雅思写作题中让步段的概念及用法
I 背景介绍
根据多年来对雅思写作大作文的分析研究，尽管议论文的话题繁多，但其问题模式都可以归属于两大类，讨论类和分析解决类，讨论类常见的如：
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
What is your opinion?
Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages.
而分析解决是指对某一负面现象进行原因的分析，再给出解决方法。如：
Discuss the possible causes of this phenomenon and suggest some recommendations about how to combat it.
上述两类相信参加过雅思考试或者在准备的烤鸭们都已经非常熟悉了，那么在考试中出现几率较高的是第一类讨论型的题目，占了百分之八十以上，所以学会此类题目的论证过程的扩展对议论文分数的提高起关键作用。
在雅思写作的评分标准中，我们看到前两个评分标准中，均出现了对段落扩展的描述，第一个评分标准task response，指任务完成度，在文章内容方面的体现即文章是否回答了题目的关于topic的论证，是否都围绕主题，无偏题离题现象发生，能否完整全面的对话题进行论证。而第二点coherence and cohesion，指连贯和衔接，内容是否连贯，很大程度上取决于论证过程的扩展是否有紧密关联，有无逻辑性。可见议论文论证过程的合理有逻辑的扩展非常重要。
II 让步段的概念及用法
在议论文中，常见的论证方法很多，如举例子、解释、类比、对比、列数据等，下面要给大家总结介绍一类在论证中能否体现论证的全面性的方法，即让步的论证方法，首先我们来看几个句型：
1. As is granted，… However，convincing arguments have been made that …
2. Opponents would argue that… However，…
3. Although/ In spite of the fact that …，people tend to believe that …
4. It is undeniable that …
从以上三个句型，我们看出让步就是先退一步承认自己不同意的一个事实，再对其进行反驳，如某人去面试，老板要拒绝聘请录用这个员工，他会在拒绝前先说一番承认这个人在某些方面还不错的一些话，这就是让步。这样论证的优点是更加全面的论证，不会一味的一边倒，就片面的认为一个事件的存在只有优点或只有缺点，且论证也更有说服力。这种论证方法常出现在讨论类的单边论证中，我们来看一个题目：
The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software，videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
针对这样一个题目，通过审题，题目要求考生探讨图书馆是否需要提供高科技媒体。根据分析，我们可以得出单边论证的结构，同意提供多媒体。具体结构参照如下：
Introduction：State my opinion
The hi-tech media should been provided by the public libraries.
Body：Ph 1 Making concession
Multimedia facilities are expensive.
Ph 2 Reason one to support my opinion.
Hi-tech media can store information much longer than traditional means.
Ph 3 Reason two to support my opinion
Visiting a library with multimedia access is much more interesting.
Conclusion：Restate my opinion
The investment is justified and should be encouraged.
从上述结构我们看出作者的观点是支持提供高科技媒体，但这个论证过程非常全面，它先在论证的第一段就退一步承认其缺点，然后再就这一点进行反驳，这个段落就是让步段，参考之前提供句型，得出这一段：Opponents of a high-tech library would argue that multimedia facilities are expensive. This may be true to some extent，because a DVD player is often more expensive than a bookshelf. However，with immense storage capacity，these new high-tech media can actually save the most valuable
resource-space.
让步段还可以运用到讨论类另一种结构中，笔者谓之双边倾向论证。我们通过一个具体的实例来解释这种论证结构以及让步在其中的用法。
There are social，medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones?
建议此题一定要认真审题，因为这个问题模式对文章的结构有着直接的影响。它有两问，第一问要回答手机的三个方面的问题，第二问优缺点讨论，结合这两问，得出文章结构如下：
Introduction：State my opinion
The problems of mobile phones far exceed the merits.
Body：Ph 1 the benefits brought about by mobiles (Making concession)
Convenient，functional
Ph 2 the social，medial and technical problems of mobile phones
Conclusion：Restate my opinion
Although mobile phones have some benefits，the negative influences should not be overlooked.
看完结构，不难理解双边倾向的结构即两个方面优点和缺点都提及，作者的观点是倾向其中一方的，那么不同意的那一方的论证段就可以理解为让步段。结合句式，我们可以写一下让步段的topic sentence：
It is undeniable that mobile phones have facilitated our lives in many different ways.
接着可以列举手机使用的几个具体的优点。这种让步和单边论证让步的区别是它可以不用直接在这个段落后面反驳。
III 结语
让步段在论证过程中有着相当广泛的实战意义，它可以帮助考生扩展文章的字数，达到要求，此外，它还能使得论证过程更加全面。推荐学生准确使用此种论证方法，希望对写作取得高分有切实的帮助。
2011雅思写作考试题目整理
2011.1.8 图表写作：对比英国本科和PHD毕业生2003年的就业情况有：employment in UK/unemployment/ further study/ combination of study and work/full-time employment overseas 论文写作：robots的开发，有人说是develop of humans' future有人说有negative effect on society。Discuss both and state your own opinion. 2011.1.15 图表写作：比较UK三年的一个major road bridge 的车辆通行比例。Bar charts talking about the information of different types of vehicle used in a major road bridge in 1965, 1985 and 2005 论文写作：Some workplaces are employing an equal number of men and women. DO you think it is positive or negative? 2011.1.22
图表写作：两个柱图，分别是世界六个地区的人口比重和教育花费的对比。The graphs compared the distribution of the world of population with the spending on education between developing and industrialized countries (new topic & chart) in 2000. 论文写作：What is the causes of anti-social behaves such as committing crimes. Who should take responsibility for dealing with it? 产生的原因和谁应该对此负责. 2011.1.22 图表写作：The chart below gives information about the population, literacy rate(male and female) and infant mortality rate in four different countries (Poland, Brazil, Egypt and Pakistan) in 2002.Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
0107 国内 A 类小作文流程图大作文：需不需要把艺术课列为高中必修课。 澳洲 A 类小作文柱图，大作文 Many universities offer online courses to student instead of delivering on campus. 积极还是消极 development 0112 国内小作文柱图大作文 Some cities have vehicle-free days, when private cars, trucks, motorcycles are banned in the city center. Public transportations like buses, taxis and metros are advised. To what extent do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. 澳洲 A 类小作文柱图，大作文 is it neither possible nor useful for a country to provide university places for 一大批年轻人？ 0114 国内 A 类小作文 table 三年的 income output profit 大作文 Some people say job satisfaction is more important than job security, others think people cannot always enjoy their jobs. So having a permanent job is more important. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 澳洲 A 类小作文饼图，大作文 some girls tend to choose arts subjects, but boys choose to study science subjects. What are the reasons? Do you think this trend should be changed? 0121 国内 A 类小作文饼图留在英国和离开的原因大作文：The best way for the government to solve traffic congestion is to provide free public transport 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. AD？ 澳洲 A 类 3 个饼图关于中学生毕业后就业率，失业率和继续读书。大作文：很多年轻人花太多的课余时间在买东西上，这是不好的影响，agree or disagree。 0211 国内 A 类小作文柱图，大作文 In modern society, ambition is more and more important. How important is ambition for being successful in life ? Is ambition a positive or negative characteristic? 澳洲 A 类小作文柱图买 food and other goods in three European countries
雅思写作真题汇总修订 版 IBMT standardization office【IBMT5AB-IBMT08-IBMT2C-ZZT18】
0107 国内 A类小作文流程图? 大作文：需不需要把艺术课列为高中必修课。 ? 澳洲?A类小作文柱图， 大作文Many universities offer online courses to student instead of deliverying on campus. 积极还是消极development ? 0112 国内小作文?柱图 大作文?Some cities have vehicle-free days, when private cars, trucks, motorcycles are banned in the city center. Public transportations like buses, taxis and metros are advised. To what extent do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. ? 澳洲?A类小作文柱图， 大作文is it neither possible nor useful for a country to provide university places for 一大批年轻人？
? 0114 国内 A类小作文table 三年的income output profit? 大作文Some people say job?satisfaction is more important than job security, others think people cannot always enjoy their jobs. So having a permanent job is more important. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. ? 澳洲 A类小作文饼图， 大作文some girls tend to choose arts subjects, but boys choose to study science subjects. What are the reasons? Do you think this trend should be changed? ? 0121 国内 A类小作文饼图?留在英国和离开的原因? 大作文：The best way for the government to solve traffic congestion is to provide free public transport 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. AD？ ? 澳洲?A类3个饼图关于中学生毕业后就业率，失业率和继续读书。
雅思写作真题总汇_IELTS雅思 学术类： 1. The tables compare the amount of students who study at different levels of education in different countries? ( 比较不同国家的教育水平) 2. Compare people's income and tax in different countries. ( 不同国家人民收入与税金之比较。) 3. Compare the different household tasks and who does them. ( 比较男女在家事上的内容不同及其分担比率。) 4. Compare the difference between the rates of car theft, insurance costs and number of policemen. ( 比较各国之汽车被偷率、保险金高低和警察人数多寡之不同。) 5. Describe what kind of jobs people do in relation to their university major . ( 描述毕业生工作职务与大学在校主修之关系。) 6. Describe how water is gathered? ( 试描述水之取得) 7. Compare the construction of houses and how well they insulate the houses in summer and winter. ( 比较三个房子在冬天.夏天的结构及隔热情形) 8. The tables compare the amount of students who study at different levels of education in different countries? ( 不同国家之学生修读的教育程度总额之不同,教育水平之比较) Task 2 : 1现代生活中，许多人认为现在的工作压力比以前大了，闲暇时间更少，你的看法如何？Many people think that work nowadays is more stressful and less leisurely than in the past, how about you opnion? 2有人认为现代科技的不断发展，传统文化和技术必会灭亡，继续保持传统的文化和技术已经没有意义了，你的看法？ As the development of modern science and technology, some aspects of traditional culture are being lost, so some people think that the traditional culture and technology will be replaced by
2019年12月17日雅思大作文真题及范文 Task：Some people think getting old is entirely bad, but other people do think it’s much better for old people to live now than in the past. Please show your idea with explanation, examples and your knowledge. Sample answer： It has become a common phenomenon for people in a number of countries to enjoy an increasing life expectancy. While some people believe it is horrible just to imagine getting old , I think the situation has completely changed comparing to decades ago and now elderly people can lead a happy life. In some cases, the seniors do experience empty nest syndrome because their children are away from home. However, things are different nowadays. There are numerous residential homes with trained carers in a country and they have become a perfect place for the elderly to stay after retirement, where the elderly will not feel lonely and bored with the company of their peers. Another concern for numerous senior citizens is the health problem. In the past, without advanced medical science, the seniors tend to suffer from various kinds of diseases, which decrease their quality of life at great extent. By contrast, the medical science is developing at an amazing speed and this trend can at least delay the onset of some chronic conditions and with healthy body, the elderly can enjoy happier lives.
2017 年雅思写作真经（1-10 月） 2017年1月7日写作真题 Task 1流程图 Task 2教育类 Art classes,like painting and drawing are as important as other subject, should be compulsory subject in high school. To what exta nt do you agree or disagree? 卯
2017年1月12日写作真题 Task 1柱状图 The chart shows the number of international applications from four different countries to a Europea n coun try. Task 2环境类 Vehicle free day means the private cars, trucks and motocycles are banned in city cen tres. Only the bus, bicycles and taxis are permitted in the city cen ter. Do you thi nk the ben efits outweigh the disadva ntages?
2017年1月12日写作真题 Task 1表格题 The Table bekw shows the income 日n亡expenditure of Harckley Hafl r a pubic place fcr hirng over the period of three years. Task 2社会类 Somebody thinks job satisfact ion is more importa nt tha n job security, while others hold the opposite
雅思评分标准：2010年雅思写作评分标准 2010最新详细的雅思写作评分标准。雅思写作评分小作文、大作文分别评分，总分相加，得到两项的平均分，便是雅思写作的总分。而雅思小作文及大作文的评分标准不同，但都是以文章完成度、结构联结、内容丰富程度，以及语法词汇的准确度四项分别评分，之后取均分得到每篇作文的成绩。下面是详细的从9分到0分的评分标准。 IELTS Writing Band Descriptors: Task 1 Band Task achievement Coherence and cohesion Lexical resource Grammatical range and accuracy 9 ?fully satisfies all the requirements of the task ?clearly presents a fully developed response ?uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention ?skilfully manages paragraphing ?uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as ‘slips’ ?uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy; rare minor errors occur only as ‘slips’ 8 ?covers all requirements of the task sufficiently ?presents, highlights and illustrates key features/ bullet points clearly and appropriately ?sequences information and ideas logically ?manages all aspects of cohesion well ?uses paragraphing sufficiently and appropriately ?uses a wide range of vocabulary fluently and flexibly to convey precise meanings ?skilfully uses uncommon lexical items but there may be occasional inaccuracies in word choice and collocation
雅思资料分享群：430104023（厦门） 2014年雅思A类写作真题全年汇总2014年雅思A类写作真题汇总： 2014.1.9 雅思写作真题（雅思A类写作） The best way for government to solve the traffic congestion is to provide free public transport 24 hours a day, 7days a week. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2014.1.11 雅思写作真题（雅思A类写作） Nowadays many young people in work force change their jobs or careers every few years. What do you think are the reasons for this? Do the advantages out-weight disadvantages? 2014.1.18 雅思写作真题（雅思A类写作） Children find it difficult to concentrate on or pay attention to school. What are the reasons? How can we solve this problem? 2014.1.25 雅思写作真题（雅思A类写作） International community should act immediately to encourage countries to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, such as oil and gas. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2014.2.1 雅思写作真题（雅思A类写作） Some people believe that the best way to produce a happier society is to ensure that there are only small differences between the richest and the poorest members. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2014.2.13 雅思写作真题（雅思A类写作） Towns and cities are attractive places. Some suggest the government should spend money putting in more works of art like paintings and statues to make them better to live in. Do you agree or disagree? 2014.2.15 雅思写作真题（雅思A类写作） Some people think success of life is based on hard work and determination but others think there are more important factors like money and appearance. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
雅思作文题目必备的十个雅思话题 一、教育类别 1. 教育会囊括一些什么内容？ 母题：It is generally believed that education is of vital importance to the development of individuals and the well-being of societies. What should education consist of to fulfill both these functions? (050312) 提示：本题围绕教育的两大功能来展开（个人与社会），准备好这篇文章，即可应付教育类话题中的最大分支—教育的功能，做到以不变应万变。对于社会角度，可以从促进经济发展、增加社会流动性(social mobility)、维护社会稳定这几个方面来展开，对于个人，可以写改变思维模式、有利于就业和便利生活来写。 子题：大学应当教授理论知识还是实践技能？大学的是应当把学生培养成合格的公民还是让他们自己得益？准备未来职业最好的方法是 上大学还是尽快离校积累工作经验？大学要不要扩招？中学阶段应 当提供通才教育还是专才教育？要不要延长义务教育年限？要不要 让农村地区的学生更容易上学？老师要教学生如何判断是非吗？ 2. 学校的科目谁来选择？
母题：Some people think that the government should decide which subjects students should study at the university, while others think that students should be allowed to apply for the subject they prefer. Discuss the two views and give your opinion. (060916) 提示：这类题目采取的策略就是“双批判”，因为题目中提供的两种选择往往都是错误的。 子题1：政府选课or 老师选课？学生选择所有的科目or根据兴趣自行选择？ 子题2：要不要学国际新闻？要不要学历史？要不要中学阶段就学习外语？要不要学数学哲学这类的科目？ 3. 什么样的教学方式最好？ 母题：Many people use distance-learning programmes (study material post, TV, Internet, etc.) to study at home, but some people think that it cannot bring the benefit as much as attending college or university. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (041113, 081023, 100515) 提示：远程教育最大的好处，就在于三个any：anybody, anywhere, any time. 缺点是缺乏师生之间以及学生之间的interaction, 缺乏
The leaders directors of organizations are often older people. But some people say that young people can also be a leader. What do you think? 2015年1月17日雅思写作真题 Some people think that the amount of noise people make have to be controlled strictly, others say that people are free to make as much noise as they wish. Discuss both view and give your opinion. 2015年1月29日雅思写作真题 Currently, some scientists or travelers like to travel to remote natural environment such as south pole, do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. 2015年1月31日雅思写作真题 Some people argue that too much attention and too many resources are given to protection wild animals and birds. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2015年2月7 日雅思写作真题 Many museums and historical sites are mainly visited by tourists, not local people. Why? What can be done to attract local people? 2015年2 月12 日雅思写作真题 Some people think that the age limit for driving should be increased in order to make driving safer. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2015年2月14日雅思写作真题 The use of mobile phone is as antisocial as smoking. Smoking is banned in certain places so mobile should be banned like smoking.To what extend do agree or disagree? 2015年2月28日雅思写作真题 Some students take one year off between finishing school and going to university, in order to travel or to work. Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantages? 2015年3月12日雅思写作真题 some people think that it is more important to plant more trees in open area which in towns and cities than build more housing. To what extend do agree or disagree? 2015年3月14日雅思写作真题 Some working parents believe childcare centers can provide best care for their children, others believe that family members like grandparents can do a better job. Discuss both sides and give your opinion? 2015年3 月21 日雅思写作真题 Some people believe famous people's support towards international aids organizations draws the attentions to problems. Others think celebrities make the problems less important. Discuss both sides and give your opinion? 2015年3月28 日雅思写作真题 Some people say that communication by using computers and phones will have side effects on young people's writing and reading skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2015年4月11 日雅思写作真题 Older people who need employment have to compete with younger people. What problems will be caused? And what are the solutions? 2015年4月18日雅思写作真题 Some people think only best students should be rewarded, others think we should reward students who make progress.
2017雅思写作真题总汇 雅思写作真题part1 WRITING WRITING TASK1 You should spend about20minutes on this task. The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged65and over between1940and2040in three different countries.Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least150words. WRITING TASK2 You should spend about40minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least250words. 雅思写作真题part2 WRITING WRITING TASK1 You should spend about20minutes on this task. The charts below show the main reasons for study among students of different age groups and the amount of support they received from employers. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least150words. WRITING TASK2 You should spend about40minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who
雅思写作十大话题万能分类题库 一、教育 1. 教育应该包括哪些内容？ 母题：It is generally believed that education is of vital importance to the development of individuals and the well-being of societies. What should education consist of to fulfill both these functions? (050312) 提示：本题围绕教育的两大功能来展开（个人与社会），准备好这篇文章，即可应付教育类话题中的最大分支—教育的功能，做到以不变应万变。对于社会角度，可以从促进经济发展、增加社会流动性(social mobility)、维护社会稳定这几个方面 来展开，对于个人，可以写改变思维模式、有利于就业和便利生活来写。 子题：大学应当教授理论知识还是实践技能？大学的是应当把学生培养成吅格的公民还是让他们自己得益？准备未来职业最好的方法是上大学还是尽快离校积累工作经验？大学要不要扩招？中学阶段应当提供通才教育还是专才教育？要不要延长义务教育年限？要不要让农村地区的学生更容易上学？老师要教学生如何判断是非吗？ 2. 学校的科目谁来选择？ 母题：Some people think that the government should decide which subjects students should study at the university, while others think that students should be allowed to apply for the subject they prefer. Discuss the two views and give your opinion. (060916) 提示：这类题目采取的策略就是“双批判”，因为题目中提供的两种选择往往都是错误的。 子题1：政府选课or 老师选课？学生选择所有的科目or根据兴趣自行选择？ 子题2：只有学术科目重要，体育和音乐这样的课不重要，你同意吗？要不要学国 际新闻？要不要学历史？要不要中学阶段就学习外语？要不要学数学哲学这类的科目？ 提示：子题2与母题联系不大，需要准备这些科目各自的优点。 3. 什么样的教学方式最好？ 母题：Many people use distance-learning programmes (study material post, TV, Internet, etc.) to study at home, but some people think that it cannot bring the benefit as much as attending college or university. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (041113, 081023, 100515) 提示：远程教育最大的好处，就在于三个any：anybody, anywhere, any time. 缺点 是缺乏师生之间以及学生之间的interaction, 缺乏教师的moral guidance, 因为没有 体育课且久坐电脑前，会引发健康问题。 子题：私立学校好不好？留学好不好？要不要分快慢班？小组学习还是单独学习好？ 4. 谁来为学费买单？
0107国内A类小作文流程图大作文：需不需要把艺术课列为高中必修课 澳洲 A 类小作文柱图，大作文Manyuni VerSitieS Offer On Ii ne CourSeS to Stude nt inStead of delivering on campus.积极还是消极development 0112 国内小作文柱图大作文Some CitieS have vehicle-free days, When PriVate cars, trucks, motorcycles are banned in the City Cen ter. PUbIiC tran SPOrtati ons like buses, taxis and metros are advised. To What exte nt do you think the adva ntages OUtWeigh the disadva ntages. 澳洲 A 类小作文柱图，大作文is it n either POSSibIe nor USefUI for a COUntry to PrOVide UniVerSity PIaCeS for 一大批年轻人？ 0114 国内A 类小作文table 三年的in come OUtPUt PrOfit 大作文Some people Say job SatiSfaCti on is more importa nt tha n job security, OtherS thi nk people CannOt always enjoy their jobs. So hav ing a Perma nen t job is more importa nt. DiSCUSS both VieWS and give your own opinion. 澳洲 A 类小作文饼图，大作文some girls tend to choose arts subjects, but boys choose to StUdy SCie nce subjects. What are the reas ons? Do you thi nk this trend should be Cha nged? 0121国内A类小作文饼图留在英国和离开的原因大作文：The best Way for the gover nment to solve traffic con gesti on is to PrOVide free PUbIiC tran sport 24 hours a day and 7 days a Week. AD 澳洲A类3个饼图关于中学生毕业后就业率，失业率和继续读书。大作文：很多年轻人花太多的课余时间在买东西上，这是不好的影响，agree or disagree. 0211 国内A 类小作文柱图，大作文In modern society, ambiti on is more and more importa nt. How importa nt is ambiti on for being SUCCeSSfUI in life ? IS ambiti on a POSitiVe or n egative characteristic?