不定式做定语和状语

动词不定式作定语和状语语法精析动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能作谓语。

一、结构基本结构：to＋动词原形，有时不定式符号to可以省略。

否定形式：not to＋动词原形。

不定式有形式和语态变化，通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例)：二、动词不定式作定语不定式及其短语作定语，与其他短语作定语一样，一般都放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来的动作，有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作。

动词不定式作定语与被修饰的词之间有一定的逻辑关系。

这些关系常见的有三种。

1．不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系。

He told me he had a composition to write.I want to get something to drink.由上述例句得知，此时的不定式必须是及物动词。

如果是不及物动词，其后就带一个结构或含义上所需要的介词。

如：Will you please bring me a chair to sit in?She has nothing to worry about.2．不定式与被修饰的名词或不定代词有逻辑上的主谓关系。

如：He was the last one to arrive.Is there anyone to take care of the children?例句中的不定式动作的逻辑主语分别是one和anyone。

此时的不定式在意义上相当于一个定语从句。

如：Among the men to take part in the work(＝Among the men who are to take part in the work)，he is probably the most active.3．不定式所修饰的词在意义上通常是用于不定式所做某种事情的。

如：We have got a new way to kill field mice.I think he will have a chance to go to his hometown.可以看出，way是用来to kill field mice，chance是用来to go to his hometown。

因此，这种类型的不定式译法较灵活，可译作“……的”或“来/去……”等。

如：She has no time to see the film.4．几点用法(1)不定式作定语，修饰the first，the last，the third等，中心词为不定式的执行者时用to do(主动式)，中心词为不定式承受者时用to be done(被动式)。

The newspaper reporter was the last to walk out of the cave.那位报社记者是最后一个走出山洞的。

This is the third question to be discussed.这是要讨论的第三个问题。

(2)中心词是由动词派生的名词，原动词常用不定式作宾语，此类名词有wish，decision，refusal，arrangement，intention，agreement，hope，need，plan，promise，failure，attempt等。

They made a decision to put off the meeting until next week.他们做出了把会议推迟到下个星期的决定。

He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall.He made a promise to be a good boy.There is no need to build a dam on the small river.(3)中心词是由形容词派生的名词，原形容词常用不定式作状语，此类名词有ability，eagerness，anxiety，patience，willingness等。

A good teacher must have the ability to make himself understood.一个好老师必须有让别人理解自己的能力。

(4)名词本身是抽象名词，常用不定式解释其中的内容，此类名词有chance，plan，means，courage，effort，measure，movement，opportunity，power，reason，right，skill，strength，struggle，idea，way，approach等。

In our country，everyone has the right to go to school.在我们国家，每个人都有上学的权利。

He has a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting.他有一种奇特的方法使他的课生动有趣。

(5)中心词是不定式的执行者，动词不定式应后于谓语或在未来发生。

He had no photographs to remind him of the past.他没有照片来回忆过去。

We are in need of nurses to look after the patients.我们需要护士照顾病人。

Is there anybody to carry on the work?有人继续做这项工作吗？(6)中心词是不定式的承受者，不定式应该是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语，不定式通常不能带宾语。

不定式的执行者是句子的主语，间接宾语或泛指的人，用主动式to do；强调不定式另有一个执行者，用被动式to be done。

I have a letter to post，so I can’t go to swim with you.我有一封信要寄，所以我不能和你一起去游泳。

I have a letter to be posted.Can you help me?我有一封信要寄出去，你能帮我吗？注意：不定式为不及物动词时，应有必要的介词。

She has a lot of things to attend to.她有许多事情要处理。

Is there something to be ashamed of?这有什么值得羞愧的吗？He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找房间住。

I have nothing really to complain about.我真的没什么好抱怨的。

注意：(1)中心词如果是time，place，way，不定式可省略后面的介词。

如：He is looking fora place to live (in)．(2)在There be句型中，to do和to be done在多数情况下语义相同。

如：There is a lot to be said/to say about the subject.(7)合成词可作前置定语。

如：well-to-do family，this never-to-be-forgotten day，wait-and-see attitude，an easy-to-use book，do-or-die policy，difficult-to-solve problem，take-home pay，go-to-meeting clothes等。

三、动词不定式作结果状语动词不定式作状语表示结果时常用如下结构：so＋形容词/副词＋as to do如此……以至于……such＋形容词＋名词＋as to do如此……以至于……enough＋名词＋to do足够……名词/形容词/副词＋enough＋to do足够……too＋形容词/副词＋to do太……以致不能……不定式作结果状语，注意下面几种情况：1．only to do表示出乎意料、意想不到的结果。

He hurried to the railway station，only to find the train had left.他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。

2．enough to do，too...to do结构。

The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people.加利福尼亚号来得太晚，没能挽救更多的人。

The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.＝The boy is too young to go to school.这个男孩年龄太小以至于不能去上学。

3．在so(such)．..as to do结构中，意为“如此……以至于……”。

I am not such a fool as to believe a cheat.我还没有傻到相信一个骗子。

He is so kind as to help the old lady off the bus.他是如此善良以至于帮助这位老人下车。

He is not so stupid (such a fool) as to do that.他还没有蠢到做那种事。

注意：一般说来，不定式作状语的逻辑主语必须是主句主语，主句主语和不定式的动词存在着动作上的主谓或动宾关系。

因此不定式短语作状语可以转化为相应的状语从句。

结果不定式so(such)．..as to相当于结果状语从句so(such)...that...。

III.高考链接A.单句语法填空1．Please tell me the subjects ____________ (discuss) at the next session.2．We need someone____________(help) with the work.3．Mr Zhang is always the last man ____________(arrive) at the office.4．He got to the station only ____________(find) the train had left.5．The Olympic Games____________ (hold) in the year 2022 will be a success.6．Women and children were the first ____________(get) into the lifeboats.7．In his speech，he expressed their determination____________(achieve) their goals.8．The speed is high enough for us ____________(catch) up with the first liner.IV.单元语法－动词不定式作定语和状语1. They failed in their attempt__________（reach)there before five o'clock.2. He was always the first__________（come) and the last（leave).3. With a lot of homework__________（do)，he hurried home.4. He wanted to find a new house__________（live) in.5.He is the best man__________（do) the job because he is always working hard.6. He is old enough__________（make) a trip alone.7.We hurried to the classroom only__________（tell) that the meeting had been put off because of the bad weather.8. You are too young__________（learn) to drive.9.This is the key__________（open) the front door.10. He told me that he had a composition__________（write) tonight.11.It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just __________(have)a look at the sports stars.12.He was too excited __________(speak) when he heard the news.13.My grandfather seems to have a lot __________(worry) about.14.The play __________(produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.B.完成句子1．He told me that he had no pen ____________ in composition class.他告诉我在作文课上他没有写字用的钢笔。