. NarrowK. NaturallyL. PersonnelM. ProperlyN. RespectO. WidenSection BDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.If you are a male and you are reading this ,congratulations: you are a survivor .According to statistics .you are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman ,and nine times more likely to die of AIDS. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you will die on average five years before a woman.There are many reasons for this-typically, men take more risks than woman and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly, men don’t go to the doctor.“Men aren’t seeing doctors as often as they should, ” says Dr. Gullotta, “This is particularly so for the over-40s,when diseases tend to strike.”Gullotta says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two. For those over 45,it should be at least once a year.Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old ma who had delayed doing anything about his smoker’s cough for a year.“When I finally saw him it had already spread and he has since died from lung cancer” he says, “Earlier detection and treatment may not have cured him, but it would have prolonged this life”According to a recent survey, 95%of women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor once a year, compared to 70% of menin the same age group.“A lot of men think they are invincible （不可战胜的）”Gullotta says “They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think” Geez, if it could happen to him.Then there is the ostrich approach,” some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know, ” says Dr. Ross Cartmill.“Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies,” Cartmill says .He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups.Regular check-ups for men would inevitably place strain on the public purse, Cartmill says.” But prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases. Besides, the ultimate cost is far greater: it is called premature death.”57.Why does the author congratulate his male readers at the beginning of the passage?A. They are more likely to survive serious diseases today.B. Their average life span has been considerably extended.C. They have lived long enough to read this article.D. They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier live.58.What does the author state is the most important reason men die five years earlier on average than women?A. men drink and smoke much more than womenB. men don’t seek medical care as often as womenC. men aren’t as cautions as women in face of dangerD. men are more likely to suffer from fatal diseases59. Which of the following best completes the sentence “Geez, if it could happen to him…’(line2,para,8)?A. it could happen to me, tooB. I should avoid playing golfC. I should consider myself luckyD. it would be a big misfortune60what does Dr. Ross Cartmill mean by “the ostrich approach”(line q para.9)A. a casual attitude towards one’s health conditionsB. a new therapy for certain psychological problemsC. refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involvedD. unwillingness to find out about one’s disease because of fear61. What does Cartmill say about regular check-ups for men?A.They may increase public expensesB.They will save money in the long runC.They may cause psychological strains on menD.They will enable men to live as long as womenPassage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.High-quality customer service is preached(宣扬) by many ,but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than doneShoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen.Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide t frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school“Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers,” said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde group.” the store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.”On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four other, and will no longer visit the specific store for every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to threemore due to negative reviews. The resulting “snowball effect” can be disastrous to retailers.According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems. ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers.The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered (塞满了的) shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople.During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting（业余兼职的）local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions.Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.“Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are morelikely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly.” said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as sim ple as a greeter at the store entrance would help.”Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答62. Why are store managers often the last to hear complaints?A Most customers won’t bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences.B Customers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them.C Few customers believe the service will be improved.D Customers have no easy access to store managers.63. What does Paula Courtney imply by saying “ … the shopper must also find a replacement” (Line 2, Para. 4)?A New customers are bound to replace old ones.B It is not likely the shopper can find the same products in other stores.C Most stores provide the sameD Not complaining to the manager causes the shopper some troubletoo.64. Shop owners often hire moonlighting police as parking attendants so that shoppers_____A can stay longer browsing in the storeB won’t have trouble parking their carsC won’t have any worries about securityD can find their cars easily after shopping65. What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers?A Manners of the salespeopleB Hiring of efficient employeesC Huge supply of goods for saleD Design of the store layout.66. To achieve better shopping experiences, customers are advised to _________.A exert pressure on stores to improve their serviceB settle their disputes with stores in a diplomatic wayC voice their dissatisfaction to store managers directlyD shop around and make comparisons between storesPart V Cloze （15 minutes）Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. Foreach blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D] on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Playing organized sports is such a common experience in the United States that many children and teenagers that them for granted. This is especially true__67__children from families and communities that have the resources needed to organize and__68__sports programs and make sure that there is easy__69__to participation opportunities. Children in low-income families and poor communities are__70__likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often__71__the resources needed to pay for participation__72__, equipment, and transportation to practices and games__73__ their communities do not have resources to build and__74__sports fields and facilities.Organized youth sports__75__appeared during the early 20th century in the United States and other wealthy nations. They were originally developed__76__some educators and developmental experts__77__that the behavior and character of children were__78__influenced by their social surrounding andeveryday experiences. This__79__many people to believe that if you could organize the experiences of children in__80__ways, you could influence the kinds of adults that those children would become.This belief that the social__81__influenced a person’s overall development was very__82__to people interested in progress and reform in the United States__83__the beginning of the 20th century. It caused them to think about__84__they might control the experiences of children to__85__responsible and productive adults. They believed strongly that democracy depended on responsibility and that a__86__capitalist economy depended on the productivity of worker.67. A. among B. within C. on D. towards68. A. spread B. speed C. spur D. sponsor69. A. access B. entrance C. chance D. route70 A. little B. less C. more D. much71. A. shrink B. tighten C. limit D. lack72. A. bill B accounts C. fees D. fare73. A. so B. as C. and D. but74. A. maintain B. sustain C. contain D. entertain75.A. last B. first C. later D. finally76.A. before B. while C. until D. when。

清华04北大02年考博英语试题清华大学2004年博士研究生英语考试试题2006年8月Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (20%)Part Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)21. The_____of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the country A. clash B.clarify C. clarity D. clatter22. Business in this area has been__________because prices are too high.A. prosperousB. secretiveC. slackD. shrill23. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad_______when she was ill and had nomoney. A.plight B. polarization C. plague D. pigment24. He added a__________to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.A. presidencyB. prestigeC. postscriptD. preliminary25. Some linguists believe that the___age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8. A.optimistic B. optional C. optimal D. oppressed26. It all started in 1950, when people began to build their houses on the___of their cities. A.paradises B. omissions C. orchards D. outsk27.The meeting was__________over by the mayor of the city.A. presumedB. proposedC. presentedD. presided28. The crowd__________into the hall and some had to stand outside.A. outgrewB. overthrewC. overpassedD. overflew29. It was clear that the storm__________his arrival by two hours.A. retardedB. retiredC. refrainedD. retreated30. This problem should be discussed first, for it takes__________over all the other issues. A. precedence B. prosperity C. presumption D. probabilityer sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was__________.A. torrentB. transientC. tensileD. textured32. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip.A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird33. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection.A. winkB. withholdC. witherD. widower34. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription35. He__________himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. relayedD. reproached36. Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a __event. A.cholesterol B. charcoal C. catastrophic D. chronic37. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secretes38. All the music instruments in the orchestra will be__________before it starts.A. civilizedB. chatteredC. chamberedD. chorded39. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be__________.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated40. She made two copies of this poem and posted them__________to different publishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simplyPart ⅢReading Comprehension (40%)Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Each year, millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. However, International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This non-governmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater.e around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe, dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water, rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all, it is free. The rainwater harvesting system created by InternationalDevelopment Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the tops of buildings to a two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is a so-called “fir st-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank. A fitted cover sits over the “first-flush” device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in thewater. Inside the tank is a low coat plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total, the water storage system can hold up to three-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However, if the bags are not damaged by sunlight, they could last even longer.International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. The total cost to build this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However, International Development Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The group says one tank can provide a family of five with enough rainwater to survive a five-month dry season.41. People in Bangladesh can use__________as a safe source of drinking water.A. ground waterB. rainwaterC. drinking waterD. fresh water42. Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of using rainwater?A. Rainwater is free of chemical treatments.B. People have been harvesting rainwater for centuries.C. The water harvesting system is built on a platform.D. Rainwater can be collected using pipes.43. Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tank?A. a barrierB. a wire screenC. a first-flushD. a storage tank44. The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by__________.A. mosquito insectsB. a fitted coverC. a first-flush deviceD. sunlight45. What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottom?A. The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tank.B. The inner bags need to be replaced every two years.C. The water harvesting system should be built on a platform.D. A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating it.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible,for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very importantelement in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning o f the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.46. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children________A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 American children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of thesec hildren will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older. That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point whythat's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish he phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers tothe__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries thatwealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, be cause the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result ofgovernments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalck of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%)For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin, I was surprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy.I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__, except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did notsay__72__. As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door, so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the other bed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself. I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B. motive C. cause D. sake62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. is over D. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C. fairly D. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrived to D. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeing D. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being alone D. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C. somewhere D. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. such a D. such71. A. treat together wel B. pass together well C. get on well together D. go by well together72. A. him a single word B. him not one word single word to hi m D. not one word to him73. A. up me B. up myself C. up to myself D. myself up74.A.draft B. voice C. air D. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have to close D. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. in shutting D. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like that C. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no one C. It was anyone D. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lock C. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumped C. must have jumped D. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing(20%) Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。

考研资料2008年工商管理硕士联考英语真题Section I VocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)1. Oil is an important ______material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.A rawB bleakC flexibleD fertile2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to ____ 25 percent of the world's oil.A assumeB consumeC resumeD presume3. You shouldn't be so ___ ---I didn't mean anything bad in what I said.A sentimentalB sensibleC sensitiveD sophisticated4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ___ of art for later generations.A. philosophy B concept C viewpoint D theme5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year's notice.A denyB objectC suspectD withdraw6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation.A mutualB optionalC neutralD parallel7. Williams had not been there during the ___ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A superiorB rigorousC vitalD unique8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residentsa wide ____ of jobs.A rangeB fieldC scaleD area9. Modern manufacturing has ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A translatedB transformedC transferredD transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood.A exceededB excelledC excludedD extended11. Voices were ____as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.swollen B. increased C. developed D. raised12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to prefect health, ___others will take a longer time.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. whereas13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very ___about the food he eats.A. specialB. peculiarC. particularD. unusual14. Britain might still be part of France if it weren't ____a disastrous flood 200.000 years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.A. uponB. withC. inD. for15. The water prize is an international award that __outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.A. recognizesB. requiresC. releasesD. relays16. In its 14 years of _____, the European union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.A. enduranceB. emergenceC. existenceD. eminence17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had __ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.____widespread belief cockroaches (螳螂) would not take over the world if there were no around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ____to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A . turned in B. turned out C. turned up D. turned downSection II Cloze (10 points)Directions: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes _21__different nations compete against each other in a __22_ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the winter Olympics.In order to __23__the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the international Olympic committee (IOC)。