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A Software-based Comparison and Implementation of RSA, ECC and NTRU Public-Key Cryptography

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A Software-based Comparison and Implementation of RSA, ECC and
NTRU Public-Key Cryptography Algorithms
Project Specification
Students:
Bill Thomson
Rodney D’Souza
The primary goal of this project is to perform a software-implemented comparative study of public key software implementations. The algorithms to be studied and compared are RSA, ECC and NTRU. We will either find or implement these algorithms in Java and/or C/C++ in order to perform software tests so that we may gain insight into the relative performance of each algorithm and its associative parameters. Public domain implementations of RSA are readily available. A number of sources have been uncovered for ECC implementations. Free NTRU implementations do not seem to be available at this time. Therefore our project will include attempting at least one implementation of the NTRU algorithm.
Software based tests will be performed to yield an overall analysis of key generation, message encryption and decryption. Implementations will be in Java and executable in the Windows environment. JDK/SDK version 1.3 will be used since it is the most recent version of the Java Runtime Environment. However, it will be portable to J++ as well.
Test vectors will be obtained from the IEEE 1363 and related sites. A time line with relative milestones will be created and followed to help assure timely completion of various steps of coding, implementation and testing. We hope to have a psuedo-code implementation of NTRU done by the first informal review and have implemented it in at least one language (Java or C/C++) by the 2nd informal review. In parallel to this, we will decide upon the fastest implementations for RSA and ECC among the public domain libraries we have found.
We will use benchmarks and metrics that include key size for comparable security levels, message size after encryption, key generation times, encryption time, and decryption time. Each algorithm will be tested for performing the following functions using ordinary but large files.
1.Generation of private and public keys
2.Encryption using public/private keys
3.Decryption using public/private keys
Possible areas of contention that may come into play and cause us to deviate from the specification during the course of the project may center around developing working algorithms for NTRU since it is difficult to obtain information on this algorithm, relative to other established algorithms. Also it may become difficult to yield valid and meaningful conclusions regarding performance differences between comparable but differing algorithms. Lastly, completing the functionality tests/benchmarks within the constructs of the project may present issues of concern depending on success at various stages of implementation.
References:
1. Bailey et al., NTRU in Constrained Devices.
2. Hoffstein et al., NTRU: A Ring-Based Public Key Cryptosystem, Appendix to U.S. Patent 6,081,597.
3. “The Past 15 Years of Public Key Cryptography”, S. Vanstone, Slide Presentation, ECC 2000, Oct. 2000.
4. J. Hoffstein, D. Lieman, J.H. Silverman, Polynomial Rings and Efficient Public Key Authentication, NTRU.
5. Karu and Loikkanen, Practical Comparison of Fast Public-key Cryptosystems, 2000.
6. Silverman, The NTRU Public Key Cryptosystem, Operating Characteristics and Comparison with RSA, ElGamel, and ECC Cryptosystems, pages 1-5, NTRU 1999,
/technology/tutorials/operatingchar.htm.
7. The Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem: Remarks on the Security of the Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem, Certicom 1997, .
8. The Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem: Current Public Key Cryptographic Systems, Certicom 2000,
.
9. The Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem: Remarks on the Security of the Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem, Certicom 1997, .
10. /groups/1363/P1363/index.html
11. ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/crypt/cryptography/asymmetric/rsa/
12. http://www.kisa.or.kr/technology/sub1/index-PKC.htm
13. /~weidai/cryptlib.html
14. /~weidai/benchmarks.html
15. rmatik.tu-darmstadt.de/TI/Forschung/cdcProvider/overview.html
16. Schneier, Applied Cryptography, 2nd Ed.。

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Introduction to Artificial Intelli智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年

Introduction to Artificial Intelli智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下哈尔滨工程大学哈尔滨工程大学第一章测试1.All life has intelligence The following statements about intelligence arewrong（）A:All life has intelligence B:Bacteria do not have intelligence C:At present,human intelligence is the highest level of nature D:From the perspective of life, intelligence is the basic ability of life to adapt to the natural world答案:Bacteria do not have intelligence2.Which of the following techniques is unsupervised learning in artificialintelligence?（）A:Neural network B:Support vector machine C:Decision tree D:Clustering答案:Clustering3.To which period can the history of the development of artificial intelligencebe traced back?（）A:1970s B:Late 19th century C:Early 21st century D:1950s答案:Late 19th century4.Which of the following fields does not belong to the scope of artificialintelligence application?（）A:Aviation B:Medical C:Agriculture D:Finance答案:Aviation5.The first artificial neuron model in human history was the MP model,proposed by Hebb.（）A:对 B:错答案:错6.Big data will bring considerable value in government public services, medicalservices, retail, manufacturing, and personal location services. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第二章测试1.Which of the following options is not human reason:（）A:Value rationality B:Intellectual rationality C:Methodological rationalityD:Cognitive rationality答案:Intellectual rationality2.When did life begin? （）A:Between 10 billion and 4.5 billion years B:Between 13.8 billion years and10 billion years C:Between 4.5 billion and 3.5 billion years D:Before 13.8billion years答案:Between 4.5 billion and 3.5 billion years3.Which of the following statements is true regarding the philosophicalthinking about artificial intelligence?（）A:Philosophical thinking has hindered the progress of artificial intelligence.B:Philosophical thinking has contributed to the development of artificialintelligence. C:Philosophical thinking is only concerned with the ethicalimplications of artificial intelligence. D:Philosophical thinking has no impact on the development of artificial intelligence.答案:Philosophical thinking has contributed to the development ofartificial intelligence.4.What is the rational nature of artificial intelligence?（）A:The ability to communicate effectively with humans. B:The ability to feel emotions and express creativity. C:The ability to reason and make logicaldeductions. D:The ability to learn from experience and adapt to newsituations.答案:The ability to reason and make logical deductions.5.Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational nature ofartificial intelligence?（）A:The rational nature of artificial intelligence includes emotional intelligence.B:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is limited to logical reasoning.C:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is not important for itsdevelopment. D:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is only concerned with mathematical calculations.答案:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is limited to logicalreasoning.6.Connectionism believes that the basic element of human thinking is symbol,not neuron; Human's cognitive process is a self-organization process ofsymbol operation rather than weight. （）A:对 B:错答案:错第三章测试1.The brain of all organisms can be divided into three primitive parts:forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Specifically, the human brain is composed of brainstem, cerebellum and brain (forebrain). （）A:错 B:对答案:对2.The neural connections in the brain are chaotic. （）A:对 B:错答案:错3.The following statement about the left and right half of the brain and itsfunction is wrong （）.A:When dictating questions, the left brain is responsible for logical thinking,and the right brain is responsible for language description. B:The left brain is like a scientist, good at abstract thinking and complex calculation, but lacking rich emotion. C:The right brain is like an artist, creative in music, art andother artistic activities, and rich in emotion D:The left and right hemispheres of the brain have the same shape, but their functions are quite different. They are generally called the left brain and the right brain respectively.答案:When dictating questions, the left brain is responsible for logicalthinking, and the right brain is responsible for language description.4.What is the basic unit of the nervous system?（）A:Neuron B:Gene C:Atom D:Molecule答案:Neuron5.What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in cognitive functions?（）A:It is responsible for sensory processing. B:It is involved in emotionalprocessing. C:It is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions. D:It isinvolved in motor control.答案:It is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions.6.What is the definition of intelligence?（）A:The ability to communicate effectively. B:The ability to perform physicaltasks. C:The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. D:The abilityto regulate emotions.答案:The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.第四章测试1.The forward propagation neural network is based on the mathematicalmodel of neurons and is composed of neurons connected together by specific connection methods. Different artificial neural networks generally havedifferent structures, but the basis is still the mathematical model of neurons.（）A:对 B:错答案:对2.In the perceptron, the weights are adjusted by learning so that the networkcan get the desired output for any input. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.Convolution neural network is a feedforward neural network, which hasmany advantages and has excellent performance for large image processing.Among the following options, the advantage of convolution neural network is（）.A:Implicit learning avoids explicit feature extraction B:Weight sharingC:Translation invariance D:Strong robustness答案:Implicit learning avoids explicit feature extraction;Weightsharing;Strong robustness4.In a feedforward neural network, information travels in which direction?（）A:Forward B:Both A and B C:None of the above D:Backward答案:Forward5.What is the main feature of a convolutional neural network?（）A:They are used for speech recognition. B:They are used for natural languageprocessing. C:They are used for reinforcement learning. D:They are used forimage recognition.答案:They are used for image recognition.6.Which of the following is a characteristic of deep neural networks?（）A:They require less training data than shallow neural networks. B:They havefewer hidden layers than shallow neural networks. C:They have loweraccuracy than shallow neural networks. D:They are more computationallyexpensive than shallow neural networks.答案:They are more computationally expensive than shallow neuralnetworks.第五章测试1.Machine learning refers to how the computer simulates or realizes humanlearning behavior to obtain new knowledge or skills, and reorganizes the existing knowledge structure to continuously improve its own performance.（）A:对 B:错答案:对2.The best decision sequence of Markov decision process is solved by Bellmanequation, and the value of each state is determined not only by the current state but also by the later state.（）A:对 B:错答案:对3.Alex Net's contributions to this work include: （）.A:Use GPUNVIDIAGTX580 to reduce the training time B:Use the modified linear unit (Re LU) as the nonlinear activation function C:Cover the larger pool to avoid the average effect of average pool D:Use the Dropouttechnology to selectively ignore the single neuron during training to avoid over-fitting the model答案:Use GPUNVIDIAGTX580 to reduce the training time;Use themodified linear unit (Re LU) as the nonlinear activation function;Cover the larger pool to avoid the average effect of average pool;Use theDropout technology to selectively ignore the single neuron duringtraining to avoid over-fitting the model4.In supervised learning, what is the role of the labeled data?（）A:To evaluate the model B:To train the model C:None of the above D:To test the model答案:To train the model5.In reinforcement learning, what is the goal of the agent?（）A:To identify patterns in input data B:To minimize the error between thepredicted and actual output C:To maximize the reward obtained from theenvironment D:To classify input data into different categories答案:To maximize the reward obtained from the environment6.Which of the following is a characteristic of transfer learning?（）A:It can only be used for supervised learning tasks B:It requires a largeamount of labeled data C:It involves transferring knowledge from onedomain to another D:It is only applicable to small-scale problems答案:It involves transferring knowledge from one domain to another第六章测试1.Image segmentation is the technology and process of dividing an image intoseveral specific regions with unique properties and proposing objects ofinterest. In the following statement about image segmentation algorithm, the error is （）.A:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation by calculating the mean vector of the offset. B:Watershed algorithm, MeanShift segmentation,region growth and Ostu threshold segmentation can complete imagesegmentation. C:Watershed algorithm is often used to segment the objectsconnected in the image. D:Otsu threshold segmentation, also known as themaximum between-class difference method, realizes the automatic selection of global threshold T by counting the histogram characteristics of the entire image答案:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation bycalculating the mean vector of the offset.2.Camera calibration is a key step when using machine vision to measureobjects. Its calibration accuracy will directly affect the measurementaccuracy. Among them, camera calibration generally involves the mutualconversion of object point coordinates in several coordinate systems. So,what coordinate systems do you mean by "several coordinate systems" here?（）A:Image coordinate system B:Image plane coordinate system C:Cameracoordinate system D:World coordinate system答案:Image coordinate system;Image plane coordinate system;Camera coordinate system;World coordinate systemmonly used digital image filtering methods:（）.A:bilateral filtering B:median filter C:mean filtering D:Gaussian filter答案:bilateral filtering;median filter;mean filtering;Gaussian filter4.Application areas of digital image processing include:（）A:Industrial inspection B:Biomedical Science C:Scenario simulation D:remote sensing答案:Industrial inspection;Biomedical Science5.Image segmentation is the technology and process of dividing an image intoseveral specific regions with unique properties and proposing objects ofinterest. In the following statement about image segmentation algorithm, the error is ( ).A:Otsu threshold segmentation, also known as the maximum between-class difference method, realizes the automatic selection of global threshold T by counting the histogram characteristics of the entire imageB: Watershed algorithm is often used to segment the objects connected in the image. C:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation bycalculating the mean vector of the offset. D:Watershed algorithm, MeanShift segmentation, region growth and Ostu threshold segmentation can complete image segmentation.答案:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation bycalculating the mean vector of the offset.第七章测试1.Blind search can be applied to many different search problems, but it has notbeen widely used due to its low efficiency.（）A:错 B:对答案:对2.Which of the following search methods uses a FIFO queue （）.A:width-first search B:random search C:depth-first search D:generation-test method答案:width-first search3.What causes the complexity of the semantic network （）.A:There is no recognized formal representation system B:The quantifiernetwork is inadequate C:The means of knowledge representation are diverse D:The relationship between nodes can be linear, nonlinear, or even recursive 答案:The means of knowledge representation are diverse;Therelationship between nodes can be linear, nonlinear, or even recursive4.In the knowledge graph taking Leonardo da Vinci as an example, the entity ofthe character represents a node, and the relationship between the artist and the character represents an edge. Search is the process of finding the actionsequence of an intelligent system.（）A:对 B:错答案:对5.Which of the following statements about common methods of path search iswrong（）A:When using the artificial potential field method, when there are someobstacles in any distance around the target point, it is easy to cause the path to be unreachable B:The A* algorithm occupies too much memory during the search, the search efficiency is reduced, and the optimal result cannot beguaranteed C:The artificial potential field method can quickly search for acollision-free path with strong flexibility D:A* algorithm can solve theshortest path of state space search答案:When using the artificial potential field method, when there aresome obstacles in any distance around the target point, it is easy tocause the path to be unreachable第八章测试1.The language, spoken language, written language, sign language and Pythonlanguage of human communication are all natural languages.（）A:对 B:错答案:错2.The following statement about machine translation is wrong （）.A:The analysis stage of machine translation is mainly lexical analysis andpragmatic analysis B:The essence of machine translation is the discovery and application of bilingual translation laws. C:The four stages of machinetranslation are retrieval, analysis, conversion and generation. D:At present,natural language machine translation generally takes sentences as thetranslation unit.答案:The analysis stage of machine translation is mainly lexical analysis and pragmatic analysis3.Which of the following fields does machine translation belong to? （）A:Expert system B:Machine learning C:Human sensory simulation D:Natural language system答案:Natural language system4.The following statements about language are wrong: （）。

《软件工程》习题汇锦

《软件工程》习题汇锦

《软件工程》习题汇锦一、单项选择题提示：在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在下表中。

错选、多选或未选均无分.1. ( ）If a system is being developed where the customers are not sure of what theywant, the requirements are often poorly defined。

Which of the following would be an appropriate process model for this type of development?（A）prototyping（B）waterfall（C)V-model（D）spiral2. （)The project team developing a new system is experienced in the domain.Although the new project is fairly large, it is not expected to vary much from applications that have been developed by this team in the past. Which process model would be appropriate for this type of development？（A）prototyping（B）waterfall（C）V-model（D）spiral3. （）Which of the items listed below is not one of the software engineering layers?(A）Process（B）Manufacturing（C）Methods（D)T ools4. （)Which of these are the 5 generic software engineering framework activities？（A）communication，planning，modeling，construction，deployment（B) communication, risk management, measurement，production, reviewing(C）analysis，designing，programming, debugging, maintenance（D）analysis, planning，designing，programming，testing5. （）The incremental model of software development is（A）A reasonable approach when requirements are well defined.(B）A good approach when a working core product is required quickly。

311023030软件工程（双语）_B闭_

311023030软件工程（双语）_B闭_

311023030软件⼯程（双语）_B闭_⼀、单项选择题（本⼤题共20⼩题，每⼩题1分，共20分）提⽰：在每⼩题列出的多个备选项中只有⼀个是符合题⽬要求的，错选、多选或未选均⽆分。

1.Which of the items listed below is not one of the software engineering layers?A. ProcessB. ManufacturingC. MethodsD. Tools2. Which of these are the 5 generic software engineering framework activities?/doc/15246012.htmlmunication, planning, modeling, construction, deployment/doc/15246012.htmlmunication, risk management, measurement, production, reviewingC.analysis, designing, programming, debugging, maintenanceD.analysis, planning, designing, programming, testing1.The component-based development model isA.Only appropriate for computer hardware design.B.Not able to support the development of reusable components.C.W orks best when object technologies are available for support.D.Not cost effective by known quantifiable software metrics.2.What is the goal of software engineering?A.The production of fault-free software that satisfies the user's needs and that is delivered on time and withinbudgetB.The development of software that conforms to international standardsC.The replacement of hand coding by automatic programmingD.The application of engineering techniques to software production3.The linear sequential model of software development isA A reasonable approach when requirements are well defined.B A good approach when a working program is required quickly.C The best approach to use for projects with large development teams.D An old fashioned model that cannot be used in a modern context.4.Evolutionary software process modelsA Are iterative in natureB Can easily accommodate product requirements changesC Do not generally produce throwaway systemsD All of the above5.Software engineers collaborate with customers to define which of the following?A Customer visible usage scenariosB Important software featuresC System inputs and outputsD All of the above6.Analysis models depict software in which three representations?A architecture, interface, componentB cost, risk, scheduleC information, function, behaviorD None of the above7.Which of the following is not one of the principles of good coding?A Create unit tests before you begin codingB Create a visual layout that aids understandingC Keep variable names short so that code is compactD Write self-documenting code, not program documentation8.Which of these are objectives of Team Software Process?A Accelerate software process improvementB Allow better time management by highly trained professionalsC Build self-directed software teamsD Show managers how to reduce costs and sustain qualityE both b and c9.The waterfall model of software development isA A reasonable approach when requirements are well definedB A good approach when a working program is required quicklyC The best approach to use for projects with large development teamsD An old fashioned model that cannot be used in a modern context10.The spiral model of software developmentA Ends with the delivery of the software productB Is more chaotic than the incremental modelC Includes project risks evaluation during each iterationD All of the above11.The entity relationship diagramA depicts relationships between data objectsB depicts functions that transform the data flowC indicates how data are transformed by the systemD indicates system reactions to external events12.Which of the following characteristics should not be “Golden Rules” of a GUI?A place the user in controlB make the content easy understandC reduce the user’s memory loadD make the interface consistent13. A decision table should be usedA to document all conditional statementsB to guide the development of the project management planC only when building an expert systemD when a complex set of conditions and actions appears in a component16. Object technology is ?A A set of principles guiding software construction.B A new theory striving to gain acceptance.C A dynamic new language by Grady Booch.D Based on the principles of abstraction and modularity.17．Which principles of modeling are correct?A The model you create influences how the problem is attacked.B The best kinds of models are those that let you chose your degree of detail.C The best models are connected to reality.D Create models that are built and studied separately.E All of the above.18．Views are “slices” of architecture. W hich view focuses on structural issues?A Use-caseB ProcessC ImplementationD Logical19．In the context of object-oriented software engineering a component containsA attributes and operationsB instances of each classC roles for each actor (device or user)D a set of collaborating classes20．In traditional software engineering, modules must serve in which of the following roles?A Control componentB Infrastructure componentC Problem domain componentD All of the above⼆、判断改错题（本⼤题共5⼩题，每⼩题1分，共5分）提⽰：正确“T”，错误“F”，并更正。

高二英语软件开发单选题50题

高二英语软件开发单选题50题

高二英语软件开发单选题50题1.The main language used in software development is _____.A.PythonB.JavaC.C++D.All of the above答案：D。

在软件开发中，Python、Java 和C++都是常用的编程语言，所以答案是以上皆是。

2.Which one is not a software development tool?A.Visual StudioB.IntelliJ IDEAC.PhotoshopD.Eclipse答案：C。

Photoshop 是图像编辑软件，不是软件开发工具。

Visual Studio、IntelliJ IDEA 和Eclipse 都是常用的软件开发集成环境。

3.The process of finding and fixing bugs in software is called _____.A.debuggingB.codingC.testingD.designing答案：A。

debugging 是调试的意思，即查找和修复软件中的错误。

coding 是编码，testing 是测试，designing 是设计。

4.A set of instructions that a computer follows is called a _____.A.programB.algorithmC.data structureD.variable答案：A。

program 是程序，即一组计算机遵循的指令。

algorithm 是算法，data structure 是数据结构，variable 是变量。

5.Which programming paradigm emphasizes on objects and classes?A.Procedural programmingB.Functional programmingC.Object-oriented programmingD.Logic programming答案：C。