Effects of carbon content on mechanical properties of 5%Mn steels exhibiting transformation inducin

16mncr516MnCr5是一种常见的低合金钢材料，广泛应用于机械制造和结构工程领域。

本文将介绍16MnCr5的化学成分、物理性能以及其在不同应用领域中的特点和优势。

16MnCr5钢材的化学成分主要包含C（碳）、Mn（锰）、Cr（铬）等元素。

其化学成分中含有适量的碳元素，提供了良好的强度和硬度，锰元素能够增加钢的韧性，而铬元素则提高了其耐蚀性和耐磨性。

这些元素的优化比例使得16MnCr5具备了理想的机械性能和耐用性。

16MnCr5钢材的物理性能表现出较高的硬度和强度，以及较好的韧性和可塑性。

硬度通常为HRC 60至62，强度在950至1200 MPa之间，这使得该材料适用于高负荷和高应力环境下的工程和机械应用。

此外，16MnCr5钢材的延伸率一般为12%至15%，表明它能够承受较大的变形而不易断裂。

在机械制造领域，16MnCr5广泛用于制造齿轮、曲轴、轴承和齿条等工件。

由于其高硬度和强度，16MnCr5钢材可以满足高速旋转和重载工况下的要求。

此外，16MnCr5的耐磨性和耐蚀性使其成为制造轴肩、凸轮和缸套等零件的理想选择。

在结构工程领域，16MnCr5常用于制造连接件和零部件，如螺栓、螺母和销。

16MnCr5钢材具有良好的可加工性，在热处理和冷加工过程中形成高强度和高硬度的表面层，同时保持较高的韧性和可塑性。

这使得16MnCr5非常适合用于连接件的制造，能够在各种结构中提供可靠的承载和连接能力。

此外，16MnCr5还可用于制造传动零件，如链轮和齿轮。

由于其良好的耐磨性和抗疲劳性能，16MnCr5能够在高速旋转和重载工况下实现长时间的可靠运行。

在选择16MnCr5作为材料时，需要注意材料的质量和制造工艺。

质量控制和热处理工艺对最终产品的性能起着至关重要的作用。

正确的质量控制和热处理工艺能够确保16MnCr5材料具有一致的物理性能和耐用性。

综上所述，16MnCr5是一种理想的低合金钢材料，具备优良的化学成分、物理性能和机械性能。

sk5m成分SK5M是一种常见的钢材，具有优良的性能和广泛的应用领域。

本文将从材料特性、应用领域以及相关标准等方面介绍SK5M的成分。

我们来了解一下SK5M的成分。

SK5M是一种高碳工具钢，其主要成分包括碳（C）、硅（Si）、锰（Mn）、磷（P）、硫（S）等元素。

其中，碳是SK5M的主要合金元素，其含量通常在0.80%至0.90%之间。

此外，硅的含量在0.35%至0.50%之间，锰的含量在0.40%至0.60%之间，磷和硫的含量应控制在较低的水平，以提高钢材的纯净度和韧性。

SK5M具有许多优良的性能，使其在各个领域得到广泛应用。

首先，SK5 M具有较高的硬度和耐磨性，能够在重载和高摩擦环境下保持良好的切削性能。

其次，SK5M具有较高的强度和韧性，使其在制造工具、刀具、弹簧等领域得到广泛应用。

此外，SK5M还具有良好的热处理性能，可以通过适当的热处理工艺提高其硬度和耐磨性。

SK5M的应用领域非常广泛。

在制造业中，SK5M常用于制造各种工具和刀具，如刨刀、锯片、刀片等，以满足高强度和耐磨的要求。

同时，S K5M还广泛应用于弹簧制造领域，如汽车弹簧、机械弹簧等，其高强度和韧性能够满足弹簧在高压力和高频率下的工作要求。

此外，SK5M还可用于制造各种机械零件和金属制品，如剃须刀片、镊子等。

在使用SK5M时，需要遵循相关的标准和规范。

SK5M的国际标准为JIS G4401，其中规定了其化学成分、机械性能要求以及热处理工艺等。

根据标准要求，SK5M的硬度范围为HRC58-64，抗拉强度为1270-1370 MPa，屈服强度为1140-1240MPa。

此外，在热处理方面，常用的工艺包括淬火和回火，以提高钢材的硬度和韧性。

总结起来，SK5M是一种高碳工具钢，具有优良的硬度、耐磨性、强度和韧性等性能。

它在制造工具、刀具、弹簧等领域得到广泛应用，并遵循相关标准和规范。

随着制造业的发展和技术的进步，SK5M的应用前景将更加广阔。

16mncrs5化学成分
16MnCrS5是一种低合金钢，其化学成分包括碳(C)、锰(Mn)、铬(Cr)和硫(S)。

以下将详细介绍16MnCrS5的化学成分及其在钢材中的作用。

碳是钢材中最主要的合金元素之一，它可以增加钢材的硬度和强度。

在16MnCrS5中，碳含量为0.14-0.19%，这使得该钢具有较高的硬度和强度，适用于制造需要较高强度的零件和构件。

锰是一种常见的合金元素，它可以提高钢材的韧性和耐磨性。

16MnCrS5中的锰含量为1.10-1.40%，这使得钢材具有良好的韧性和耐磨性，适用于制造受冲击和磨损的零件。

铬是一种重要的合金元素，它可以提高钢材的耐腐蚀性和耐热性。

在16MnCrS5中，铬含量为0.80-1.10%，这使得钢材具有一定的耐腐蚀性和耐热性，适用于制造在潮湿或高温环境中工作的零件。

硫是一种杂质元素，通常不被希望存在于钢材中。

然而，在16MnCrS5中，硫含量为0.020-0.040%，这是设计意图。

硫能够改善钢材的加工性能和切削性能，使得钢材更易于加工和切削。

除了上述主要元素外，16MnCrS5中还含有少量的硅(Si)、磷(P)和铜(Cu)等。

硅可以提高钢材的强度和硬度，磷可以提高钢材的强度和韧性，铜可以提高钢材的耐腐蚀性和耐热性。

16MnCrS5是一种低合金钢，其化学成分包括碳、锰、铬和硫等元素。

这些元素在钢材中起着不同的作用，使得钢材具有较高的硬度、强度、韧性、耐磨性、耐腐蚀性和耐热性，适用于制造各种需要高强度和良好性能的零件和构件。

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 25, Number 9, September 2018, Page 1060https:///10.1007/s12613-018-1657-9Corresponding authors: Yi-bo Li E-mail: yibo.li@; Song-sheng Zeng E-mail: zsscsu@© University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018Microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance ofVC p-reinforced Fe-matrix composites treated by Q&P processPing-hu Chen1,2), Yi-bo Li1,2,3), Rui-qing Li2,3), Ri-peng Jiang3), Song-sheng Zeng4), and Xiao-qian Li1,2,3)1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China2) State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Changsha 410083, China3) Light Alloy Research Institutes, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China4) Valin ArcelorMittal Automotive Steel Co., Ltd., Loudi 417000, China(Received: 10 January 2018; revised: 4 April 2018; accepted: 13 April 2018)Abstract: A quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process was applied to vanadium carbide particle (VCp)-reinforced Fe-matrix composites (VC-Fe-MCs) to obtain a multiphase microstructure comprising VC, V8C7, M3C, α-Fe, and γ-Fe. The effects of the austenitizing temperature and the quenching temperature on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the VC-Fe-MCs were studied. The re-sults show that the size of the carbide became coarse and that the shape of some particles began to transform from diffused graininess into a chrysanthemum-shaped structure with increasing austenitizing temperature. The microhardness decreased with increasing austenitizing tem-perature but substantially increased after wear testing compared with the microhardness before wear testing; the microhardness values im-proved by 20.0% ± 2.5%. Retained austenite enhanced the impact toughness and promoted the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) ef-fect to improve wear resistance under certain load conditions.Keywords: vanadium carbide; Fe-matrix composites; quenching and partitioning process; transformation-induced plasticity effect; micro-hardness; impact toughness; wear resistance1. IntroductionV anadium carbide [1] has advantages of high hardness, excellent high-temperature strength, good corrosion resis-tance, and high chemical and thermal stability even at high temperatures [2–4]; therefore, it is widely used in industrial applications [5–7]. V anadium carbide in alloys such as aus-tenite/martensite steel and cast iron is formed by chemical reaction at temperatures ranging from 1100 to 1500°C [2,8–9], which improves the mechanical properties and wear resis-tance of composites reinforced with vanadium carbide. Fur-thermore, the mechanical properties and wear resistance of vanadium carbide-reinforced composites are greatly en-hanced through optimization of the composition ratios of the carbon and vanadium elements and through application of a heat treatment to regulate the type and size of the micro-structure [10–15], thereby extending the service life of the composites [16].The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process was first proposed by J. G. Speer in 2006. Plasticity and toughness can be improved through this process, which utilizes a car-bon partition to stabilize austenite [17–18]. The Q&P process has been adopted to adjust the ratio of austenite in the matrix to enhance the mechanical properties and wear behavior of high-strength steels. A hardening layer of the Q&P-treated specimen can form during wear tests because of the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect [19–24]. The optimized Q&P process and its TRIP effect are benefi-cial to enhancing the mechanical properties and wear resis-tance of the materials. Therefore, these new vanadium car-bide-reinforced Fe-matrix composites (VC-Fe-MCs) can re-place high-chromium and high-manganese wear-resistant cast iron in some industries. However, the study of VC-Fe-MCs on its properties has been reported rarely.In the present paper, the setting of austenitizing tempera-ture and quenching temperature was optimized to enhanceP.H. Chen et al., Microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of VC p-reinforced Fe-matrix (1061)the mechanical properties and wear resistance of VC-Fe-MCs to promote the application. The effects of heat-treatment parameters on the microstructures, mechani-cal properties, and wear resistance of VC-Fe-MCs were stu-died, and the TRIP effect before and after wear test was discussed.2. Experimental2.1. Materials and sample preparationThe chemical composition of the VC-Fe-MCs is listed in Table 1. The preparation process of VC-Fe-MCs is as fol-lows. Firstly, ferrous scrap was melted in a 200-kg me-dium-frequency induction furnace. Secondly, to increase the absorptivity of vanadium, ferrovanadium was added into liquid iron after being deoxidized. Thirdly, a certain amount of pure titanium was added to accelerate the nucleation of vanadium carbide, after which the melted iron was deox-idized. The final de-oxidation was conducted by adding 0.5wt% pure aluminum. Finally, the liquid cast iron was poured into a sand mold at approximately 1450°C and then formed by cooling in air. A schematic of the pouring process has been reported elsewhere [25]. The size of ingots were 200 mm × 100 mm × 14 mm. Samples for microhardness tests, impact tests, and wear tests were cut to small ingots with volume of 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm , 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm, and 10 mm × 10 mm × 40 mm, respectively. All samples were prepared for a batch of VC-Fe-MCs ingots.Table 1. Chemical composition of VC-Fe-MCs wt%C Si Mn V Cr Mo Fe2.80 1.53.0 8.1 2.0 1.5 Bal.2.2. Heat-treatment techniqueHeat treatments were carried out using a heat-treatment furnace. The heat-treatment schedules were based on the Q&P process and the TRIP effect. Specimens were austeni-tized at 900, 950, 1000, and 1050°C for 30 min and then quenched in a salt-bath furnace (55vol% KNO3 + 45vol% NaNO2 with a melting point of 130°C and service temper-ature range from 150 to 500°C) at 150, 180, 210, and 300°C respectively for several minutes before being parti-tioned at 320°C for 30 min and cooled to room tempera-ture.2.3. Measurement of mechanical properties and wear re-sistanceMaterial impact tests were carried out on a JBW-300B pendulum-type impact-testing machine with an impact energy of 150 J. Specimens were prepared without a notch. Each group included three specimens; the final reported value was an average of the results of the three specimens. The microhardness of the specimens before and after wear test was measured on a Zwick Roell Indentec Vickers tes-ter (ZHV1-AFC, Germany) with a load of 9.8 N for a dwell time of 15 s. Five points were measured for every specimen, with the reported value being the average of the five values. A wear resistance test was performed using a block-on-cylinder-type wear testing machine (M-2000) at room temperature with a load of 200 N at a rotating speed of 400 r/min. The material of the cylinder was YG8 hard alloy with a hardness of HRA 89 and outer and inner diameters of 40 mm and 16 mm, respectively. The weight loss (mg) of the wear specimens was measured using an analytical bal-ance, and the width and depth of the wear trace were meas-ured by a reading microscope (JC10, China) and an ul-tra-deep field 3D microscope (VHX5000, Japan), which provided a quantitative correlation among weight loss, wear width, wear depth, and wear time.2.4. Morphology characterization and composition anal-ysisThe microstructure of the specimens was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on a TESCAN MIRA 3 LMH/LMU electron microscope operated at 15–25 kV. The samples were examined before and after they were etched with a 4vol% nitric acid alcohol solution for 30 s. The fracture morphology of specimens after the impact test was characterized by SEM. The chemical composition of the specimens was analyzed by energy-dispersive spectros-copy (EDS). Phase identification of the samples was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a Cu Kα radiation; the samples were scanned at a rate of 0.04°/s over the 2θ in-terval from 10 to 90°.3. Results3.1. Microstructures and XRD analysisFig. 1 displays the microstructure and composition anal-ysis of an as-cast specimen. The microstructure was charac-terized by VC, V8C7, M3C, pearlite, and a small amount of martensite. The size of VC was between 5 μm and 10 μm, and a small amount of V8C7 was observed as long strips. On the basis of XRD composition analysis (Fig. 1(b)), the car-bide phases were identified as VC and V8C7. The crystal structure of VC was a 2 × 2 × 2 super cell of VC with 32 vanadium atoms and 32 carbon atoms. The crystal structure of V8C7 was the unit cell of V8C7 with 32 vanadium atoms1062 Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater ., Vol. 25, No. 9, Sep. 2018and 28 carbon atoms [26]; the microstructure is shown in Fig. 1(c) and Fig. 1(d). α-Fe in the matrix was mainly pear-lite with a small amount of martensite. The microstructure is shown in Fig. 1(d).Fig. 2 shows the XRD composition analysis of the VC-Fe-MCs specimens austenitized at different temperatures and quenched at different temperatures. Compared with the XRD composition analysis of the as-cast specimen, it can be found that different proportions of the γ-Fe phase (retainedaustenite) were detected by XRD at different austenitizingFig. 1. Microstructure and XRD pattern of the as-cast specimen: (a) morphology and distribution of carbides; (b) XRD composi-tion analysis; (c) and (d) M 3C, V 8C 7, VC, pearlite, and small amount of martensite.Fig. 2. XRD composition analysis of VC-Fe-MCs under different (a) austenitizing temperatures and (b) quenching temperatures.P.H. Chen et al., Microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of VC p -reinforced Fe-matrix …1063temperatures and quenching temperatures. As shown in Fig. 2(a), the peaks associated with the γ-Fe phase (retained aus-tenite) at 50, 75, and 90° increased in intensity, nevertheless, the peaks associated with the α-Fe phase at 45 and 82° de-creased in intensity. The intensity of the VC peaks in-creased with increasing austenitizing temperature; however, with increasing quenching temperatures, the peak intensity of VC increased after initially decreasing, as shown in Fig. 2(b).3.2. Microhardness and toughnessThe effect of austenitizing temperature on impact tough-ness is shown in Fig. 3(a). The impact toughness initially increased and then decreased, reaching a toughness value greater than the initial value; the maximum value was 10.18 J/cm 2 at an austenitizing temperature of 1000°C. The effect of quenching temperature on impact toughness is shown in Fig. 3(b). Impact toughness increased with increasing quenching temperature. Fig. 4 shows the microhardness of specimens austenitized and quenched under different tem-peratures before and after wear test. The microhardness of the as-cast specimen was HRC 53.1 before and after wear test, whereas the microhardness of specimens changed sub-stantially as the austenitizing and quenching temperatures were varied. Specifically, the microhardness decreased with increasing austenitizing temperature. As displayed in Fig. 4(a), the microhardness of specimens at austenitizing tem-peratures of 1000°C and 1050°C were lower than that of the as-cast specimens before wear test, which were HRC 50.3 and HRC 43.3, respectively. However, after carrying out continuous wear test for 60 min, the values increased by 17.3% and 40.9%, respectively. Fig. 4(b) shows the micro-hardness at different quenching temperatures before and af-ter wear test. Before wear test, the microhardness of all the specimens was between HRC 47.5 and HRC 50.5. The mi-crohardness increased substantially after wear test compared with that before test, and the hardness values improved by20.0% ± 2.5%.Fig. 3.Variation in toughness under different (a) austenitizing temperatures and (b) quenching temperatures.Fig. 4. Variation in microhardness under different (a) austenitizing and (b) quenching temperatures before and after wear testing.1064Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater ., Vol. 25, No. 9, Sep. 20183.3. Wear propertiesFig. 5(a) shows the weight losses at different austenitiz-ing temperatures. In general, weight loss increased with wear time, and a comparison of the results of the wear expe-riment show that the wear loss of the specimen austenitized at 900°C was lower than the others; the maximum value was only 8.7 mg, whereas that of the as-cast specimen was 16.4 mg after wear for 60 min. The wear loss ∆m at different austenitizing temperatures decreased in the order of ∆m AC >∆m 950 > ∆m 1000 > ∆m 1050 > ∆m 900, as shown in Fig. 5(a) (∆m AC is a wear loss of the as-cast specimen). The effect of quenching temperature on wear loss was shown in Fig. 5(b), which indicated that little difference exists in wear losses at different quenching temperatures. After a wear time of 60 min, the wear loss of the specimen treated at 300°C ranked behind only that of the as-cast specimen. The wear losses of the specimens treated at 150–210°C were virtually equal.The wear width of the austenitized specimens was shown inFig. 5. Variation in weight losses under different (a) austenitizing temperatures and (b) quenching temperatures; variation in widths under different (c) austenitizing temperatures and (d) quenching temperatures; and variation in depths under different (e) austenitizing temperatures and (f) quenching temperatures. AC represents the as-cast specimen.P.H. Chen et al., Microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of VC p -reinforced Fe-matrix …1065Fig. 5(c). The wear width exhibited a parabolic increase with wear time; however, the wear width of the 900°C-treated spe-cimen exhibited linear growth. After a wear time of 60 min, the relationship of wear width agreed with that of wear loss. The maximum wear width of the as-cast specimen was 4.2 mm, and that of the specimen treated at 900°C exhibited a maximum value of 3.3 mm. The wear width exhibited a pa-rabolic trend increase with increasing wear time when the quenching temperature was between 150°C and 300°C, as shown in Fig. 5(d). The maximum wear width of the speci-mens quenched at 180°C was the lowest (about 3.75 mm). The effect of the austenitizing temperature and quenching temperature on wear depth was shown in Fig. 5(e) and Fig. 5(f). The depth of the as-cast specimen was the largest, with an average value of 130 μm and a maximum value greater than 150 μm, as shown in Fig. 5(e). With an increase in aus-tenitizing temperature, the wear depth increased after in-itially decreasing, whereas the wear depth of the specimen treated at 950° reached the maximum value. As shown in Fig. 5(f), in contrast, the wear-depth trend decreased initially and then increased.4. Discussion4.1. Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties On the basis of the experimental results, the impacttoughness of the 900°C/300°C-treated specimen (where 900°C and 300°C are the austenitizing and quenching tem-peratures, respectively) was the lowest among the investi-gated samples, whereas that for the 1000°C/300°C-treated specimen was the highest. As shown in Fig. 6, four fracture morphologies were observed in the fracture surface of the 900°C/300°C-treated specimen: zone I (spalling of spherical carbides), zone II (brittle fracture of dendritic carbide), zone III (ductile fracture of Fe-matrix), and zone IV (brittle frac-ture of Fe-matrix). Carbides were mainly distributed in the ductile fracture region (zone III). The size of the spherical carbide particles was between 5 μm and 10 μm, whereas the dendritic carbides were larger than 250 μm, as shown in Fig. 6(a) and Fig. 6(b). The bonding between the spherical car-bide and the Fe-matrix was poor, and a gap was readily ap-parent in the impact fracture. Cracks initiated in zone I un-der the impact condition. The bonding between the dendritic carbide and the Fe-matrix was quite good. The interdiffusion of alloying elements was detected between the dendritic carbide and the Fe- matrix, as shown in Fig. 6(c). However, the dendritic carbide was considered a ceramic particle, and brittle fracture occurred in zone II because the crack dif-fused from zone I to zone II (i.e., dendritic carbide). In addi-tion, according to the mass fraction of the carbon element in the designed materials, the VC-Fe-MCs belong to particlereinforced wear-resistant cast iron, which exhibited poorFig. 6. Fracture morphologies of the 900°C-treated specimen in different regions: (a) different fracture regions; (b) magnified view of ductile fracture and spherical carbide of zone I and zone II in subfigure (a); (c) magnified view of dendritic carbide of zone III in subfigure (a) and EDS composition analysis of line scanning; (d) magnified view of brittle fracture of zone IV in subfigure (a).1066Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater ., Vol. 25, No. 9, Sep. 2018impact toughness. In the 1000°C-treated specimen, the carbon diffused from α-Fe to γ-Fe. A higher percentage of γ-Fe (austenite phase) could exist at room temperature be-cause the cooling time was longer than that for the 900°C-treated specimen. The spherical carbide particles of zone I appeared to break but not fall off, as shown in Fig. 7. Therefore, the impact toughness of 1000 treated spec ℃i-men was better than the others with the results of SEM morphology and EDS composition, as shown in Fig. 6 andFig. 7.Fig. 7. Fracture morphologies and EDS composition analysis of the 1000°C-treated specimen: (a) showing fracture microstructure for different fracture regions; (b) magnified view of spherical carbides, dendritic carbide and ductile fracture of zone I, zone II and zone IV in (a); (c) magnified view of brittle carbide of zone III in (a); (d) EDS composition analysis of line scanning.4.2. Effect of heat treatment on wear resistanceFig. 8 shows the wear morphology of the as-cast (AC), 900°C-treated, and 1000°C-treated specimens. Debris of the YG8 hard alloy was attached to the surface of the AC spe-cimen, whereas a large amount of granular precipitates dis-persed in the wear region of the 900°C-treated specimen. Debris of the YG8 hard alloy were detected on the wear surface of the tested specimen austenitized at 1000°C. As shown in Fig. 9, four different types of wear morphologies were characterized by SEM: type 1 (carbide); type 2 (debris of the YG8 hard alloy); type 3 (tested specimen); and type 4 (debris of the tested specimen). Therefore, evaluating whether the specimens treated at different austenitizing temperatures and quenching temperatures exhibited good wear resistance by measuring weight loss was difficult; in-stead, wear width and depth were taken into account to eva-luate the wear resistance, as shown in Fig. 5. 5. Strengthening mechanismAccording to previously reported experimental results [15], wear resistance mainly depends on the shape, size, and dis-tribution of vanadium carbide when the microhardness is greater than HRC 58. When the microhardness is less than HRC 58, the wear resistance of the VC-Fe-MCs depends pri-marily on its hardness and microstructure. Texture of the ma-trix is almost transformed completely into the austenite tex-ture when the austenitizing temperature is greater than 800°C. Through a rapid quenching treatment, most of the austenite texture is preserved in the matrix. However, the rest can re-main in an unstable state. In the subsequent process of car-bon partitioning, part of the austenite becomes more stable because of the redistribution of the carbon element. Howev-er, the remainder can change from γ-Fe (austenite texture) to α-Fe (martensite texture) during the final cooling process. The microstructure of the Fe-matrix can be transformedP.H. Chen et al., Microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of VC p -reinforced Fe-matrix (1067)from γ-Fe (good toughness) into α-Fe (excellent hardness and strength) under a certain friction load [27]. The micro-hardness improves greatly before and after wear test. Differ-ent proportions of retained austenite can be achieved through the Q&P process. Therefore, this process and the TRIP effect not only ensure impact toughness but also improve wear re-sistance during use. On the bases of these experimental re-sults, under friction conditions with either low impact or no impact, an austenitizing temperature of 900°C and a quench-ing temperature of 180°C are the optimal parameters for im-proving the microhardness and wear resistance of VC-Fe-MCs. However, under a high-impact condition, an austenitizing temperature of 1000°C and a quenching temperature of300°C are needed for excellent comprehensive performance.Fig. 8. Wear morphologies of typical specimens: (a) and (b) wear morphologies of an AC specimen; (c) and (d) wear morphologies of a specimen treated at 900°C; (e) and (f) wear morphologies of a specimen treated at 1000°C.1068 Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater ., Vol. 25, No. 9, Sep. 2018Fig. 9. SEM morphologies (a -c) and EDS analyses (d) of points 1-4 in (b -c) for the 1000°C/300°C-treated specimen after wear test.6. ConclusionsThe microstructure of the Fe-matrix was translated from α-Fe into γ-Fe through a Q&P process, and γ-Fe was stabi-lized at room temperature through a carbon partitioning treatment. Thus, the TRIP effect was observed because γ-Fe (good toughness) was transformed into α-Fe (excellent hardness and strength) under a certain friction load. In addi-tion, the average hardness was improved substantially be-fore and after wear test. Under low-impact conditions, spe-cimens austenitized at 900°C and quenched at 180°C showed favorable wear resistance; however, under a cer-tain impact condition, the specimens exhibited good wear resistance when austenitized at 1000°C and quenched at 300°C.AcknowledgementsThis work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51475480 and U1637601), the Research Funding from the State Key La-boratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing (No. ZZYJKT2017-01), Innovation Platform and Talent Plan of Hunan Province (No. 2016RS2015), and the Project of In-novation Driven Plan in Central South University (No. 2015CX002). References[1] L.L. Wu, T.K. Yao, Y.C. Wang, J.W. Zhang, F.R. Xiao, andB. Liao, Understanding the mechanical properties of vana-dium carbides: Nano-indentation measurement and first-principles calculations, J. Alloys Compd., 548(2013), p. 60.[2] B. Zhang and Z.Q. Li, Synthesis of vanadium carbide bymechanical alloying, J. Alloys Compd., 392(2005), No. 1-2, p. 183.[3] S.V. Shah and N.B. Dahotre, Laser surface-engineered vana-dium carbide coating for extended die life, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 124(2002), No. 1-2, p. 105.[4] H.L. Liu, J.C. Zhu, Y. Liu, and Z.H. Lai, First-principlesstudy on the mechanical properties of vanadium carbides VC and V4C3, Mater. Lett., 62(2008), No. 17-18, p. 3084.[5] K. Euh, S. Lee, and S. Choo, Microstructural analysis of va-nadium carbide/steel surface-alloyed materials fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation, Metall. Mater. Trans.A., 31(2000), No. 11, p. 2849.[6] G.V. Helden, D. van Heijnsbergen, M.A. Duncan, and G.Meijer, IR-REMPI of vanadium-carbide nanocrystals: Ideal versus truncated lattices, Chem. Phys. Lett., 333(2001), No. 5, p. 350.[7] H. Zhang, Y. Zou, Z.D. Zou, and W. Zhao, Comparativestudy on continuous and pulsed wave fiber laser cladding in-situ titanium-vanadium carbides reinforced Fe-based composite layer, Mater. Lett., 139(2015), p. 255.[8] Y. Wang, Y.C. Ding, W. Jing, F.J. Cheng, and J. Shi, In situP.H. Chen et al., Microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of VC p-reinforced Fe-matrix (1069)production of vanadium carbide particulates reinforced iron matrix surface composite by cast-sintering, Mater. Design., 28(2007), No. 7, p. 2202.[9] J.H. Ma, M.N. Wu, Y.H. Du, S.Q. Chen, J. Ye, and L.L. Jin,Low temperature synthesis of vanadium carbide (VC), Mater.Lett., 63(2009), No. 11, p. 905.[10] H.T. Cao, X.P. Dong, Z. Pan, X.W. Wu, Q.W. Huang, andY.T. Pei, Surface alloying of high-vanadium high-speed steel on ductile iron using plasma transferred arc alloying tech-nique: Microstructure and wear properties, Mater. Design., 100(2016), p. 223.[11] X.J. Di, M. Li, Z.W. Yang, B.S. Wang, and X.J. Guo, Micro-structural evolution, coarsening behavior of vanadium carbide and mechanical properties in the simulated heat-affected zone of modified medium manganese steel, Mater. Design., 96(2016), p. 232.[12] A.G. Rakhshtadt, K.A. Lanskaya, N.M. Suleimanov, andL.V. Katkova, Effect of heat treatment on conditions of for-mation, shape, and stability of vanadium carbides in vana-dium steels, Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 17(1975), No. 6, p. 477. [13] J. Wang, H. Lu, B. Yu, R.F. Wang, G.M. Hua, X.G. Yan, L.Parent, H. Tian, R. Chung, and D.Y. Li, Explore the electron work function as a promising indicative parameter for sup-plementary clues towards tailoring of wear-resistant mate-rials, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 669(2016), p. 396.[14] S.Z. Wei, J.H. Zhu, and L.J. Xu, Research on wear resistanceof high speed steel with high vanadium content, Mater. Sci.Eng. A., 404(2005), No. 1-2, p. 138.[15] S.Z. Wei, J.H. Zhu, and L.J. Xu, Effects of vanadium andcarbon on microstructures and abrasive wear resistance of high speed steel, Tribol. Int., 39(2006), No. 7, p. 641.[16] L.S. Zhong, F.X. Ye, Y.H. Xu, and J.S. Li, Microstructureand abrasive wear characteristics of in situ vanadium carbide particulate-reinforced iron matrix composites, Mater. Design., 54(2014), p. 564.[17] S. Yan, X.H. Liu, W.J. Liu, H.F. Lan, and H.Y. Wu, Com-parison on mechanical properties and microstructure of a C-Mn-Si steel treated by quenching and partitioning (Q&P) and quenching and tempering (Q&T) processes, Mater. Sci.Eng. A., 620(2015), p. 58.[18] G.H. Gao, B.F. An, H. Zhang, H.R. Guo, X.L. Gui, and B.Bai, Concurrent enhancement of ductility and toughness in an ultrahigh strength lean alloy steel treated by bainite-based quenching-partitioning-tempering process, Mater. Sci. Eng.A., 702(2017), p. 104.[19] S. Boettcher, M. Böhm, and M. Wolff, Well-posedness of athermo-elasto-plastic problem with phase transitions in TRIP steels under mixed boundary conditions, ZAMM-Z. Angew.Math. Me., 95(2016), No. 12, p. 1461.[20] A. Ramazani, H. Quade, M. Abbasi, and U. Prahl, The effectof martensite banding on the mechanical properties and for-mability of TRIP steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 651(2016), p.160.[21] L. Luo, W. Li, L. Wang, S. Zhou, and X. Jin, Tensile beha-viors and deformation mechanism of a medium Mn-TRIP steel at different temperatures, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 682(2016), p. 698.[22] Z.C. Li, H. Ding, R.D.K. Misra, and Z.H. Cai, Microstruc-ture-mechanical property relationship and austenite stability in medium-Mn TRIP steels: The effect of austenite-reverted transformation and quenching-tempering treatments, Mater.Sci. Eng. A., 682(2017), p. 211.[23] P.J. Jacques, Q. Furnémont, F. Lani, T. Pardoen, and F. De-lannay, Multiscale mechanics of TRIP-assisted multiphase steels: I. Characterization and mechanical testing, Acta Mater., 55(2007), No. 11, p. 3681.[24] Z.C. Li, H. Ding, R.D.K. Misra, Z.H. Cai, and H.X. Li, Mi-crostructural evolution and deformation behavior in the Fe-(6,8.5)Mn-3Al-0.2C TRIP steels,Mater. Sci. Eng. A.,672(2016), p. 161.[25] J.P. Zhou, K. Shimizu, and Q.Z. Cai, Effects of Cr contentand annealing temperature on microstructure and wear cha-racteristics of cast ausferrite nodular iron, J. Iron. Steel Res.Int., 22(2015), No. 11, p. 1049.[26] X.Y. Chong, Y.H. Jiang, R. Zhou, and J. Feng, The effects ofordered carbon vacancies on stability and thermo-mechanical properties of V8C7 compared with VC, Sci. Rep., 6(2016), p.34007.[27] J.M. Torralba, A. Navarro, and M. Campos, From the TRIPeffect and Quenching and Partitioning steels concepts to the development of new high-performance, lean powder metal-lurgy steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 573(2013), p. 253.。

crmnn钢化学成分
CRMNN钢是一种含有铬、锰和镍元素的钢材。

其化学成分可以根据具体的合金配比有所不同，但一般来说，CRMNN钢的典型化学成分如下：
- 铬（Cr）：通常含量在12-20%之间。

铬的加入可以提高钢的耐腐蚀性和耐磨性。

- 锰（Mn）：通常含量在1-2%之间。

锰的加入可以提高钢的强度和韧性，并改善热处理后的组织。

- 镍（Ni）：通常含量在1-4%之间。

镍的加入可以提高钢的强度、耐腐蚀性和耐磨性。

CRMNN钢还可能含有其他元素，如碳（C）、硅（Si）、钼（Mo）等，这些元素的加入可以进一步改善钢的性能和特性。

具体的化学成分要根据具体的产品要求和应用领域来确定。

50mn2化学成分标准50Mn2是一种碳素结构钢，其化学成分标准对于材料的性能和用途具有重要的影响。

以下是50Mn2化学成分标准的详细介绍。

1. 碳含量(C)：根据标准要求，50Mn2钢的碳含量应为0.47%-0.55%。

碳是钢中的主要合金元素之一，能够提高钢材的硬度和强度。

2. 硅含量(Si)：50Mn2钢的硅含量应控制在0.17%-0.37%之间。

硅的加入可以改善钢材的抗氧化性能和冷变形能力。

3. 锰含量(Mn)：50Mn2钢的锰含量应为0.90%-1.20%。

锰作为一种重要的合金元素，可以提高钢材的强度和韧性。

4. 硫含量(S)：标准要求50Mn2钢的硫含量不超过0.035%。

硫是一种有害元素，会降低钢材的塑性和韧性，容易引起脆性断裂。

5. 磷含量(P)：50Mn2钢的磷含量应控制在0.035%以下。

磷是一种有害元素，会降低钢材的韧性和冷脆性。

6. 杂质含量：标准要求50Mn2钢中的杂质含量应符合相应的规定。

杂质是指对钢材性能有不利影响的其他元素或化合物。

50Mn2钢是一种优质结构钢，在机械制造和建筑领域有广泛的应用。

其化学成分直接影响了钢材的机械性能和使用寿命。

因此，准确控制50Mn2钢的化学成分是保证产品质量的重要环节。

50Mn2化学成分标准的制定，是为了确保钢材满足特定的力学性能、加工性能和耐用性要求。

各项元素的含量要求严格控制，以确保50Mn2钢能够具备良好的强度、韧性、塑性和耐蚀性。

在生产和使用过程中，必须严格按照50Mn2化学成分标准进行材料的检测和验收，以确保钢材的质量达到设计要求。

总之，50Mn2化学成分标准对于50Mn2钢的生产和应用具有重要意义。

通过严格控制各项元素的含量，可以保证钢材具备良好的性能和可靠性，满足不同领域的需求。

37mn5钢标准37Mn5钢是一种碳素结构钢，其主要成分包括碳（C）、锰（Mn）和铁（Fe）。

它属于欧洲标准EN 10277-4和EN 10269。

钢的化学成分对其力学性能和物理性质产生重要影响。

根据EN 10277-4标准，37Mn5钢的化学成分如下：- 碳含量（C）：0.33-0.39%- 锰含量（Mn）：1.20-1.50%- 硫含量（S）：最大0.045%- 磷含量（P）：最大0.035%- 硅含量（Si）：0.10-0.35%- 砷（As）和铅（Pb）的合计含量：最大0.1%37Mn5钢具有较高的强度、韧性和耐磨性。

它适用于制造高强度机械零件和构件，如汽车底盘部件、大型机械部件和工程结构。

在EN 10269标准中，对37Mn5钢的机械性能有详细的规定。

以下是37Mn5钢的一些机械性能参数：- 屈服强度（Rp0.2）：最低370 MPa- 抗拉强度（Rm）：500-700 MPa- 延伸率（A）：最低18%- 冲击韧性（KV）：20°C下最低可达27 J钢的热处理也对其性能产生重要影响。

根据EN 10277-4标准，37Mn5钢可在不同条件下热处理，包括正火（韧性-强度组合）和退火（提高加工性能）。

为了确保37Mn5钢的质量和可靠性，EN 10277-4标准还规定了该钢的各项技术要求，包括化学成分分析方法、机械性能测试方法、热处理方法和表面状态等。

总的来说，37Mn5钢是一种具有高强度、韧性和耐磨性的碳素结构钢。

它适用于制造高强度机械零件和构件。

EN 10277-4和EN 10269是37Mn5钢的标准，分别规定了该钢的化学成分、机械性能、热处理方法和技术要求，使其在制造过程中能够得到正确的处理和使用。

(字数：509)。

oil.Sizes over about2in.(50mm)in cross section usually exhibit lower interior hardness.3.1.5Shock-Resisting Steels,Identification S—Types S1to S7vary in alloy content but are intended for shock-resisting applications.3.1.6Special-Purpose Tool Steels,Identification L—Types L2to L6are low-alloy steels with a wide range of carbon content.The low-carbon types are generally used for structural applications requiring good levels of toughness,while the high-carbon types may be used for short-run tools.3.1.7Special-Purpose Tool Steels,Identification F—Types F1to F2are high-carbon steels with varying tungsten content used primarily for relatively short-runfine edge cutting tools.3.1.8Mold Steels,Identification P:3.1.8.1Types P2to P6are very low-carbon steels and must be carburized after machining or hubbing.3.1.8.2Types P20and P21are usually supplied in the prehardened condition and can be placed in service directly after machining.4.Ordering Information4.1Orders for material under this specification shall include the following information,as required to describe adequately the desired material:4.1.1Class of material(hot work tool steel,etc.),4.1.2Type(H11,D2,etc.),4.1.3Shape(sheet,strip,plate,flat bar,round bar,square bar,hexagon bar,octagon,special shapes),4.1.4Dimensions(thickness,width,diameter,length),4.1.5Finish(hot rolled,forged,blasted or pickled,cold drawn,machined,ground,precision ground and polished), 4.1.6Condition(annealed,hardened and tempered,etc.), 4.1.7ASTM designation and year of issue,and4.1.8Special requirements.5.Materials and Manufacture5.1Unless otherwise specified,material covered by this specification shall be made by an electric melting process.It shall be made from ingots that have been reduced in cross section in such a manner and to such a degree as to ensure proper refinement of the ingot structure.6.Chemical Composition6.1An analysis of each heat of steel shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentage of the elements specified,and these values shall conform to the requirements for chemical composition specified in Table1.If requested or required,the chemical composition shall be reported to the purchaser or his representative.6.2Analysis may be made by the purchaser fromfinished bars and forgings by machining off the entire cross section and drilling parallel to the axis of the bar or forging at any point midway between the center and surface in accordance with the latest issue of Practice E59.The chemical analysis of the drilling chips shall be made in accordance with the latest issue of Test Methods E30.The chemical composition thus deter-mined shall not vary from the limits specified in Table1.7.Hardness Requirements7.1Annealed hardness values shall be obtained in accor-dance with the latest issue of Test Methods and Definitions A370,and shall not exceed the Brinell hardness values(or equivalent Rockwell hardness values)specified in Table2. 7.2Specimens for determination of minimum response to hardening shall be1⁄4-in.(6.4-mm)thick disks cut so as to represent either the full cross-sectional area or that midway between the center and outer surface of the material.If the material form or size does not lend itself to accurate hardness determination on1⁄4-in.thick cross-sectional disks,then longi-tudinal specimens may be used for hardness testing.Examples are round bars less than1⁄2in.(12.7mm)in diameter or sheet. In this case,the specimen shall be a minimum of3in.(76mm) in length and parallelflats shall be ground on the original mill surfaces.The specimens shall be heat treated as prescribed in Table3.7.2.1The hardness of the specimen after the specified heat treatment shall meet the minimum hardness value for the particular type of steel shown in Table3.Rockwell C tests should be used where possible but light load tests may be necessary on thin specimens.These tests should be specified by agreement between the seller and the purchaser.The hardness value shall be obtained in accordance with the latest issue of Test Methods and Definitions A370,and shall be the average of at leastfive readings taken in an area midway between the center and surface of the largest dimension of the cross-sectional specimen or along the parallel surfaces of the longitudinal specimen.8.Macrostructure8.1Specimens for the determination of the macrostructure shall represent the entire cross-sectional area in the annealed condition and be prepared in accordance with the latest issue of Practice A561.Material supplied to this specification shall be capable of exhibiting a structure free of excessive porosity, segregation,slag,dirt or other nonmetallic inclusions,pipe, checks,cracks,and other injurious defects.8.2Macroetch severity levels for center porosity and ingot pattern,illustrated photographically in Practice A561,shall not exceed the ratings specification in Table4for the appropriate material size and composition.More stringent requirements are available by agreement between seller and purchaser.9.Decarburization9.1Specimens for the determination of decarburization shall represent a cross section of the material and be prepared in accordance with the latest issue of Methods E3.Material supplied to this specification shall be capable,when examined at20times or greater magnification,of not exceeding the values given in Tables5-8for the appropriate size and shape of material.Lower limits of decarburization may be specified by agreement between the seller and purchaser.9.2Material ordered as ground and polished or ground finished or machinefinished shall be free of scale and decarburization.10.Permissible Variations for Dimensions10.1Permissible variations for dimensions shall not exceed the applicable limits stated in Tables9-28.11.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance11.1All alloy tool steels shall be free of heavy scale,deeppitting,laps,porosity,injurious segregations,excessive non-metallic inclusions,seams,cracks,checks,slivers,scale marks,dents,soft and hard spots,pipes,or any defects that woulddetrimentally affect the suitability of the material after removalof the recommended stock allowance.12.Sampling12.1Each particular shipment of a heat of steel by type,size,and shape shall be considered a lot and must conform to the provisions of this specification.13.Inspection 13.1Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order,the supplier is responsible for the performance of all inspection requirements as specified herein.The supplier may utilize his own facilities or any other acceptable to the purchaser.13.2When specified in the purchase order,the inspectorTABLE 1Chemical Requirements,%A UNSDesig-nation BType Carbon Manganese C Phos-phorus,max Sulfur,D max Silicon Chromium Vanadium Tungsten Molybdenum min max min max min max min max min max min max min max T20810H100.350.450.200.700.0300.0300.80 1.25 3.00 3.750.250.75...... 2.00 3.00T20811H110.330.430.200.600.0300.0300.80 1.25 4.75 5.500.300.60...... 1.10 1.60T20812H120.300.400.200.600.0300.0300.80 1.25 4.75 5.500.200.50 1.00 1.70 1.25 1.75T20813H130.320.450.200.600.0300.0300.80 1.25 4.75 5.500.80 1.20...... 1.10 1.75T20814H140.350.450.200.600.0300.0300.80 1.25 4.75 5.50...... 4.00 5.25......T20819H190.320.450.200.500.0300.0300.150.50 4.00 4.75 1.75 2.20 3.75 4.500.300.55Co 4.00–4.50T20821H210.260.360.150.400.0300.0300.150.50 3.00 3.750.300.608.5010.00......T20822H220.300.400.150.400.0300.0300.150.40 1.75 3.750.250.5010.0011.75......T20823H230.250.350.150.400.0300.0300.150.6011.0012.750.75 1.2511.0012.75......T20824H240.420.530.150.400.0300.0300.150.40 2.50 3.500.400.6014.0016.00......T20825H250.220.320.150.400.0300.0300.150.40 3.75 4.500.400.6014.0016.00......T20826H260.450.55E 0.150.400.0300.0300.150.40 3.75 4.500.75 1.2517.2519.00......T20841H410.600.75E 0.150.400.0300.0300.200.45 3.50 4.00 1.00 1.30 1.40 2.108.209.20T20842H420.550.70E 0.150.400.0300.0300.200.45 3.75 4.50 1.75 2.20 5.50 6.75 4.50 5.50T20843H430.500.65E 0.150.400.0300.0300.200.45 3.75 4.50 1.80 2.20......7.758.50T30102A20.95 1.050.40 1.000.0300.0300.100.50 4.75 5.500.150.50......0.90 1.40T30103A3 1.20 1.300.400.600.0300.0300.100.70 4.75 5.500.80 1.40......0.90 1.40T30104A40.95 1.05 1.80 2.200.0300.0300.100.700.90 2.20............0.90 1.40T30105A50.95 1.05 2.80 3.200.0300.0300.100.700.90 1.40............0.90 1.40T30106A60.650.75 1.80 2.500.0300.0300.100.700.90 1.40............0.90 1.40T30107A7 2.00 2.850.200.800.0300.0300.100.70 5.00 5.75 3.90 5.150.50 1.500.90 1.40T30108A80.500.600.200.500.0300.0300.75 1.10 4.75 5.50...... 1.00 1.50 1.15 1.65T30109A90.450.550.200.500.0300.0300.95 1.15 4.75 5.500.80 1.40...... 1.30 1.80Ni 1.25–1.75T30110A10 1.25 1.50 1.60 2.100.0300.030 1.00 1.50.................. 1.25 1.75Ni 1.55–2.05T30402D2 1.40 1.600.100.600.0300.0300.100.6011.0013.000.50 1.10......0.70 1.20...T30403D3 2.00 2.350.100.600.0300.0300.100.6011.0013.50... 1.00... 1.00......T30404D4 2.05 2.400.100.600.0300.0300.100.6011.0013.000.15 1.00......0.70 1.20T30405D5 1.40 1.600.100.600.0300.0300.100.6011.0013.00... 1.00......0.70 1.20Co 2.50–3.50T30407D7 2.15 2.500.100.600.0300.0300.100.6011.5013.50 3.80 4.40......0.70 1.20T31501O10.85 1.00 1.00 1.400.0300.0300.100.500.400.70...0.300.400.60......T31502O20.850.95 1.40 1.800.0300.030...0.50...0.50...0.30.........0.30T31506O6 1.25 1.550.30 1.100.0300.0300.55 1.50...0.30............0.200.30T31507O7 1.10 1.300.20 1.000.0300.0300.100.600.350.850.150.40 1.00 2.00...0.30T41901S10.400.550.100.400.0300.0300.15 1.20 1.00 1.800.150.30 1.50 3.00...0.50T41902S20.400.550.300.500.0300.0300.90 1.20.........0.50......0.300.60T41904S40.500.650.600.950.0300.030 1.75 2.250.100.500.150.35..................T41905S50.500.650.60 1.000.0300.030 1.75 2.250.100.500.150.35......0.20 1.35......T41906S60.400.50 1.20 1.500.0300.030 2.00 2.50 1.20 1.500.200.40......0.300.50......T41907S70.450.550.200.900.0300.0300.20 1.00 3.00 3.50...0.35...... 1.30 1.80......T61202L20.45 1.000.100.900.0300.0300.100.500.70 1.200.100.30.........0.25......T61203L30.95 1.100.250.800.0300.0300.100.50 1.30 1.700.100.30..................NickelT61206L60.650.750.250.800.0300.0300.100.500.60 1.20...............0.50 1.25 2.00T60601F10.95 1.25...0.500.0300.0300.100.50............ 1.00 1.75............T60602F2 1.20 1.400.100.500.0300.0300.100.500.200.40...... 3.00 4.50............T51602P2...0.100.100.400.0300.0300.100.400.75 1.25............0.150.400.100.50T51603P3...0.100.200.600.0300.030...0.400.400.75.................. 1.00 1.50T51604P4...0.120.200.600.0300.0300.100.40 4.00 5.25............0.40 1.00......T51605P50.060.100.200.600.0300.0300.100.40 2.00 2.50.....................0.35T51606P60.050.150.350.700.0300.0300.100.40 1.25 1.75.................. 3.25 3.75T51620P200.280.400.60 1.000.0300.0300.200.80 1.40 2.00............0.300.55......T51621P21F 0.180.220.200.400.0300.0300.200.400.200.300.150.25............ 3.90 4.25AChemistry limits include product analysis tolerances.Unless otherwise specified,nickel plus copper equal 0.75%max for all types.B New designation established in accordance with Practice E 527and SAEJ1086.CManganese limit is 1.0%max for H13resulfurized.D Where specified,sulfur may be 0.06to 0.15%to improve machinability.E Available in several carbon ranges.F Also contains 1.05–1.25%aluminum.representing the purchaser shall have access to the materialsubject to inspection for the purpose of witnessing the selectionof samples,preparation of test pieces,and performance of thetests.For such tests,the inspector shall have the right toindicate the pieces from which samples will be selected.Otherwise the seller shall report to the purchaser,or hisrepresentative,the results of the chemical analysis and thephysical and mechanical property tests made in accordancewith this specification.13.3The purchaser may perform any of the inspections setforth in this specification on the as-received material wheresuch inspections are deemed necessary to ensure that suppliesand services conform to the prescribed requirements.14.Rejection and Rehearing 14.1Unless otherwise specified,any rejections based on tests made in accordance with this specification shall be reported to the seller within 30days from the date of receipt of the material.14.2Material that shows injurious defects subsequent to its acceptance by the purchaser shall be rejected and the seller notified.14.3Samples tested in accordance with this specification that represent rejected material shall be preserved for 30days from the date of the test report.In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the test,the seller may make claim for a rehearing within that time.15.Packaging,Loading,and Package Marking 15.1Packaging and Loading :15.1.1Unless otherwise specified,shipments shall be pack-aged and loaded in accordance with Practices A 700.15.1.2When specified in the contract or order,and for direct procurement by or direct shipment to the government,when Level A is specified,preservation,packaging,and loading shall be in accordance with the Level A requirement of MIL-STD-163.15.2Markings :15.2.1Shipments shall be properly marked with the name or brand of manufacturer,purchaser’s name and order number,designation (ASTM A 681),heat number,grade or type,and where appropriate,the size,length,and weight.Unless other-wise specified,method of marking is at the option of the manufacturer.15.2.2When specified in the contract or order,and for direct procurement by or direct shipment to the government,marking for shipment,in addition to any requirements specified in the contract or order,shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-163for military agencies,and in accordance with Fed.Std.No.123for civil agencies.15.2.3For government procurement by the Defense Supply Agency,steel shall be continuously marked for identification in accordance with Fed.Std.No.183.TABLE 2Maximum Brinell Hardness in Annealed or Cold-DrawnCondition Type Annealed BHN ColdDrawn BHN Type Annealed BHN ColdDrawnBHNH10229255O1212241H11235262O2217241H12235262O6229241H13235262O7241255H14235262H19241262S1229255H21235262S2217241H22235262S4229255H23255269S5229255H24241262S6229255H25235262S7229255H26241262L2197241H41235262L3201241H42235262L6235262H43235262F1207241A2248262F2235262A3229255A4241262P2100...A6248262P3143...A7269285P4131...A8241262P5131...A9248262P6212...A10269285P20A ...P21A ...D2255269D3255269D4255269D5255269D7262277A Normally furnished in prehardened condition.TABLE3Heat-Treating RequirementsN OTE1—The austenitizing temperatures are stipulated for the response to hardening test only.Other combinations of austenitizing and tempering temperatures may be used for particular applications.N OTE2—Preheating temperature may be625°F(14°C),but austenitizing and tempering temperatures shall be610°F(5.6°C).If samples are austenitized in salt,the sample shall be at the austenitizing temperature for the minimum time shown.If a controlled atmosphere furnace is used,the sample shall be at the austenitizing temperature for5to15min(10to20min for D types).The time at temperature is the time after the sample reaches the austenitizing temperature.This range of time is given because of the difficulty in determining when the sample reaches temperature in some types of controlled atmosphere furnaces.N OTE3—Those steels tempered at400°F(204°C)shall have a single2-h temper,while those tempered at950(510),1025(552),or1200°F(649°C) shall be double-tempered for2h each cycle.N OTE4—The P types shall not be tested for response to heat treatment since P2to P6are used in the carburized condition and P20are normally furnished in the prehardened condition.N OTE5—Specimens as described in7.2shall be capable of producing the specified minimum hardness when the stipulated heat treating parameters are used.Type Preheat Temperature,°F(°C)Austenitizing Temperature,°F(°C)Austenitiz-ing Time(minutes)Quench Medium TemperingTemperature,°F(°C)MinimumHardness,RC Salt BathControlledAtmosphereFurnacesH101450(788)1850(1010)1875(1024)5–15Air1025(552)55 H111450(788)1825(996)1850(1010)5–15Air1025(552)53 H121450(788)1825(996)1850(1010)5–15Air1025(552)53 H131450(788)1825(996)1850(1010)5–15Air1025(552)52 H141450(788)1900(1038)1925(1052)5–15Air1025(552)55 H191450(788)2150(1177)2175(1191)5–15Air1025(552)55 H211450(788)2150(1177)2175(1191)5–15Air1025(552)52 H221450(788)2150(1177)2175(1191)5–15Air1025(552)53 H231500(816)2275(1246)2300(1260)5–15Oil1200(649)42 H241450(788)2200(1204)2225(1218)5–15Air1025(552)55 H251450(788)2250(1232)2275(1246)5–15Air1025(552)44 H261550(843)2275(1246)2300(1260)5–15Air1025(552)58 H411450(788)2125(1163)2150(1177)5–15Air1025(552)60 H421450(788)2175(1191)2200(1204)5–15Air1025(552)60 H431450(788)2150(1177)2175(1191)5–15Air1025(552)58 A21450(788)1725(941)1750(954)5–15Air400(204)60 A31450(788)1775(968)1800(982)5–15Air400(204)63 A41250(677)1550(843)1575(857)5–15Air400(204)61 A61200(649)1525(829)1550(843)5–15Air400(204)58 A71500(816)1750(954)1775(968)5–15Air400(204)63 A81450(788)1825(996)1850(1010)5–15Air950(510)56 A91450(788)1825(996)1850(1010)5–15Air950(510)56 A101200(649)1475(802)1500(816)5–15Air400(204)59 D21500(816)1825(996)1850(1010)10–20Air400(204)59 D31500(816)1750(954)1775(968)10–20Oil400(204)61 D41500(816)1800(982)1825(996)10–20Air400(204)62 D51500(816)1825(996)1850(1010)10–20Air400(204)61 D71500(816)1925(1052)1950(1066)10–20Air400(204)63 O11200(649)1450(788)1475(802)5–15Oil400(204)59 O21200(649)1450(788)1475(802)5–15Oil400(204)59 O6...1450(788)1475(802)5–15Oil400(204)59 O71200(649)1575(857)1600(871)5–15Oil400(204)62 S11250(677)1725(941)1750(954)5–15Oil400(204)56 S21250(677)1625(885)1650(899)5–15Brine400(204)58 S41250(677)1625(885)1650(899)5–15Oil400(204)58 S51250(677)1625(885)1650(899)5–15Oil400(204)58 S61450(788)1700(927)1725(941)5–15Oil400(204)56 S71250(677)1725(941)1750(954)5–15Air400(204)56 L21200(649)1575(857)1600(871)5–15Oil400(204)53A L31200(649)1525(829)1550(843)5–15Oil400(204)62 L61200(649)1500(816)1525(829)5–15Oil400(204)58 F11200(649)1525(829)1550(843)5–15Brine400(204)64 F21200(649)1525(829)1550(843)5–15Brine400(204)64 A0.45–0.55%carbon type.TABLE4Macroetch Standards (Maximum Allowable Rating)ABar Size,in.(mm)Low-Alloy Tool Steels B High-Alloy Tool Steels C Porosity Ingot Pattern Porosity Ingot PatternUp to2(50.8),incl4636 Over2to3(50.8to76),incl41⁄2631⁄26 Over3to4(76to102),incl41⁄2646 Over4to5(102to127),incl5641⁄26 Over5to6(127to152),incl5656 Over6(152)As negotiated between seller and purchaser.A Refer to macroetch photographs in Practice A561.B Low-alloy tool steels include H10-13,A2-6,A8-10,A11O,S,L,F,and P types.C High-alloy tool steels include H14-43,D2-7,and A7.TABLE5Maximum Decarburization Limits(Rounds,Hexagons and Octagons Maximum Limit Per Side)N OTE1—The recommended minimum allowance for machining priorto heat treatment is25%greater than the maximum decarburizationallowed.Ordered Size,in.(mm)Hot Rolled Forged Cold DrawnUp to1⁄2(12.7),incl0.013(0.33)...0.013(0.33)Over1⁄2to1(12.7to25.4),incl0.025(0.64)...0.025(0.64)Over1to2(25.4to50.8),incl0.038(0.97)0.058(1.47)0.038(0.96)Over2to3(50.8to76),incl0.050(1.27)0.075(1.91)0.050(1.27)Over3to4(76to102),incl0.070(1.78)0.096(2.44)0.070(1.78)Over4to5(102to127),incl0.090(2.29)0.116(2.95)...Over5to6(127to152),incl0.120(3.05)0.136(3.45)...Over6to8(152to203),incl...0.160(4.06)...Over8to10(203to254),incl...0.160(4.06)...N OTE1—The recommended minimum allowance for machining prior to heat treatment is25%greater than the maximum decarburizationallowed.Specified Thickness,in.(mm)Specified Widths,in.(mm)0to1⁄2(0to12.7)inclOver1⁄2to1(12.7to25.4),inclOver1to2(25.4to50.8),inclOver2to3(50.8to76),inclOver3to4(76to102),inclOver4to5(102to127),inclOver5to6(127to152),inclOver6to7(152to178),inclOver7to8(178to203),inclOver8to9(203to229),inclOver9to12(229to304),incl0to1⁄2(0to12.7),incl AB 0.020(0.51)0.020(0.51)0.020(0.51)0.026(0.66)0.024(0.61)0.032(0.81)0.028(0.71)0.038(0.97)0.032(0.81)0.044(1.12)0.036(0.91)0.054(1.37)0.040(1.02)0.062(1.57)0.044(1.12)0.066(1.68)0.048(1.22)0.078(1.98)0.048(1.22)0.082(2.08)0.048(1.22)0.096(2.44)Over1⁄2to1(12.7to 25.4),incl AB......0.036(0.91)0.036(0.91)0.036(0.91)0.042(1.07)0.036(0.91)0.046(1.17)0.040(1.02)0.056(1.42)0.044(1.12)0.064(1.63)0.052(1.32)0.082(2.08)0.056(1.42)0.090(2.29)0.060(1.52)0.098(2.49)0.060(1.52)0.102(2.59)0.060(1.52)0.108(2.74)Over1to2(25.4to 50.8),incl AB............0.052(1.32)0.052(1.32)0.052(1.32)0.056(1.42)0.056(1.42)0.060(1.52)0.056(1.42)0.072(1.83)0.060(1.52)0.086(2.18)0.060(1.52)0.098(2.49)0.064(1.63)0.112(2.84)0.068(1.73)0.118(3.00)0.072(1.83)0.122(3.10)Over2to3(50.8to 76),incl AB..................0.064(1.63)0.064(1.63)0.064(1.63)0.072(1.83)0.068(1.73)0.082(2.08)0.068(1.73)0.094(2.39)0.072(1.83)0.110(2.79)0.072(1.83)0.122(3.10)0.080(2.03)0.130(3.30)0.080(2.03)0.136(3.45)Over3to4(76to 102),incl AB........................0.080(2.03)0.080(2.03)0.080(2.03)0.090(2.29)0.086(2.18)0.100(2.54)0.092(2.34)0.120(3.05)0.094(2.39)0.132(3.35)0.100(2.54)0.132(3.35)0.100(2.54)0.150(3.81)TABLE7Maximum Decarburization Limits(Forged Square and Flat Bars Maximum Limit Per Side)N OTE1—The recommended minimum allowance for machining prior to heat treatment is25%greater than the maximum decarburizationallowed.Specified Width,in.(mm)Specified Thickness,in.(mm)Over1to2(25.4to50.0),inclOver2to3(50.8to76),inclOver3to4(76to102),inclOver4to5(102to127),inclOver5to6(127to152),inclOver6to7(152to178),inclOver7to8(178to203),inclOver8to9(203to229),inclOver9to12(229to305),inclOver12to1,(12.7to A0.038(0.97)0.042(1.07)0.048(1.32)0.052(1.32)0.056(1.42)0.062(1.57)0.066(1.68)0.072(1.83)0.080(2.03) 25.4),incl B0.048(1.22)0.056(1.42)0.070(1.78)0.080(2.03)0.94(2.39)0.110(2.79)0.132(3.35)0.132(3.35)0.132(3.35) Over1to2,(25.4to A0.058(1.47)0.062(1.57)0.066(1.68)0.070(1.78)0.074(1.78)0.080(1.88)0.084(2.03)0.094(2.39)0.106(2.69) 50.8),incl B0.058(1.47)0.066(1.68)0.078(1.98)0.086(2.18)0.100(2.54)0.114(2.90)0.132(3.35)0.132(3.35)0.132(3.35) Over2to3(50.8to A...0.080(2.03)0.084(2.13)0.088(2.24)0.092(2.34)0.098(2.49)0.106(2.69)0.114(2.90)0.126(3.20) 76),incl B...0.080(2.03)0.092(2.34)0.098(2.49)0.016(2.69)0.118(3.00)0.136(3.45)0.136(3.45)0.136(3.45) Over3to4(76to A......0.102(2.59)0.106(2.69)0.112(2.84)0.120(3.05)0.132(3.35)0.140(3.35)0.158(4.01) 102),incl B......0.102(2.59)0.106(2.69)0.112(2.84)0.120(3.05)0.132(3.35)0.140(3.56)0.158(4.01) Over4to5(102to A.........0.126(3.20)0.130(3.30)0.138(3.51)0.146(3.71)0.156(3.96)0.170(4.32) 127),incl B.........0.126(3.20)0.130(3.30)0.138(3.51)0.146(3.71)0.156(3.96)0.170(4.32) Over5to6(127to A............0.150(3.81)0.158(4.01)0.166(4.22)0.176(4.47)0.188(4.78) 152),incl B............0.150(3.81)0.158(4.01)0.166(4,22)0.178(4.47)0.188(4.78) Over6to7(152to A...............0.178(4.47)0.186(4.72)0.186(4.72)0.198(5.03) 178)incl B...............0.176(4.47)0.186(4.72)0.186(4.72)0.198(5.03)N OTE1—The recommended minimum allowance for machining prior to heat treatment is25%greater than the maximum decarburizationallowed.Specified Width,in.(mm)Specified Thickness,in.(mm)0to1⁄2(0to12.7),inclOver1⁄2to1(12.7to25.4),inclOver1to2(25.4to50.8),inclOver2to3(50.8to76),inclOver3to4(76to102),inclOver4to5102to127),incl0to1⁄2(0to12.7),incl A0.020(0.51)0.020(0.51)0.024(0.61)0.028(0.71)0.032(0.81)0.036(0.91)B0.020(0.51)0.026(0.66)0.032(0.81)0.038(0.97)0.044(1.12)0.054(1.37) Over1⁄2to1(12.7to25.4),incl A...0.036(0.91)0.036(0.91)0.036(0.91)0.040(1.02)0.044(1.12)B...0.036(0.91)0.042(1.07)0.046(1.17)0.056(1.42)0.064(1.63) Over1to2(25.4to50.8),incl A......0.052(1.32)0.052(1.32)0.056(1.42)...B......0.052(1.32)0.056(1.42)0.060(.152)...TABLE9Hot-Rolled Bars(Rounds,Squares,Octagons,Quarter Octagons,Hexagons SizeTolerance)Specified Sizes,in.(mm)Size Tolerances,in.(mm)Under OverTo1⁄2(12.7),incl0.005(0.13)0.012(0.30) Over1⁄2to1(12.7to25.4),incl0.005(0.13)0.016(0.41) Over1to11⁄2(25.4to38.1),incl0.006(0.15)0.020(0.51) Over11⁄2to2(38.1to50.8),incl0.008(0.20)0.025(0.64) Over2to21⁄2(50.8to63.5),incl0.010(0.25)0.030(0.76) Over21⁄2to3(63.5to76.2),incl0.010(0.25)0.040(1.02) Over3to4(76.2to101.6),incl0.012(0.30)0.050(1.27) Over4to51⁄2(101.6to139.7),incl0.015(0.38)0.060(1.52) Over51⁄2to61⁄2(139.7to165.1),incl0.018(0.46)0.100(2.54) Over61⁄2to8(165.1to203.2),incl0.020(0.51)0.150(3.81)TABLE10Forged Bars(Rounds,Squares,Octagons,Hexagons Size Tolerances)ASpecified Sizes,in.(mm)Size Tolerances,in.(mm)Under Over Over1to2(25.4to50.8),incl0.030(0.76)0.060(1.52) Over2to3(50.8to76),incl0.030(0.76)0.080(2.03) Over3to5(76to127),incl0.060(1.52)0.125(3.18) Over5to7(127to177.8)incl0.125(3.18)0.187(4.75) Over7to9(177.8to229),incl0.187(4.75)0.312(7.92)A Out-of-section tolerances to be three fourths of the total tolerance.TABLE11Rough-Turned Round Bars(Size Tolerance)ASpecified Sizes,B in.(mm)Size Tolerance,in.(mm)Under Over Over3⁄4to11⁄2(19.0to38.1),incl0.000.010(0.254) Over11⁄2to31⁄16(38.1to77.8),incl0.000.015(0.38) Over31⁄16to41⁄16(77.8to103.2),incl0.000.031(0.79) Over41⁄16to61⁄16(103.2to154),incl0.000.062(1.6)Over61⁄16to101⁄16(154to255.6),incl0.000.094(2.4)Over101⁄16Please consult producerA Out-of-round tolerances to be one half of the total tolerance.B Consult producer for oversize allowance and decarburization limits for all sizes.TABLE12Cold-Drawn Bars(Rounds,Octagons,Quarter Octagons,and Hexagons SizeTolerances)ASize Range,in.(mm)Tolerance,in.(mm)Plus and Minus 1⁄4to1⁄2(6.4to12.7),excl0.002(0.05)1⁄2to1(12.7to25.4),excl0.0025(0.06)1to23⁄4(25.4to69.8),incl0.003(0.08)A Out-of-round tolerances to be one half of the total thickness.TABLE13Centerless Ground Bars Rounds(Diameter Tolerances)ADiameter Range,in.(mm)Tolerance,in.(mm)Under Over1⁄4to1⁄2(6.4to12.7),excl0.0015(0.038)0.0015(0.038)1⁄2to31⁄16(12.7to77.8),excl0.002(0.05)0.002(0.05)31⁄16to41⁄16(77.8to103.2),excl0.003(0.08)0.003(0.08)A Out of round tolerances to be1⁄2of the total tolerance.TABLE14Hot-Rolled Flat Bars(Width and Thickness Tolerances Width Tolerances)ASpecified Widths,in.(mm)Width Tolerances,in.(mm)Under OverTo1(25.4),incl0.016(0.41)0.031(0.79) Over1to3(25.4to76),incl0.031(0.79)0.047(1.19) Over3to5(76to127),incl0.047(1.19)0.063(1.60) Over5to7(127to178),incl0.063(1.60)0.094(2.39) Over7to10(178to254),incl0.078(1.98)0.125(3.18) Over10to12(254to305),incl0.094(2.39)0.156(3.96)Specified Widths, in.(mm)Thickness Tolerances for Specified Thicknesses,in.(mm)To1⁄4(6.4),incl Over1⁄4to1⁄2(6.4to12.7),inclOver1⁄2to1(12.7to25.4),inclOver1to2(25.4to50.8),inclOver2to3(50.8to76),inclOver3to4(76to102),incl Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under OverTo1(25.4),incl0.006(0.15)0.010(0.25)0.008(0.20)0.012(0.30)0.010(0.25)0.016(0.41)..................Over1to2(25.4to50.8),incl0.006(0.15)0.014(0.36)0.008(0.20)0.016(0.41)0.010(0.25)0.020(0.51)0.020(0.51)0.024(0.61)............Over2to3(50.8to76),incl0.006(0.15)0.018(0.46)0.008(0.20)0.020(0.51)0.010(0.25)0.024(0.61)0.020(0.51)0.027(0.69)0.026(0.66)0.034(0.86)......Over3to4(76to102),incl0.008(0.20)0.020(0.51)0.010(0.25)0.022(0.56)0.013(0.33)0.024(0.61)0.024(0.61)0.030(0.76)0.032(0.81)0.042(1.07)0.040(1.02)0.048(1.22)Over4to5(102to127),incl0.010(0.25)0.020(0.51)0.012(0.30)0.024(0.61)0.015(0.38)0.030(0.76)0.027(0.69)0.035(0.89)0.032(0.81)0.042(1.07)0.042(1.07)0.050(1.27)Over5to6(127to152),incl0.012(0.30)0.020(0.51)0.014(0.36)0.030(0.76)0.018(0.46)0.030(0.76)0.030(0.76)0.035(0.89)0.036(0.91)0.046(1.17)0.044(1.12)0.054(1.37)Over6to7(152to178),incl0.014(0.36)0.027(0.69)0.016(0.41)0.032(0.81)0.018(0.46)0.035(0.89)0.030(0.76)0.040(1.02)0.036(0.91)0.048(1.22)0.046(1.17)0.056(1.42)Over7to10(178to254),incl0.018(0.46)0.030(0.76)0.020(0.51)0.035(0.89)0.024(0.61)0.040(1.02)0.035(0.89)0.045(1.14)0.040(1.02)0.054(1.37)0.052(1.32)0.064(1.62)Over10to12(254to305),incl0.020(0.51)0.035(0.89)0.025(0.64)0.040(1.02)0.030(0.76)0.045(1.14)0.040(1.02)0.050(1.27)0.046(1.17)0.060(1.52)0.056(1.42)0.072(1.83)A Out of square tolerance to be3⁄4of total width tolerance max.。

27mncrb5标准
27MnCrB5标准是一种钢材的材料标准，它是根据欧洲标准
EN 10083-3制定的。

该标准规定了27MnCrB5钢材的化学成分、机械性能和热处理要求，以确保其适用于特定的工业应用。

27MnCrB5是一种低合金钢，其主要合金元素包括锰、铬和硼。

在热处理后，该钢材可以获得高强度、良好的韧性和抗冲击性能。

根据27MnCrB5标准的要求，此钢材的化学成分为：
- 碳含量（C）：0.24-0.30%
- 硅含量（Si）：最大0.40%
- 锰含量（Mn）：1.10-1.40%
- 磷含量（P）：最大0.025%
- 硫含量（S）：最大0.035%
- 铬含量（Cr）：0.30-0.60%
- 硼含量（B）：0.0008-0.005%
该标准还规定了27MnCrB5钢材经过热处理后的机械性能要求，包括抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率和冲击韧性等。

27MnCrB5标准适用于制造需要高强度和耐磨损性能的零件，
比如汽车工业的车辆传动系统、机械工业的齿轮、曲轴和轴承等。

AS 1443—2004Australian Standard™Carbon and carbon-manganese steel—Cold finished barsAS 1443This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MT-001, Iron and Steel. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 28 November 2003 and published on 18 February 2004.The following are represented on Committee MT-001:Australasian Railway AssociationAustralian Building Codes BoardAustralian Foundry InstituteAustralian Steel InstituteBureau of Steel Manufacturers of AustraliaInstitute of Materials Engineering AustraliaKeeping Standards up-to-dateStandards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology and systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued. Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments which may have been published since the Standard was purchased.Detailed information about Standards can be found by visiting the Standards Web Shop at .au and looking up the relevant Standard in the on-line catalogue.Alternatively, the printed Catalogue provides information current at 1 January each year, and the monthly magazine, The Global Standard, has a full listing of revisions and amendments published each month.Australian Standards TM and other products and services developed by Standards Australia are published and distributed under contract by SAI Global, which operates the Standards Web Shop.We also welcome suggestions for improvement in our Standards, and especially encourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at mail@.au, or write to the Chief Executive, Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001.This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 03311.AS 1443—2004Australian Standard™Carbon and carbon-manganese steel—Cold finished barsOriginated as AS G17—1966.Previous edition AS 1443—1994.Fifth edition 2004.COPYRIGHT© Standards Australia InternationalAll rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher.Published by Standards Australia International LtdGPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, AustraliaISBN 0 7337 5729 4AS 1443—2004 2PREFACEThis Standard was prepared by the Australian members of the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee MT-001, Iron and Steel, to supersede AS 1443―1994, Carbon steels and carbon-manganese steels―Cold-finished bars. After consultation with stakeholders in both countries, Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand decided to develop this Standard as an Australian rather than an Australian/New Zealand Standard.The objective of this Standard is to specify requirements for cold-finished carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel bars, manufactured from hot-rolled bars and semifinished products, for general engineering purposes.The objective of this revision is to revise the specifications and quality requirements for suppliers and purchasers of carbon and carbon manganese steels that are manufactured as cold finished bars.To reflect changes in steel-making technology and to meet industry requirements, the steel grades have been revised and grade prefix letters ‘M’ and ‘U’ introduced to indicate steel quality.Steel grades with specified mechanical properties have been revised so that they align with other grades in this Standard. A table of mechanical properties of steels in the machined condition has been added.Dimensional tolerances have been completely revised so that they align more closely with overseas Standards and industry practice.The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.AS 1443—20043CONTENTSPage1 SCOPE (4)DOCUMENTS (4)2 REFERENCED3 DEFINITIONS (5)4 DESIGNATION (6)5 CONDITION OF STEEL ON DELIVERY (7)6 MATERIALS (8)DEFECTS (8)FROM7 FREEDOMTOLERANCES (9)8 DIMENSIONAL (9)9 TENSILETEST10 ROUNDING OF TEST RESULT VALUES (10)11 MARKING (11)APPENDICESA PURCHASING GUIDELINES (19)B MEANS FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE WITH THIS STANDARD (21)C REQUIREMENTS FOR MAXIMUM SURFACE IMPERFECTION DEPTHAND RECOMMENDED MACHINING ALLOWANCES (23)AS 1443—2004 4STANDARDS AUSTRALIAAustralian StandardCarbon and carbon-manganese steel—Cold finished bars1 SCOPEThis Standard specifies requirements for cold-finished carbon steel and carbon-manganesesteel bars manufactured from hot-rolled bars and semifinished products (see AS 1442), forgeneral engineering purposes. The Standard applies to steel supplied to specified chemicalcomposition only or to specified chemical composition and mechanical properties. Itpermits the addition of elements, such as boron, and micro-alloying elements for theachievement of special properties.NOTES:1 Advice and recommendations on information that should be supplied by the purchaser at thetime of enquiry and order are given in Appendix A.2 Alternative means for determining compliance with this Standard are given in Appendix B.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTSThe following documents are referred to in this Standard.AS1171 Non-destructive testing—Magnetic particle testing of ferromagnetic products, components and structures1199 Sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes1199.0 Part 0: Introduction to the ISO 2859 attributes sampling system1199.1 Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) forlot-by-lot inspection.1391 Method for tensile testing of metals1442 Carbon steels and carbon-manganese steels―Hot-rolled and semifinished products1654 ISO system of limits and fits1654.1 Part 1: Bases of tolerances, deviations and fits1654.2 Part 2: Tables of standard tolerances grades and limit deviations for holesand shafts1733 Methods for the determination of grain size in metals2062 Non-destructive testing—Penetrant testing of products and components2338 Preferred dimensions of wrought metal products2706 Numerical values—Rounding and interpretation of limiting values4177 Caravan and light trailer towing components4177.2 Part 2: 50 mm towballsAS/NZS1050 Methods for analysis of iron and steel1050.1 Part 1: Sampling of iron and steel for chemical analysisStandards Australia .au5 AS 1443—2004.au Standards Australia AS/NZS ISO9001 Quality management systems—Requirements9004Quality management systems—Guidelines for performance improvements HB 18Guidelines for third-party certification and accreditation HB 18.28 Guide 28: General rules for a model third-party certification scheme forproductsISO2566 Steel ―Conversion of elongation values2566-1 Part 1: Carbon and low alloy steels3 DEFINITIONSFor the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.3.1 BarFinished product of solid section which may be rectangular, square, round or hexagonal incross-section.3.2 Bar conditions3.2.1 Bright barsBars produced by cold drawing, cold rolling, turning and polishing or precision grinding,and which have a smooth surface free from scale and harmful imperfections.3.2.2 Cold-sized barsBars which are sized by cold drawing or cold rolling to provide closer dimensionaltolerances than occur for hot-rolled bars, but which may contain some surfaceimperfections.3.2.3 Peeled barsBars which are finished by rough machining.3.3 Bar shapes3.3.1 Flat bars (flats)Bars of rectangular cross-section, 1.5 mm or greater in thickness and less than 600 mm inwidth, supplied in straight lengths or coils and having edges of controlled contour.3.3.2 Hexagonal bars (hexagons)Bars of regular hexagonal cross-section supplied in straight lengths or coils.3.3.3 Round bars (rounds)Bars of circular cross-section supplied in straight lengths or coils.3.3.4 Square bars (squares)Bars of square cross-section supplied in straight lengths or coils.3.4 Fully killed steelSteel deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon or aluminium in order toreduce the oxygen content to prevent a reaction between carbon and oxygen duringsolidification.AS 1443—2004 63.5 Merchant quality steelProduct having wider carbon and manganese ranges than those of specified carbon steels(see Table 2). It is not subject to product analysis tolerances, grain size requirements ormodification with special additions.3.6 Test batchFinished steel of the same size, produced from the same cast and from the same heat-treatment batch.3.7 Test pieceA prepared piece for testing, made from a test specimen.3.8 Test sampleA portion of material or product, or a group of items selected from a test batch by asampling procedure.3.9 Test specimenA portion or a single item taken from the test sample for the purpose of applying aparticular test.4 DESIGNATION4.1 GeneralThe steel designation shall comprise the number of this Australian Standard, i.e. AS 1443,followed by a diagonal slash and additional characters in accordance with Clauses 4.2 and4.3. Additional designations for austenitic grain size are given in Clause 4.4.4.2 Steels supplied to chemical composition onlyThe designation of steel supplied to a specified chemical composition shall be in accordance with the following designations:(a) A prefix letter, if applicable, as follows:(i) M: Merchant quality steel.(ii) U: Unspecified deoxidation.(iii) X: Major deviation in chemical composition of any grade from the corresponding AISI-SAE grade.NOTE: Information on AISI-SAE grades is given in the relevant steel products manual of theIron and Steel Society of AIME which is located at 410 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale,PA 15086-7512, USA.(b) A four-digit series designation, as follows, wherein the first two digits of the numberindicate the type of steel and the last two digits indicate the approximate mean of thespecified carbon range:(i) 10XX: Plain carbon steels.(ii) 11XX: Sulfurized free-cutting carbon steels.(iii) 12XX: Phosphorized and sulfurized free-cutting carbon steels.(iv) 13XX: Carbon-manganese steels.NOTE: The double ‘X’ has no significance other than to indicate the position for digits to beadded.Standards Australia .au7 AS 1443—2004.au Standards Australia Modification symbols should be added to the series designation as follows:(i) For lead-bearing steels, the letter ‘L’ is used to indicate that the steel contains lead,and is placed between the second and third characters of the four-digit seriesdesignation.(ii) For aluminium-killed steels, the letter ‘A’ is placed between the second and thirdcharacters of the four-digit series designation.(iii) For boron-treated steels, the letter ‘B’ is placed between the second and thirdcharacters of the four-digit series designation.(iv) For micro-alloyed steels, the letter ‘M’ is placed between the second and thirdcharacters of the four-digit series designation.Examples of designation: AS 1443/12L14, AS 1443/10A10, AS 1443/10B22, AS 1443/10M40, AS 1443/X1038.4.3 Steels supplied to chemical composition and mechanical propertiesThe designation of steels supplied to chemical composition and mechanical properties shallconsist of the following:(a)The prefix letters ‘D’ or ‘T’, if applicable. NOTE: These designations normally apply to drawn or turned products, respectively. (b) The number 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13 or 14, to indicate the steel grade.Examples of designation: AS 1443/D3, AS 1443/T5.4.4 Austenitic grain sizeThe following designations consisting of suffix letters ‘CG’ or ‘FG’ indicate the austeniticgrain size of the steel as defined in AS 1733:(a) CG: Coarse.(b) FG: Fine.Example of designation: AS 1443/1030FG.NOTE: The absence of these suffix letters indicates that the steel may be coarse-grained or fine-grained at the supplier’s option.5 CONDITION OF STEEL ON DELIVERY5.1 GeneralSteel shall be supplied in one of the following conditions:(a) Bright barsCold-drawn, cold-rolled, turned and polished, cold-drawn and precision ground orturned and precision ground.(b) Cold-sized barsCold-drawn or cold-rolled.(c) Peeled barsRough machined.In addition, stress relieving or normalizing heat treatments may be specified.5.2 Steel supplied to chemical compositionSteel supplied to chemical composition shall comply with the requirements of Tables 1, 2, 3or 4.AS 1443—2004 85.3 Steels supplied to chemical composition and mechanical propertiesSteels supplied in either the cold-drawn or cold-rolled condition and which have notreceived a subsequent heat treatment shall comply with the chemical composition andmechanical properties specified in Table 5 and Table 6. Steels in all other conditions shallcomply with the chemical composition and mechanical properties specified in Table 7.6 MATERIALS6.1 Chemical composition6.1.1 GeneralThe method of sampling for chemical analysis shall be in accordance with AS/NZS 1050.1.Chemical composition shall be determined by any procedures which are not less accuratethan those given in AS/NZS 1050.1.6.1.2 Cast analysisWherever possible a chemical analysis of the steel from each cast shall be made todetermine the proportions of the specified elements. In cases where it is impracticable toobtain samples from liquid steel, analysis of test samples taken in accordance with therequirements of AS/NZS 1050.1 may be reported as cast analysis.The reported cast analysis of the steel shall conform to the requirements of Tables 1, 2, 3and 4 for the appropriate grade.6.1.3 Residual elementsFor steels complying with this Standard, residual elements are acceptable to the followinglimits:(a) Chromium: 0.30% max.(b) Copper: 0.35% max.(c) Molybdenum: 0.10% max.(d) Nickel: 0.35% max.NOTE: The amount of residual elements may affect subsequent processes, especially thoseinvolving cold working, welding and heat treatment.6.1.4 Product analysisFor grades of steel excluding those designated ‘U’ or ‘M’, with prior hot-rolled cross-sectional areas up to and including 0.06 m2, the results of individual determinations carriedout on the product shall be within the product analysis tolerance limits specified in Table 5.Where several determinations of a single element, excluding lead, are carried out onproducts from any one cast, the spread of individual results shall not extend both above andbelow the range specified in Tables 1, 3 and 4.6.2 Tensile test requirementsWhen tested in accordance with Clause 9, steels requiring tensile testing shall meet therelevant requirements of Tables 6 and 7.7 FREEDOM FROM DEFECTS7.1 GeneralThe steel shall be free from internal and surface defects that would render it unsuitable forits particular application.Standards Australia .auIf, after acceptance of the steel and provided it has been properly treated after delivery, subsequent processing reveals that it contains defects found to be detrimental, the steel shall be deemed not to comply with this Standard.7.2 Bright bars7.2.1 Cold-drawn and cold-rolled barsThe maximum permissible depth of surface imperfections shall be in accordance with the requirements for surface condition designation B (see Appendix C).7.2.2 Turned and polished or precision ground barsThe surface shall be free from imperfections of hot-rolled origin.7.3 Cold-sized or peeled barsThe maximum permissible depth of surface imperfections shall be in accordance with the requirements for surface conditions designated ‘commercial’ for cold-sized bars, or those designated F for peeled bars (see Appendix C).8 DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCESSteel bars shall meet the following dimensional tolerance requirements:(a) Tolerances for cross-sectional dimensionsThe tolerances for cross-sectional dimensions of round, square, hexagonal and flat bars shall be graded in accordance with Table 8 and shall conform to the limits given in Table 9.(b) Tolerances for lengthWith the exception of coils, the length of all bars shall be between 3 m and 7 m. They shall conform to the requirements of the mill length or the set length categories of Table 10.NOTE: Bars may be in the cropped, saw-cut or chamfered form.(c) Tolerances for straightnessWith the exception of coils, the maximum allowable deviation from straightness shall be as follows:(i) ForapplicationscommercialThe straightness requirements for commercial applications shall be inaccordance with Table 11.(ii) For critical applicationsThe straightness requirements for critical applications applies to round bars lessthan 25 mm diameter and shall be less than 0.1 mm deviation from a straightline in 300 mm (1:3000).NOTES:1 All straightness measurements are taken at least 50 mm from the end of theproduct.2 Examples of critical applications are spindles for small electric motors.9 TENSILE TEST9.1 Condition of test samplesTest samples shall be tested in the as-supplied condition.9.2 SamplingWhen mechanical test certificates are required, test sampling shall be taken from each batch at a frequency to be agreed between purchaser and the supplier.NOTE: As a guideline, sampling frequencies of one sample for a batch of steel up to 25 t and two samples for a batch of steel exceeding 25 t are recommended.9.3 Location and preparation of test piecesTest pieces shall be located and prepared as follows (see also AS 1391):(a) Bars up to 40 mm diameter or major cross-sectional dimension shall be tested axially,either in full section or by using a proportional test piece.(b) Bars with nominal cross-sectional dimensions greater than 40 mm shall have the axisof the test specimen parallel to the axis of the bar and as near as practicable to a point one-sixth of the distance between diagonally (or diametrically) opposite surfaces. A proportional test piece shall be used.(c) Rectangular bars of width greater than 40 mm and thickness not greater than 40 mmshall be tested either in full thickness or by using a proportional test piece with its axis parallel to the axis of the product, and as near as practicable to a position one quarter of the width and one half of the thickness from adjacent surfaces of the bar. (d) Rectangular products of thickness greater than 40 mm shall be tested using aproportional test piece with its axis parallel to the axis of the product, and as near as practicable to a point one-sixth of the distance from a surface of the bar between opposite surfaces.9.4 Method of testThe yield strength (0.2% proof stress), tensile strength and percentage elongation shall be determined in accordance with AS 1391.The rate of straining when approaching the yield point shall conform to the limits of the standard strain rate given in AS 1391.The elongation results shall be reported on a gauge length of Lo = 5.65√So, where So is the cross-sectional area of the test piece before testing. If necessary, conversion of results froma non-proportional gauge length shall be in accordance with ISO 2566-1.9.5 RetestingShould any tensile test piece first selected fail to comply with the requirements of Clause6.2, one or more of the following procedures shall be adopted:(a) For each failed test select two further test samples and test them in accordance withClause 9. Should the test results from these samples comply with the requirements of Clause 6.2, the steel is deemed to comply with this Standard.(b) Select test samples from each bar or coil and test in accordance with Clause 9. Thesteel is deemed to comply with this Standard if all test results comply with the requirements of Clause 6.2.(c) Reprocess the unit, which failed, and repeat the tests in accordance with Clause 9.The unit is deemed to comply with Clause 6.2.10 ROUNDING OF TEST RESULT VALUES10.1 GeneralWith the exception of tensile test results, the observed or calculated values shall be rounded to the same number of figures as in the specified values and then compared with the specified values. For example, for specified maximum or minimum values of 2.5, 2.50 and2.500, the observed or calculated value would be rounded respectively to the nearest 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 (see also AS 2706).10.2 Tensile test resultsThe determined value of tensile strength shall be rounded to the nearest 10 MPa and the determined value of yield strength shall be rounded to the nearest 5 MPa.11 MARKINGSteel as supplied by the manufacturer shall be legibly and durably marked or tagged (for bundles) as follows:(a) To identify the manufacturer.(b) To enable it to be traced to the ladle of steel from which it was made.(c) To indicate the grade of steel.(d) To enable it to be identified with this Standard.(e) To indicate nominal size and shape, length and condition, e.g. ‘25 mm RND 3.0 mBRIGHT BAR COLD-DRAWN’.(f) To identify the quality plan, if applicable.(g) To indicate the number of pieces or total mass.NOTE: Manufacturers making a statement of compliance with this Australian Standard on a product, or on packaging or promotional material related to that product, are advised to ensure that such compliance is capable of being verified.TABLE 1CHEMICAL COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS FOR CARBON STEELSChemical composition (cast analysis), percentCarbon Silicon (see Notes 2 and 3) Manganese Phosphorus SulfurGradedesignation AS 1443/ (see Note 1) Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Max. Max. 1004 (Note 4) 1010 1016 1020 1022 1030 1035 X1038 1040 1045 1050 1055 1058 — 0.08 0.13 0.18 0.18 0.28 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.43 0.48 0.50 0.560.06 0.13 0.18 0.23 0.23 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.44 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.630.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.100.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.350.25 0.30 0.60 0.30 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.300.50 0.60 0.90 0.60 1.00 0.90 0.90 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.550.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.0400.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040NOTES: 1 Steel grades may be treated with micro-alloying elements such as niobium, vanadium and titanium (for the designation requirements see Clause 4.2).2 For aluminium-killed steels, the maximum silicon content is 0.10%.3 For steel grades with a ‘U’ prefix, e.g. U1040 (see Clause 4.2(a)), the minimum silicon content does not apply and the material is not subject to product analysis or grain size requirements. 4This grade is not included in AS 1442.TABLE 2CHEMICAL COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS FORMERCHANT QUALITY STEELSChemical composition (cast analysis), percentCarbon Silicon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Gradedesignation AS 1443/Min. Max. Max. Min. Max. Max. Max. M1020 M1030 M10400.15 0.25 0.350.25 0.35 0.450.35 0.35 0.350.30 0.30 0.400.90 0.90 0.900.050 0.050 0.0500.050 0.050 0.050NOTE: These grades are not subject to product analysis or grain size requirements.TABLE 3CHEMICAL COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS FORFREE-CUTTING STEELSChemical composition (cast analysis), percentCarbon Silicon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Gradedesignation AS 1443/ Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. X1112 1137 1144 1146 X1147 1214 12L14*0.08 0.32 0.40 0.42 0.40 — —0.15 0.39 0.48 0.49 0.47 0.15 0.15— 0.10 — 0.10 0.10 — —0.10 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.10 0.101.10 1.35 1.35 0.70 1.60 0.80 0.801.40 1.65 1.65 1.00 1.90 1.20 1.20— — — — — 0.04 0.040.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.09 0.090.20 0.08 0.24 0.08 0.07 0.25 0.250.30 0.13 0.33 0.13 0.12 0.35 0.35* For lead-bearing steels, the lead content is 0.15% to 0.35%.TABLE 4CHEMICAL COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS FORCARBON-MANGANESE STEELSChemical composition (cast analysis), percent (see Note 1)Carbon Silicon (See Note 2)Manganese Phosphorus SulfurGradedesignation AS 1443/Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Max. Max. X1320 X1340 0.18 0.380.23 0.430.10 0.100.35 0.351.40 1.401.70 1.700.040 0.0400.040 0.040NOTES: 1 The steels may be treated with micro-alloying elements such as niobium, vanadium and titanium (see Clause 4.2).2For aluminium-killed steels, the maximum silicon content is 0.10%.TABLE 5PRODUCT ANALYSIS TOLERANCES FOR STEELS OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA UP TO AND INCLUDING 0.06 m2 EXCEPT FOR SULFUR IN SULFURIZED GRADES (applicable to steels supplied to chemical composition only)Element Limit or maximum ofspecified rangepercent Tolerances over maximum limit or under minimum limitpercentCarbon ≤0.25>0.25 ≤0.55>0.55 0.02 0.03 0.04Manganese ≤0.90>0.90 ≤1.90 0.03 0.06Phosphorus ≤0.040 0.008* Sulfur ≤0.040 0.008* Silicon ≤0.35 0.02 Lead ≥0.15 ≤0.35 0.03*Over maximum only.TABLE 6REQUIREMENTS FOR STEELS WITH SPECIFIED MECHANICALPROPERTIES DEVELOPED BY COLD DRAWING OR COLD ROLLINGMechanical propertiesSpecified size*(dia. orminor sectional dimension)mmGrade designation AS 1443/Chemical composition designations (see Tables 2 and 3) Greater than Less than or equal toYield strength†MPaMin.Tensile strength MPa Min. Elongation on 5.65√So percent Min. D3 D4 D5 D6 D11 D12 D13 D14‡M1020M1030M10401045 X1112 1214 12L14 1137— 16 38 — 16 38 — 16 38 — 16 38 — 16 38 — 16 38 — 16 38 — 16 3816 38 63 16 38 63 16 38 63 16 38 63 16 38 63 16 38 63 16 38 63 16 38 63380 370 340 440 430 410 510 480 460 540 510 500 350 330 290 350 330 290 350 330 290 510 480 460480 460 430 560 540 520 650 610 600 690 650 640 480 430 400 480 430 400 480 430 400 660 640 62012 12 13 10 11 12 8 9 10 8 8 9 8 12 12 7 8 9 7 8 9 7 7 8* Applicable for rounds up to 61 mm diameter, hexagons up to 63 mm across flats and squares up to 51 mm across flats.† When yielding does not occur, calculate 0.2% proof stress.‡ This steel is used for ball couplings for automotive purposes (see AS 4177.2).TABLE 7REQUIREMENTS FOR STEELS WITH SPECIFIED MECHANICALPROPERTIES DEVELOPED BY PROCESSES* OTHERTHAN COLD DRAWING OR COLD ROLLINGMechanical propertiesSpecified diametermmGrade designation AS 1443/Chemical compositiondesignations (see Tables 2 and 3)Greater than Less than orequal toYield strength†MPa Min. Tensile strength MPa Min. Elongation on 5.65√So percent Min. T3 T4 T5 T6 T11 T12 T13 T14M1020M1030 M1040 1045 X1112 1214 12L14 1137— 50 — — — — — — —50 250 260 260 260 260 260 260 260250 230 250 270 300 230 230 230 300410 410 500 540 600 370 370 370 60022 22 20 16 14 17 17 17 14* The mechanical property requirements in the Table are similar to those for hot-rolled products in the machined, turned or ground condition.† When yielding does not occur, calculate 0.2% proof stressTABLE 8TOLERANCE GRADES FOR COLD-FINISHED BARSForm and conditionBright barsRoundsPrecision groundCold drawnTurned and polishedSquare HexagonalFlat(see Note 4)Cold-sized Peeledh8 h10 h11 h11 h11 h11 h11 k12NOTES:1 Out-of-round, out-of-hexagon and out-of-square in bars have tolerances equal to one-half of thetolerance band. 2 The cross-sectional dimensions are measured at a distance of at least 150 mm from the end of theproduct. 3 Cross-sectional dimensions may be checked using instruments such as limit gap gauges, micrometer callipers and three-point measuring devices. Measurement is carried out at room temperature. 4Width tolerances are generally not applied to flats up to 7 mm thick.5 Tolerance grade h7 may be specified for precision ground bars for applications requiring greaterprecision. 6 Tolerance grade h9 may be specified for cold-drawn bright bars for applications requiring greaterprecision. 7 Tolerance grade h10 may be specified for turned and polished bars for applications requiring greater precision.8The tolerance grades have been derived from AS 1654.。