JBBM-06-67-67-Restriction-free cloning
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ShortnoteRFcloning:Arestriction-freemethodforinsertingtargetgenesintoplasmids
FusinitavandenEnt*,JanLo¨weMRCLaboratoryofMolecularBiology,HillsRoad,CambridgeCB22QH,UKReceived13September2005;accepted22December2005
AbstractRestriction-free(RF)cloningprovidesasimple,universalmethodtopreciselyinsertaDNAfragmentintoanydesiredlocationwithinacircularplasmid,independentofrestrictionsites,ligation,oralterationsineitherthevectororthegeneofinterest.ThetechniqueusesaPCRfragmentencodingageneofinterestasapairofprimersinalinearamplificationreactionaroundacircularplasmid.IncontrasttoQuickChangeksite-directedmutagenesis,whichintroducessinglemutationsorsmallinsertions/deletions,RFcloninginsertscompletegeneswithouttheintroductionofunwantedextraresidues.Theabsenceofanyalterationstotheproteinaswellasthesimplicityofboththeprimerdesignandtheprocedureitselfmakesitsuitableforhigh-throughputexpressionandidealforstructuralgenomics.CrownCopyrightD2006PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
Keywords:Restriction-freecloning;Structuralgenomics;High-throughputcloning;Ligationindependentcloning
1.IntroductionHigh-throughputcrystallisationwouldbenefitfromastraightforwardcloningprocedurethatisamenabletoautomation.Restriction-freecloningfacilitatesasimpleprimerdesignandprovidesalesslabour-intensiveapproachformakingexpressionconstructsthancommonlyused.Conventionalcloningtechniquesrelyonenzymaticdigestionoftheinsertandthevectorbeforeaclonecanbeobtained.Hence,oneoftenencounterslimitationsinchoiceofcloningstrategybecauseofthelackofsuitablerestrictionsitesorishamperedbythemultiplicityofrestrictionsitesintheDNA.Forrestrictionsite-dependentcloningtheefficiencyofobtaining
0165-022X/$-seefrontmatter.CrownCopyrightD2006PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.jbbm.2005.12.008
*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+441223252969;fax:+441223213556.E-mailaddress:fent@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk(F.vandenEnt).
J.Biochem.Biophys.Methods67(2006)67–74positiveclonesisdirectlycorrelatedtotheeffectivenessoftherestrictiondigests.Tocircumventtheselimitations,differentapproacheshavebeentakentoenhancecloningefficiency,suchaspositiveselection,inwhichonlycoloniescontainingplasmidswithinsertssurviveordiscriminationonthebasisofblue/whitescreening.Alternativemethods,includingGatewayRtechnology(Invitrogen),heterostaggercloning[1],TAcloning[2],theuseofuracilDNAglycosylase[3],orligation-independentcloning[4,5]avoidtreatingtheinsertwithrestrictionenzymes.However,thesemethodsneedspecialvectors,whicharelabourintensiveandoftenintroduceextraresiduesinthefinalproduct,whichmaynotbedesirable.TheheterostaggercloningtechniqueusesaninsertwithstickyendsthataregeneratedbymixingtwodifferentlengthsPCRproductscreatedwithtwodifferentprimerpairs.Onlyonequarterofthemixturewillhavecomplementaryendsthatcanbeligatedintoavectorpreparedwiththeappropriaterestrictionenzymes[1].TA-cloningusestheterminaltransferaseactivityofcertainpolymerasessuchasTaqpolymerase,whichaddsanextra3VAatbothendsofthePCRproduct.ThePCRproductisthenligatedintoaspeciallytreatedlinearizedvectorwitha5VToverhang.AdifferentwayofproducingstickyendsinaninsertisbyincorporatingdUMP’snearthe5Vendsofbothprimers.ThePCRproductistreatedwithuracilDNAglycosylaseleadingtodegradationofthe5Vendsoftheinsert.Thenewlygenerated3VoverhangscanbemuchlongerthanthosecreatedbymostrestrictionenzymeswhichenablestheformationofamorestableDNAcomplexuponannealingandwhichcandirectlybetransformedwithouttheneedofinvitroligation[3].Avariationofthismethodisligation-independentcloning(LIC),whichcreatesrelativelylongcohesiveendsbyanexonuclease[6].Althoughtheabovemethodshavemadecloningmoreaccessibleforcaseswhereconventionalrestrictionsitecloningwasimpossible,theyallneedspecialvectorsandareoftenlabourintensive.Therestriction-free(RF)cloningstrategydescribedhereisligationandrestrictionsite-independentandiswidelyapplicabletoanycircularvector.Thisflexibilityinchoiceofvectorandinsertmakesitexceptionallysuitableforhigh-throughputcloning.Especiallyinstructuralgenomicsadditionalaminoacidsareundesirable,butareoftenunavoidableinconventionalcloning.ForRFcloningthereisnoneedforintroducinganyextrabasepairs.ItbasicallyisamodifiedQuickChangekreaction(Stratagene,LaJolla,CA)inwhichageneratherthanamutationisinsertedintoavector.ThegeneofinterestisamplifiedinaregularPCR,whichproducesaprimerpairthat,onceannealedtothevectorofinterest,isextendedinalinearamplificationreaction.TheparentalplasmidisdigestedbyDpnI,cleavingmethylatedDNA.Averageyieldsobtainedwiththecurrentmethodareabout90%.Thetotalsizeofinsertandvectorislimitedto15kbp,althoughlongerconstructscanbemadeatalowerefficiency.