第2章语音
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. The sound B. can be described with “_____, bilabial, stop”.（北二外2004研）【答案】voiced
【解析】/b/是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。
2. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of _____ and manner of articulation.（北二外2004研）
【答案】place
【解析】辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。
3. ______ are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.（中山大学2006研）
【答案】Consonants
【解析】发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。
4. Voicing refers to the _____ of the vocal folds.（北二外2016研）
【答案】vibration
【解析】本题考查辅音发音过程中的清浊特征的定义。若发音过程中，声带振动，则为浊辅音，反之则为清辅音。
5. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and _____ of articulation.（北二外2008研）
【答案】manner
【解析】辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。
6. ______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.（中山大学2005研）
【答案】Assimilation
【解析】同化指一个音具有了邻近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程，包括鼻化、齿化、鄂化。
7. Stress refers to the degree of ______ used in producing a syllable.(中山大学2006研）
【答案】force
【解析】重音指在音节发音时所用的力度。
8. In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of
the two phonemes/f/-/v/. This is an example for illustrating _____.
【答案】minimal pairs
【解析】如果有两个词，它们除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都一样，那么这两个词就构成了一个最小的对立体，所以fail-veil是最小对立体。
9. In English there are a number of _____, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
【答案】diphthongs
【解析】如果在发音时通过舌头的一次运动，由第一个单元音滑向第二个单元音，这样产生的音的组合就叫做双元音。
10. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different
but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are _____.
【答案】allophones
【解析】同一个音位在不同语音环境中的实现方式被称为该音位的音位变体。因为变体是互补分布的，而且发音相似。
11. Phonetic similarity means that the _____ of a phoneme must bear some phonetic
resemblance.（中山大学2011研）
【答案】allophones
【解析】语音的相似性指一个音位的音位变体必须具备某些语音相似性。
Ⅱ. Multiple Choices.
1. All syllables contain a _____.（北二外2004研）
A. nucleus
B. coda
C. onset
【答案】A
【解析】一般的音节由节首、节核和节尾构成，一个音节中可以没有节首或节尾，但一定有节核。
2. Of the three cavities. _____ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.（北二外2004研）
A. nasal cavity
B. pharynx cavity
C. oral cavity
【答案】C
【解析】在三大发音器官中，气流在口腔中受挤或转向从而产生不同的声音。
3. Of the consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, / f /, /m/, /z/ and /g/, which has the features of voiceless and velar?（对外经贸2005研）
A. /k/
B. /p/
C. /g/
D. /t/
【答案】A
【解析】/k/是清音，软腭音，爆破音；/t/是齿龈音，爆破音，清音；/g/是浊音，软腭音，爆破音，/p/是双唇音，爆破音，轻音。
4. The consonant (s) in the word “smile”can be described as:（对外经贸2006研）
A. voiceless; oral; alveolar; fricative
B. voiceless; nasal; bilabial; liquid
C. voiced; oral; alveolar; plosive
D. voiced; oral; bilabial; fricative
【答案】A
【解析】/s/是清音，摩擦音，齿龈音。
5. The vowel _____ is a low back vowel.（西安外国语学院2006研）
A. /i:/
B. /u/
C. /e/
D. /a:/
【答案】D
【解析】/a/是低元音，后元音，紧音。
6. The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of_____.（大连外国
语学院2008研）
A. manner of articulation
B. place of articulation
C. narrow transcription
【答案】C
【解析】划分辅音的两个根据是发音位置和发音方式。
7. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（南京大学2008研）
A. /f/
B. /z/
C. /?/
D. /k/
(Focus on manner of articulation)
【答案】D
【解析】A、B、C都是摩擦音，但D是爆破音。
8. Which of the following is not a minimal pair?（对外经贸2006研）
A. (li:f) (fi:l)
B. (si:p) (zip)
C. (sai) (sei)
D. (keit) (feit)
Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 1.1.1定义 语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学） The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language
北京英语口语考试试题(中级) 第一部分 Introduction and General Conversation (about 3 - 4 minutes) Good morning/afternoon! Sit down, please. (Take a seat, please./Please be seated.) What's your name? (Could you tell me your name?) * My name is Chai Qinghua . And what is your registration number (准考证号)? * My registration number is… Right. Can you hand me your mark sheet, please? （登分卡） (Can you give me the mark sheet, please?) * Here you are. Thank you. Now we are ready for the test. (Let’s begin our test.) First of all, I'd like to know something about you. Could you tell me sth. about you family (friends, work, study, hobby)? * Yes,of course. Where are you from? * I’m from Chao Yang District. How did you get here? Did it take long? * I came here by bus. It took me about an hour. Where is your hometown? (Are you from Beijing? Which part of Beijing are you from? Tell me something about your hometown. How do you like your hometown?) * Well, Beijing is my hometown. Beijing is the capital of China. It is both an ancient city and a modern city. It is also an international city. It is developing very fast. I like Beijing very much. There are many foreign companies in Beijing. So in the near future, if I want to have a job in these companies, I have to be good at English. How long have you lived in Beijing? (Have you been living in Beijing for many years?) * For about 18 years. Are you working or studying? (Are you a student? What is your job?) *I ‘am a college student . What is the name of your college? The Tongzhou college of Beijing university of technology . When did you begin to study in your present school? * I began to study here in September 2012. Is English an important course in your school? * Of course, it is a very important course in our school. Both teachers and students pay great attention to this course, because English is very important. How do you usually learn English on your own? * I often listen to English programs over the radio. * I often review what I have learnt in my English classes. What is your major(专业)? Do you like your major? Is it difficult to you? * I major is the Business Administration Management. I like my major very much. It is very interesting and practical. Some courses are easy to learn, but some are difficult.
页眉内容 1
13.根据前后分句意思相反、相对程度的强弱，转折关系分重转和轻转两类。（） 14．同印欧语相比，汉语缺少严格意义的形态变化。（） 15．长句化短的办法只有一种，那就是把其中的修饰成分抽出来。（） 16．大部分副词都可以充当补语。（） 17．“作为精神食粮,散文是谷类,作为战斗武器,散文是步枪,我们生活里常用散文.在文艺园地里,散文也应当是万紫千红中繁茂的花枝。”这个句子的辞格是借代。（） 18．主谓短语充当谓语时，这个主谓短语的谓语同时也是整个句子谓语。（） 19．“谢惠敏的两撇眉毛险些飞出脑门，她瞪圆了双眼望着张老师。”的辞格是夸张。（）20．关联词语“不是……而是”表示的是选择关系。（） 三、选择题（共20题，每题1分，共20分） 1．“我就不明白你怎么连什么也没学会。”中的“什么”表示的是（） A、表疑问的代词 B、表示任指的代词 C、表示指示的代词 D、表示虚指的代词 2．“在”是动词的是（） A、我在家。 B、我在家看电视。 C、我正躺在床上看电视。 D、我在看电视。 3．“我跟老张协商了一下，感觉还是稳妥一点好。”中的划浪线的“跟”字是（） A、连词 B、副词 C、介词 D、助词 4．“激动得掉下了眼泪”属于（） A、中补短语 B、动宾短语 C、偏正短语 D、连谓短语 5．“他真是的，怎么连这个也不知道？”中的“真是的”属于（） A、谓语 B、独立语 C、定语 D、补语 6．“这些水果我们谁都不吃。”的语义关系是（） A、大主语是施事，小主语是受事。 B、大主语是受事，小主语是施事。 C、大主语和小主语之间有领属关系。 D、大小主语是整体和部分的关系。 7．“他的身体逐渐好起来。”中的“起来”属于（） A、判断动词 B、助动词 C、能愿动词 D、趋向动词 8．下面的句子使用比喻修辞格的是（） A、他长得太像他爸爸了。 B、他手里就是大团结多。 C、乡愁是一枚小小的邮票。 D、柏油路好像也要晒化。 9．“咱们俩，谁也离不开谁。”中的语义关系是（） A、大主语和小主语有领属关系。 B、大主语是施事，小主语是受事。 C、大主语是受事，小主语是施事。 D、谓语里有复指大主语的复指成分。 10．下列各句中加点的词，属于词类活用的是（） A、他是一名翻译，翻译了很多文章。 B、他比专家还专家。 C、他花了三块钱买了一盆花。 D、这位代表代表大家发了言。 11．下列各组中，短语的结构关系相同的是（） A、格外美好幸福美好 B、有人发言有权发言
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
大一现代汉语试题 一、填空题（每题1分，共10分） 1．现代汉民族共同语是（1.以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的普通话。。．）。2.据阻碍方式普通话声母可以分为(2．塞音、擦音、塞擦音、鼻音、边音。)。 3．后鼻韵母有( 3．iɑ、ie、uɑ、uo、üe。 )。4．普通话声调的四种调值是( 4．55、35、214、51)5.传统的“六书”是指（5．象形、指事、会意、形声、转注和假借。）。6．汉字标准化的四定是指(6. 定量、定形、定音、定序。)。7．合成词是由（7.合成词是由两个或两个以上语素构成的词。）的词，包括（复合式、附加式、重叠式。）三类。8.语义场的类型有（8．类属义场、顺序义场、关系义场、同义义场、反义义场。）。9．成语的特征是（9意义的整体性，结构的凝固性。）。10．词汇的发展变化主要表现在10．新词不断地产生，旧词的逐渐消失和变化，词的语义内容和语音形式也不断地发生变化。 。 二、名词解释（每题1分，共6分） 1．音素：音素是构成音节的最小单位。 2．单元音：发音时舌位、唇形及开口度始终不变的元音。 3．音位：一个语音系统中能够区别意义的最小语音单位。 4．词：词是最小的能够独立运用的语言单位。 5．义项：是词的理性意义的分项说明。 6．歇后语：是由近乎谜面和谜底两部分组成的带有隐语性质的口头用语。 三、语音题（共20分） 1．写出声母的发音部位和发音方法。（每题1分，共5分） 1）m 双唇、浊、鼻音（2）b 双唇、不送气、清、塞音 （3）ch 舌尖后、送气、清、塞擦音（4）k 舌根（舌面后）、送气、清、塞音 （5）x 舌面（前）、清、擦音 2．比较各组声母、韵母发音上的异同。（每题2分，共10分） （1）1）z — zh 相同点：发音方法相同都是不送气、清、塞擦音。不同点：发音部位不同，z 舌尖前音，zh舌尖后音。 （2）f—h 相同点：发音方法相同都清、擦音。不同点：发音部位不同，f唇齿音，h舌根（舌面后）。 （3）ɑo — iɑ相同点：都是复韵母。不同点：ɑo 前响复韵母，iɑ后响复韵母。 （4）onɡ—ionɡ相同点：都是后鼻韵母。不同点：韵腹不同（onɡ是u,ionɡ是ü）。（5）en — in 相同点：都是前鼻韵母。不同点：韵腹不同en是e，in是i。四、分析题（共20分） 1．分析词的结构类型。（每题1分，共10分） 倾销、利害、房间、老乡、吩咐、年轻、仅仅、皑皑、提高、地震、 倾销（偏正）利害（联合）房间（补充）老乡（附加） 吩咐（联绵）年轻（主谓）仅仅（重叠）皑皑（叠音） 提高（补充）地震（主谓） 2．辨析下列各组同义词（共10分） （1）持续——继续（2分）（2）愿望——希望（2分）
实用标准文案 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies language in general) 2.General linguistics:普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics. (language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd5331973.html,nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use. 5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behaviors. i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say. 6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point of time in hiatory 7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes through time 3) speech（口语）Writing（书面语） These the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. (speech is prior to writing) https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd5331973.html,ngue(语言): refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of the speech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Such as: In English sentence must have subject and predicate. 9.parole(言语):refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. (Saussure ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd5331973.html,petence(语言能力): the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language 11.performance(语言应用):the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (Chomsky) traditional grammar and modern linguistics 1.linguistics is descriptive,while traditional grammar is prescriptive 2.modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the writer. 3. also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework. Functions of language. 精彩文档
第10章认知语言学 10.1 复习笔记 本章要点: 1. Cognitive linguistics 认知语言学 2. Categorization and categories 范畴化与范畴 3. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy 概念隐喻与转喻 4. Iconicity and grammaticalization 象似性与语法化 常考考点： 认知语言学定义；范畴化与范畴定义分类等；概念隐喻与转喻的定义，层次分类；象似性的分类以及语法化等。 本章内容索引： I. Definition of cognitive linguistics II. Categorization and categories
1. Definition of categorization 2. The classical theory 3. The prototype theory 4. Levels of categorization III. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy 1. Conceptual metaphor 2. Conceptual metonymy IV. Iconicity 1. Iconicity of order 2. Iconicity of distance 3. Iconicity of complexity V. Grammaticalization I. Definition of cognitive linguistics (认知语言学定义) 【考点：名词解释】 Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information. 认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。 II. Categorization and categories (范畴化与范畴) 1. Definition of categorization and categories (定义)
Topic 1：Food Safety A：超，我一直劝你说不要买学校西南门的饭。你也知道他们用的食用油可能是地沟油，调料是勾兑的，可你一直不听。 Chao,I always advise that you should not buy meals in southwestern door of our school. As you know, the oil they use may be used oil; seasoning, like vinegar and sauce is blending, but you do not listen. B：这没关系，我吃他们的饭都两年了，你看我还不是挺健康的；再说了吃起来口感也不错！ It does not matter, I eat their meal every day, you see, I am still healthy; besides, the texture is good. C：我不这样看，虽然我们一时半会儿吃不出来毛病，但食物中的有害物质会在体内堆积，包括食物上沾有的汽车尾气中的铅，早晚会得病的。咱们应该去食堂。 I am not in your point, although we would not be sick immediately, the harmful substances will accumulate in our body, including the lead in automobile exhaust. We will get sick sooner or later. So we should eat at canteen. D：食堂的也可能有问题啊！他们晚上卖的鸡腿可能会是中午剩的，我们吃了会拉肚子。我们应该买那些受欢迎的菜品，它们都是新做的。 The foods in the canteen may also be a problem! The drumsticks sold at night are probably the left at noon. We should buy popular dishes, they are all new. A：我同意。因为我晚上一吃鸡腿、鸡排就会肚子痛。不过食堂的饭肯定比学校门口的干净。 I agree. Because I often have a stomachache when I eat them. But the foods in canteen must better than meals sold in the school door. B：好。我以后少吃。进一步说，咱们中国的食品安全问题非常令人担忧。好多食品企业为了利益做了好多坏事。还记得那年的三鹿奶粉事件吗？ OK. I will eat less. The food safety in our country is a extremely worrying issue. Many food companies had done a larger number of bad things for the sake of benefits. Do you remember the “Sanlu milk powder incident” C：当然，好多婴儿都得病了，有的小孩还有了生命危险。生产商真该遭雷劈，这么缺德的事也办的出来。 Of course, many infants were ill and some of them even in danger. The manufacturers should be punished severely, it is so wicked things to do.
新编简明英语语言学教程 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性
Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ... VP →(Qual) V (NP) ... AP →(Deg) A (PP) ... PP →(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. 3. What is category? How to determine a word's category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. 若详细回答，则要加上： Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving. The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.
Friendship is absolutely crucial for us. We have to do hard work to build up and sustain friendship. Here are some important ways to keep friendship alive .First of all, let your friends know that you care about them. If you can't be there at the given moment, say something like, "I wish I could be with you. May I call you tomorrow " Be sure your friend knows she's cared about. Second, try to be with your friends when they are in trouble. Remember troubled people are most in need of their friends to stay around. The last but not the least, keeping friendship alive is to say to your friends "I miss you and I love you ". Remember it right for college students to have tattoos Nowadays many college students like to highlight their personalities, to be their own. They have taken special ways to show their personalities. For example, some college students who are tattooed think tattooing is cool and shows great personality. But teachers and parents do not think tattooing is right for students. They believe to be a student you should dress like a student--no tattoos, of cause. Some people even believe that those who are tattooed are not good students. As far as I am concerned, although many people can not accept students’tattooing, nothing is wrong with tattooing. College
现代汉语试题库（语音?试题） 一、填空 1.语音具有三方面性质，其中是语音的本质属性。 2.b ow i与b ow i的区别决定于。 3.从语音的物理性质看，“舌头”与“蛇头”中两个“头”的区别主要决定于。 4.北京人所说的sh sh ng（师生）与重庆人口里的意思相同，这种现象决定于语音的性质。 5.人的调声器官指的是两部分。 6.按照汉语传统分析方法，一个音节可分为三部分。 7.b 中的B，从音素性质看是，从它在汉语音节中所处的位置看是。 8.汉语拼音方案于年由批准作为正式方案推行，它包括等五部分。方案的主要用途是。 9.国际音标是由制定的，公布于年，目标是用来，其记音原则是。 10.语音是的物质外壳，是社会的工具。 11.语音是的声音。 12.音高是，决定于的多少。语音的高低同声带的、、有关。 13.音强是，决定与一定时间内的大小。语音的强弱由决定。 14.音长是，决定于存在时间的久暂。语音的长短指。 15.音色是，决定于，语音的音色同有关。 16.音色不同的原因是不同、不同、发音时不同。 17.语音是从人的发出的，人们发出不同的语音决定于。 18.发音器官包括、、三个部分。 19. 是发音的动力站，是发音的共鸣器，是语音的主要发音体。 20. 分上腭、下腭。上腭包括，下腭包括。其中能动的器官是，的活动性最大。 21.语音的社会性质可以从语音的特征和特征以及语音的来看。 22.听觉上最容易分辨出来的语音单位叫。 23.语言里的叫音位。 24.反切是我国记录的方法之一，它的注音方法是拼合成音。 25.音素是语音的单位。普通话的元音音素有个；辅音音素有个，其中个可以作声母，只有辅音不能作声母，只作韵母的构成部分，除了作声母，还可以作韵母的构成部分。 26.普通话音素可以分为和两大类。a属于，b属于 27.普通话音素和音位的关系是。 28.元音和辅音的区别是。 29.普通话中是前、低、不圆唇元音；是前、高、不圆唇元音；是后、半高、圆唇元音。 30、普通话中e[ ]是元音，u是元音，<是元音。
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Definition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by the three cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy. Linguistics Linguistics versus traditional grammar: Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Macrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Stylistics Discourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguistics Definition: Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered. Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise. Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker ’s emotions. Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work. Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements. Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature. Design features Linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of written language. Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages. Linguistics describes each language on its language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary --- there is no intrinsic connection between the word . pen) and the thing. what we write with).Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for human communication ---it is human-specific, very different form Arbitrarines s: this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, English should use the sounds/d?g/ to refer to the animal dog, but Chinese should use “gou ” to refer to te same animal. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig ”. So, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack ” and “bang ” are exceptions, but words these are relatively few compared withe the total number of words in language. Duality: language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Productivity : productivity or creativity refers to man ’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. Interchangeability : interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease. Displacement: displacement is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. Specialization : specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Cultural transmission : language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being brought up in isolations simply doesn ’t acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animals without human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesn ’t speak any language at birth. What language a baby is going to speak