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Tribology International Vol.31,No.10,pp.597–599,1998©1999Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reservedPrinted in Great Britain 0301–679X/98/$19.00ϩ0.00PII:S0301–679X(98)00080–2Tribology science,technology and education in ArmeniaA.K.Pogosian*State of the art in the field of tribology in Armenia is discussed.The main problem in research,education and technology transfer to industry are considered.©1999Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords :tribology,Armenia,technology transfer,industryAs far back as the 1950s in Armenia,investigations in the field of providing wear resistance and durability of cutting tools were set up.Considerable impulse of work development in the field of tribology was the necessity to create new wear resistant high-friction and low-friction materials,friction nodes and types of lubricants for machines for various purposes.Self-lubricating materials on polymer and cermet bases were made.Tribological problems are actual in machine-tool industry,agricultural machine building industry,automotive industry,instrument engineering,electrical machine industry,composite tribomaterial science,material cutting etc.In the direction of creating optimal friction nodes,forecasting their wear resistance and introduction into production a lot of work is carried out,first of all,at the Yerevan Polytechnic Institute (now State Engineering University of Armenia).One of the most prosperous directions of tribological studies is the calculation and design of machine parts and friction nodes on the basis of composite polymer materials instead of conventional metal parts.Scientific principles of creating of new polymer-based self-lubricating composites,calculating methods on the selection of materials and estimation of wear resistance of friction nodes,as well as physical simulation of friction and wear processes on the small-sized labora-tory samples and forecasting of serviceability of friction nodes according to the results of accelerated tests,are worked out 1,2.The set of worked out methods of calculation and many years of study in these fields,as well as the results of their application to the study of friction interactions of polymer-based self-lubricating composite materials (PSCM),present themselves as a prosperous scientific direction in the solution of theState Engineering University of Armenia,105Terian Street,Yerevan 375009,Armenia*Tel:ϩ3742-589884;fax:ϩ3742-151068;e-mail:pogosian@seua.amReceived 12February 1998;accepted 14March 1998Tribology International Volume 31Number 101998597problems of creating PSCM and new constructions of friction nodes on their basis in the Republic of Armen-ia.The basic principles of selection of the fillers and polymer matrices for PSCM on the bases of general positive interactions and limiting factors of the fillers properties,as well as optimal combinations of compo-nents of filled systems (compositions),proceeding from the purpose of machine parts and friction nodes pro-duced by PSCM are worked out 1.In the basis of composite design,the principle of a self-lubricating mechanism by using the properties of friction transfer (FT)film is given posite polymer materials are able to form on the friction surfaces the film of FT of some nature,having the properties of lubricant film.Analysis of the conditions of friction film formation and evalution of its influence on the friction interaction processes,make it possible to consider that (together with the abrasion and corrosion),the transfer of material modifies the friction surface of counterbody and,consequently,various types of wear may take place with the intensivity that is characteristic for them.A general phenomenon was discovered:in spite of the fact that the friction surface temperature reaches values that are higher than the polymer melting point,inten-sive wear begins only after destruction (failure)of the FT film 4.At the present stage of Tribology development there is no fundamental physical explaination for the FT process.None of the current theories can adequately take account of this phenomenon,which is explained by difficulties of observation and description of mech-ano-chemical and physico-mechanical phenomena tak-ing place on the real area of contact.An adhesion-energetic model 5has been used to evaluate the transfer film thickness and its effectiveness.In accordance with this concept,in the spots of discrete contact of the rubbing bodies,there develop heat sources because of transformation of the mechanical energy.As a result,the contact surface of the polymer softens under theTribology science,technology and education in Armenia:A.K.Pogosianaction of friction heating and so-called scuffing bridges form,after which mechanical fracture arises in the places of least resistance,i.e.,in the section of the weaker polymer material,and transfer to the metal surface takes place.Analytic relations have been derived for determination of the FT film thickness,and the conditions of its effectiveness have been deter-mined.Such calculations significantly extend the possi-bilities of the analytic method for evaluating transfer film lubricity in the friction of polymer-based materials.The most perspective scientific direction for Armenia is the creation of PSCM with local mineral materials as a filler 6.The bulk supply of numerous mineral materials available in the Republic (tufa,basalt,traver-tine,bentonite et al.),may and must be more effectively used along with the other fillers (graphite,fluoroplastic,coke,molybdenum disulfide et al.).Essential results are obtained in the development of wasteless techno-logies for machine parts production,using non-expens-ive raw materials including fillers with special chemical or heat treating.Eventually,a new class of self-lubri-cated materials for bearings and tooth gears has been developed,called SIPAN.These are characterized by a high wear resistivity (wear intensity 2.2ϫ10−9),a constant and low friction coefficient (0.09–0.12)and a high-precision technology of machine parts production (9–10quality accuracy).The tribological and physico-mechanical comparative tests reveal that the developed materials surpass the widely used materials of the same type (SAM-6,SFD-DM,SFD-BS)in their wear resistivity,load-carrying capacity,accuracy of machine parts production tech-nology and strength.The main exploitation conditions of SIPAN composite materials are as follows:sliding velocity 2.0mps,specific loading 6.0MPa and work temperature 90°C (in the condition of nonlubricated friction).Based on the results of a study of the friction transfer phenomena,the mechanisms of self-lubrication and wear in the conditions of ‘dry’friction are revealed,and proposals are elaborated for the evalu-ation of metalopolymer friction pairs durability (wear-resistance).The optimization of the composition of developed materials via the method of full-factor experiments is puter programs are written for the expert computation of PSCM-made machine parts (e.g.,sliding bearings)in various exploitation modes.Technological packages are developed for the production of SIPAN composite materials and machine parts pressing castings as well.One of the most urgent problems of Armenian econ-omy is the creation and utilization of lubricants based on local materials and industrial waste,as well as restoration of used oils,taking into account the market demands for wasteless technologies,environmental pro-tection and urgent needs of the Republic.New composite lubricants have been developed based on wastes of the oleic acid industry and I-40A type industrial oil.The mechanisms of their impact upon the steel surfaces of friction nodes have been revealed.It has been proved that the newly developed composite lubricants in their physicochemical properties are not worse than those of I-40A type industrial oil,while their tribological characteristics are more advantageous:598Tribology International Volume 31Number 101998the friction coefficient and the wear index are lower for 60p.c.and 10p.c.correspondingly,the grip wear loading is higher for 47p.c.This gives an opportunity to make use of these newly developed composite lubri-cants in the heavy-loaded nodes with boundary lubri-cated friction,replacing the I-40A lubricants that is mainly used at present.In order to increase the efficiency of exploitation of the lubricants,new addi-tives with high antiwear and antiscoring properties have been proposed.The antiwear and antiscoring action mechanisms are revealed for various classes of hal-ogen-,sulphur-and phosphorus-containing additives (monocyclic ketones,bi-and tri-cyclic esters,halogen-and sulphur-containing olefins and esters of phosphoric acid).For all the classes of these composites a general regularity is revealed:the optimal choice of the addition leads to both high antiwear and antigear efficiency.As a result of a large number of experiments,two characteristics of the wear and seizure processes are introduced 7.One characteristic,the wear intensity coef-ficient,is represented as a factor of the exponent in the empirical dependence of wear rate on the length of the friction path.The second value is the relative load of seizure,i.e.,the attitude of the seizure loading to the load at which the given test is carried out,and at which the wear rate is measured.These two values are connected in a generalized dependence,invariant to the load,sliding velocity,system rigidity and lubri-cation medium properties.These observations are of essential interest for the theory and practice of tribology,since a unique corre-lation between antiwear and antisoring properties of lubricants has been demonstrated,opening up the possi-bility of predicting the antiscoring properties of lubri-cants based on the results of comparatively simple wear tests.In recent years in Armenia,significant development has obtained the theory of providing motion stability at friction (stick-slip process).Complex methods of reducing friction oscillations in the guide-ways of machine tools,robots and other machines are worked out 8.For the first time,the task of motion stability conformable to the sliding guide-ways is solved,in general view on the basis of space model of oscillation process of friction nodes of slider-guider type,con-firmably to the machine tools 9.Calculation algorithms of friction oscillations on the computer,permitting an evaluation of the influence of geometrical,physico-mechanical,constructive and tribological parameters on the friction auto-ossillation,have been plex methods of increasing of vibrostability of moving by the guides slip nodes,subject to factors of external action is suggested.The obtained data could be used both for the estimation of accuracy of existing,and for the optimization of,friction nodes of newly designed machines and machine tools.In the direction of providing motion stability at friction,wear resistant composite materials NASPAN for the application on the surface of the guide-ways,promoting a decrease in the scale of vibro-displacements of supports of metal cutting machine tools 3or more times,are created.Based on both model and real tests of car disk brakes,the dynamics of the breaking process,as well as theTribology science,technology and education in Armenia:A.K.Pogosianaction of vibration loading on the wear and friction properties of brake materials (asbo-polymers and asbes-tos-free)are investigated.The problem of creation of the asbestos-free friction (brake)composite materials with mineral fillers of local origin,is of greatest importance and crucial for environmental protection in order to replace the asbes-tos which is harmful for human health.Regretfully at present this is the main (up to 80p.c.)component of the vehicles’brake pads (friction clutches)material in the Republic of Armenia,as well as in the former Soviet Union countries 10.A new class of asbestos-free composite friction materials—BASTENIT—is created along with its varieties.A series of local mineral materials have been investigated as asbestos substitutes,and basalt-and glass-fibers along with tufa powder turned out to be most effective ones.A technology for BASTENIT class composite materials production is developed,aiming to use to the fullest extent,the existing technological process for the present full-scale production of asbo-polymerous materials without any additional investments and equipment.The materials obtained have passed through rational cycles of labora-tory,bench and road tests.The experimental evaluation of tribological characteristics and operational indicators proved their adequacy for main technical requirements:high friction coefficient and provision of stable oper-ational (brake)regimes as well as serviceability of the friction pair,especially at high temperatures (400–600°C).A classification of the materials obtained is carried out in accordance to the operational character-istic properties of the vehicles.Complex methods for high-temperature wear and vibration resistance evaluation and constructions of brake pads are worked out based on investigations of thermal,tribologic and oscillatory processes in brake devices 11,12.The second environmental-protection advantage of BASTENIT from the viewpoint of squeak background decrease,has been revealed by means of the characterization of the squeak (shaking)oscil-lations spectrum.Tribological studies are actual in other fields of Armen-ian machine building.Prosperous are the developments of antifriction composite materials by the methods of powder metallurgy 13,e.g.,on the basis of copper pow-der,doped sulphite and phosphorous.In the study of wear process of cutting instruments and tools in the treatment of various materials (including natural stone,with which the Republic is extremely rich)and alloys,a number of investigations are devoted 14.For the increase of capacity of work on restoring worn parts,Tribology International Volume 31Number 101998599the special design and technical bureau with consider-able economical efficiency is organized.Tribology education in Armenia is mostly carried out at the State Engineering University within the whole scale of the educational system:in BE,ME and PhD programms 15.Obviously the school and new generation of the specialists in the field of tribology in Armenia have already formed.In the development of Tribology in the Republic,a significant role is played by,(organized in 1974)the Armenian Tribology Commit-tee (ATC).More than 20years of professional activities and experience within the field of tribology science,technology and education,whether pure or applied,whole country (Republican)conferences,seminars,competitions,lectures and consultations etc.,and also sufficient fame and authority of the ATC,assure in the ability of the ATC to look after all disciplines comprising tribology in Armenia.The Armenian Tri-bology Committee became a member of the Inter-national Tribology Council (ITC)in 1997.References1.Pogosian,A.K.,Friction and Wear of Filled Polymer Materials .Moscow,1977,139p.2.Pogosian,A.K.,Wear ,1973,26,175–186.3.Briscoe,B.J.,Pogosian,A.K.and Tabor,D.,Wear ,1974,27,19–34.4.Pogosian,A.K.,Tribology in the USA and the Former Soviet Union:Studies and Applications .Allerton Press Inc.,New York,1994.pp.271–283.5.Pogosian,A.K.,Friction and Wear ,1984,5(2),204–211.6.Pogosian,A.K.,Karapetian,A.N.and Oganesian,K.V.,Wear of Materials ,1989,2,521–528.7.Pogosian,A.K.,Arustamian,Y.S.and Gevorkian,G.R.,Wear ,1993,167,85–86.8.Sysoev,P.V.,Bliznetc,M.M.and Pogosian,A.K.,Antifriction Epoxside Composites in Machine Tool Building .Minsk,1990,231p.9.Pogosian,A.K.,Demirchian,A.Z.and Gagian,G.S.,EURO-TRIB .Helsinki,1989.10.Pogosian,A.K.,Sysoev,P.V.,Meliksetian,N.G.and Lamb-arian,N.A.,Polymer-Based Friction Composites .Minsk,1992,218p.11.Pogosian,A.K.and Lambarian,N.A.,J.of Lubric.Tech ,1979,101(4),481–485.12.Pogosian,A.K.and Makarian,V.K.,Friction and Wear ,1993,14(3),539–543.13.Manoukian,N.V.(ed),Composite Materials and Their Treat-ment .Yerevan,1985.14.Kasian,M.V.(ed),The Quality of Machine Parts Surface .Yerevan,1985.15.Pogosian,A.K.,Principles of Tribology (Textbook).Yerevan–Athens,1994–95,296pp.。
钛基体上碳纳米管的原位合成及其复合材料的制备与性能研究Preparation and Properties Research of Titanium matrix composite reinforced with in-situ synthesized CNTs学科专业：材料学研究生：雷红指导教师：赵乃勤教授天津大学材料科学与工程学院二零一三年十二月独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作和取得的研究成果，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢之处外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得天津大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
学位论文作者签名：签字日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解天津大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定。
特授权天津大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，并采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编以供查阅和借阅。
同意学校向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘。
（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权说明）学位论文作者签名：导师签名：签字日期：年月日签字日期：年月日摘要钛基复合材料具有低密度、高比强度、良好耐蚀性以及高温性能等优点，成为最具潜力的新一代航空航天用结构材料之一。
碳纳米管（CNTs）具有高比强度、高比模量以及优异的综合性能，被认为是金属基复合材料最理想的增强相。
要使CNTs的优异性能在复合材料中得到充分发挥，关键要实现其在金属基体上的均匀分散，与基体形成良好的界面结合，并避免材料成形过程中CNTs与基体的反应。
因此，探索CNTs/Ti复合材料新的制备方法，对于发展钛基复合材料在航空航天领域的应用具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
本论文采用化学气相沉积法在钛基体表面原位合成均匀分散的CNTs，研究了催化剂与碳源种类、合成温度、合成时间、碳源气体与载气比例对合成的CNTs 结构、分布以及产率的影响，并探讨了CNTs的生长机理。
3M Advanced Materials DivisionIntroductionThe demand for maximum powerdensity, i.e. the transmission of greater force and torque in increasingly compact designs, poses a major challenge to engineers across a variety of industries. 3M Technical Ceramics manufactures friction-enhancing solutions for joining components to withstand highershear forces or transmit higher torque in bolt connections. 3M ™ Friction Shims offer a simple and cost-effective way to reliably transmit up to 4x higher torques or forces thanconventional systems without requiring modifications to the joint design.3M friction shims are metal foils with a coating of electroless nickel embedded with diamond particles. The diamonds indent into the metal mating surface and create a micro-scale interlock. The shims themselves are easy to assemble and can bereused after disassembly. 3M friction shims are thin enough to fit within close engineering tolerances, creating possibilities for lightweight compact design while increasing maximum load and peak torque in bolt connections.3M friction shims have proveneffective in a wide variety of industries, including general mechanicalengineering, machine tools, marine engineering, wind and water power generators, turbines, automotive engineering and motor sports. Our technical specialists have many years of application experience, and conduct in-house laboratory and bench tests to ensure that 3M friction shims meet our customers’ specific requirements.Features• I ncreases the coefficient of static friction• F unction of 3M friction shims is not affected by an oil film • Can be easily retrofitted • Prevents fretting • Highly reproducible • C olor option for distinctive appearance• S him geometries can be tailored to customer specificationApplication• Frictional joints • Flange joints• Joints with central bolt • Bolt connections • Fastener systemsApplication NotesWhen 3M friction shims are used please note:• F or maximum performance, the mating surfaces must have roughness values Rz as given in the technical data sheet.• C ontact pressure of at least 50 MPa is recommended.• W hen designing the joint,ensure that the counterparts to be joined are in full contact.• O nly use in applications with static friction in the contact area.• T he coefficient of static friction depends on a large number ofdifferent parameters. It is therefore always advisable to carry out application tests with assistance from 3M Technical Ceramics.• 3M Technical Ceramics offers support in defining a suitable assembly concept.3M ™Friction Shims3M ™ Friction Shims and SEM microphotoof nickel-diamond coatingHandling Instructions• S tore 3M™ Friction Shims onlyin original packaging.• D on’t handle 3M friction shimsas bulk unless a clip variant isused that has been specifically designed for bulk storage.• D on’t expose 3M friction shimsto temperatures above 400°C.• D ry storage recommended.• D on’t bend 3M friction shims.• N o mechanical treatmentof 3M friction shims.• B efore assembling 3M friction shims, make sure no dirt residue is present.• C heck correct quantityduring assembly.• A void relative movementof shims on surface.Matrix3M™ Friction Shim Diagram Typical Coefficient of Friction (Not for specification purposes)Figure 2. Results of a series of tests onthe coefficient of static friction with and without 3M™ Friction Shims. The shadedareas of the bar show the variation.Figure 1. Tribosystem with 3M friction shim. (This figure is intended as a guide. On request, we can provide you with a drawing frame for your specification.)0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8 0.03M is a trademark of 3M Company. Used under license by 3M subsidiaries and affiliates.Please recycle. Printed in USA © 3M 2018. All rights reserved. Issued: 7/18 14365HB 98-0050-0042-1 Rev. F3M Technical CeramicsZweigniederlassung der 3M Deutschland GmbH Max-Schaidhauf-Str. 25, 87437 Kempten, Germany Phone +49 (0)831 5618-0Web www.3M.de/Technical-CeramicsWarranty, Limited Remedy, and Disclaimer: Many factors beyond 3M’s control and uniquely within user’s knowledge and control can affect the use and performance of a 3M product in a particular application. User is solely responsible for evaluating the 3M product and determining whether it is fit for a particular purpose and suitable for user’s method of application. User is solely responsible for evaluating third party intellectual property rights and for ensuring that user’s use of 3M product does not violate any third party intellectual property rights. Unless a different warranty is specifically stated in the applicable product literature or packaging insert, 3M warrants that each 3M product meets the applicable 3M product specification at the time 3M ships the product. 3M MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF NON-INFRINGEMENT OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OR CONDITION ARISING OUT OF A COURSE OF DEALING, CUSTOM OR USAGE OF TRADE. If the 3M product does not conform to this warranty, then the sole and exclusive remedy is, at 3M’s option, replacement of the 3M product or refund of the purchase price.Limitation of Liability: Except where prohibited by law, 3M will not be liable for any loss or damages arising from the 3M product, whether direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential, regardless of the legal theory asserted, including warranty, contract, negligence or strict liability.Technical Information: Technical information, recommendations, and other statements contained in this document or provided by 3M personnel are based on tests or experience that 3M believes are reliable, but the accuracy or completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Such information is intended for persons with knowledge and technical skills sufficient to assess and apply their own informed judgment to the information. No license under any 3M or third party intellectual property rights is granted or implied with this information.3M Advanced Materials Division 3M CenterSt. Paul, MN 55144 USAP hone 1-800-367-8905Web /frictionshims。
流体力学中英文术语Index 翻译（Fluid Mechanics）Absolute pressure,绝对压力（压强）Absolute temperature scales, 绝对温标Absolute viscosity, 绝对粘度Acceleration加速度centripetal, 向心的convective, 对流的Coriolis, 科氏的field of a fluid, 流场force and，作用力与……local, 局部的Uniform linear, 均一线性的Acceleration field加速度场Ackeret theory, 阿克莱特定理Active flow control, 主动流动控制Actuator disk, 促动盘Added mass, 附加质量Adiabatic flow绝热流with friction,考虑摩擦的isentropic,等熵的air, 气体with area changes, 伴有空间转换Bemoullii’s equation and, 伯努利方程Mach number relations,马赫数关系式，pressure and density relations, 压力-速度关系式sonic point，critical values, 音速点，临界值，stagnation enthalpy, 滞止焓Adiabatic processes, 绝热过程Adiabatic relations, 绝热关系Adverse pressure gradient, 逆压力梯度Aerodynamic forces, on road vehicles, 交通工具,空气动力Aerodynamics, 空气动力学Aeronautics, new trends in, 航空学，新趋势Air空气testing/modeling in, 对……实验/建模useful numbers for, 关于……的有用数字Airbus Industrie, 空中客车产业Aircraft航行器airfoils机翼new designs, 新型设计Airfoils, 翼型aspect ratio (AR), 展弦比cambered, 弧形的drag coefficient of , 阻力系数early, 早期的Kline-Fogleman, 克莱恩-佛莱曼lift coefficient, 升力系数NACA,(美国) 国家航空咨询委员会separation bubble, 分离泡stalls and, 失速stall speed, 失速速度starting vortex, 起动涡stopping vortex, 终止涡Airfoil theory, 翼型理论flat-plate vortex sheet theory, 平板面涡理论Kutta condition, 库塔条件Kutta-Joukowski theorem, 库塔-儒科夫斯基定理1thick cambered airfoils, 厚弧面翼型thin-airfoils, 薄翼型wings of finite span, 有限展宽的翼型A-380 jumbo jet, 大型喷气式客机Alternate states, 交替状态American multiblade farm HA WT, 美式农庄多叶水平轴风机Angle of attack, 攻角Angle valve, 角阀Angular momentum角动量differential equation of , 关于…的微分方程relation/theorem, 联系/理论Annular strips, 环形带Applied forces, linear momentum, 外加力，线性冲力Apron,of a dam, 大坝的护坦Arbitrarily moving/deformable control volume, 任意运动/可变形控制体Arbitrary fixed control volume, 任意固定控制体Arbitrary viscous motion, 随机粘性运动Archimedes, 阿基米德Area changes, isentropic flow. 域变换，等熵流Aspect ratio (AR), 展弦比Automobiles, aerodynamic forces on, 汽车，气动力A verage velocity, 平均速度Axial-flow pumps. 轴流泵Axisymmetric flow, stream function 轴对称流，流函数Axisymmetric Potential flow, 轴对称有势流hydrodynamic mass, 水力学质量Point doublet, 点偶极子point source or sink, 点源与点汇spherical Polar coordinates and, 球极坐标uniform stream in the x direction, x方向的均匀流uniform stream plus a point doublet, 均匀流附加点偶极子uniform stream plus a point source, 均匀流附加点源BBackward-curved impeller blades, 后向曲叶轮片,Backwater curves, 回水曲线Basic equations, non dimensional, 基本方程，无量纲的Bernoulli obstruction theory, 伯努利障碍理论Bernoulli's equation, 伯努利方程with adiabatic and isentropic steady flow, as绝热、等熵稳态流frictionless flow, 无摩擦流assumptions/restrictions for, 假想/约束HGLs and EGLs, 水力坡度线和能量梯度线steady flow energy and, 定常流动能量in rotating coordinates. 在旋转坐标下，Best efficiency point (BEP), pumps, 最佳效率点，Betz number, 贝兹数Bingham plastic idealization, 宾汉塑性理想化，Biological drag reduction, 生物学阻力衰减Blade angle effects, on pump head, 叶片安装角效率，泵头处Blasius equation, 布拉修斯方程Body drag, at high Mach numbers, 机体阻力，在高马赫数下Body forces, 体力Boeing Corp., 波音公司Boundaries, of systems, 边界，系统Boundary conditions. 边界条件，differential relations for fluid flow, 流体的微分关系nondimensionalizalion and, 无量纲化Boundary element method (BEM), 边界元方法2Boundary layer (BL) analysis, 边界层分析boundary layer flows, 边界层流动boundary layer separation on a half body, 边界层半体分离displacement thickness, 位移厚度drag force and, 阻力equations, 方程flat-plate. 平板，Karman's analysis, 卡门分析momentum integral estimates, 动量积分估计momentum integral relation. 动量积分关系momentum integral theory, 动量积分理论pressure gradient 压力梯度separation on a half body, 半模分离skin friction coefficient, 表面摩擦系数two-dimensional flow derivation, 二维流推导Boundary layers with Pressure gradient, 边界层压力梯度adverse gradient, 反梯度favorable gradient, 正梯度laminar integral theory, 层流积分理论，nozzle-diffuser example,喷口扩散算例Bourdon tube, 波登管Bow shock wave, 弓形激波Brake horsepower,制动马力Broad-crested weirs, 宽顶堰Buckingham Pi Theorem, 白金汉定理Bulb Protrusion, 球形突出物（船头）Bulk modulus. 体积模量Buoyancy, 浮力Buoyant particles, local velocity and, 悬浮颗粒，局部速度Buoyant rising light spheres, 浮力作用下自由上升的球体Butterfly valve, 蝶形阀CCambered airfoils, 弓型翼Cauchy-Riemann equations, 柯西-黎曼方程Cavitation/Cavitation number, 气穴/气蚀数Celsius temperature scales, 摄氏温标Center of buoyancy, 浮心Center of Pressure (CP),压力中心，压强中心Centrifugal pumps, 离心泵backward-curved impeller blades, 后曲叶轮片blade angle effects on pump head, 泵头处叶片安装角效率brake horsepower, 制动马力circulation losses, 环量损失closed blades, 闭叶片efficiency of, 效率的elementary pump theory. 基泵理论Euler turbomachine equations, 欧拉涡轮机方程eye of the casing, 泵体通风口friction losses, 摩擦损失hydraulic efficiency, 水力[液压]效率mechanical efficiency.机械效率open blades, 开放式叶片output parameters, 输出参数power, delivered, 功率，传递pump surge, 泵涌，scroll section of casing, 卷形截面，泵体，shock losses, 激波损失vaneless, 无叶片的3volumetric efficiency, 容积效率[系数]water horsepower, 水马力Centripetal acceleration, 向心加速度Channel control Point, 传送控制点Characteristic area. external flows, 特征区域，外流Chezy coefficient, 薛齐系数Chezy formula, 薛齐公式Chezy coefficient,薛齐系数flow in a Partly full circular pipe, 流体非充满的圆管流Manning roughness correlation. 曼宁粗糙度关系，normal depth estimates, 法向深度估计Choking, 壅塞；堵塞of compressors, 压缩机的due to friction, compressible duct and, 由于摩擦，可压缩管的isentropic flow with area changes, 变横截面积等熵流simple heating and, 单纯加热Circular cylinder, flow with circulation. 圆柱体，Circulation环量and flow past circular cylinder, 流体经过圆柱体losses, in centrifugal pumps, 损失，离心泵potential flow and, 有势流Circumferential pumps, 环型泵Classical venturi, 标准文氏管Closed blades, centrifugal pumps. 闭叶片，离心泵Closed-body shapes, 闭体外形，circular cylinder, with circulation, 圆柱体，环量Kelvin oval, 开尔文椭圆，Kutta-Joukowski lift theorem,库塔－儒科夫斯基升力定理，Potential flow analogs, 有势流模拟Rankine oval, 兰金椭圆rotating cylinders. lift and drag, 旋转柱体，升力与阻力Coanda effect, 柯恩达效应( 沿物体表面的高速气流在Cobra P-530 supersonic interceptor, 眼镜蛇超音速拦截机Coefficient matrix. 系数矩阵Coefficient of surface tension, 表面张力系数Coefficient of viscosity, 粘滞系数Commercial CFD codes, viscous flow, 商业的计算流体力学代码，粘流Commercial ducts, roughness values for, 商业管道Composite-flow, open channels, 合成流，开槽道Compressibility, non dimensional. 压缩性，无量纲Compressibility effects, 压缩效果Compressible duct flow with friction, 伴有摩擦的可压缩管流adiabatic, 绝热的, 隔热的choking and, 壅塞；堵塞isothermal flow in long pipelines, 管线中的等温流动，long pipelines, isothermal flow in, 管线，等温流动，mass flow for a given pressure drop, 给定压降下质量流动minor losses in, 最小损失subsonic inlet, choking due to friction, 亚音速进口，摩擦引发阻塞，supersonic inlet, choking due to friction, 超音速进口，摩擦引发阻塞，Compressible flow, 可压缩流flow with friction摩擦流choking and, 壅塞；堵塞converging-diverging nozzles, 拉瓦尔喷管converging nozzles, 收缩喷嘴Fanno flow, 法诺流动，gas flow correction factor, 气流校正参数hypersonic flow, 高超音速气流4incompressible flow, 不可压缩流isentropic.等熵的isentropic Process, 等熵过程，Mach number, 马赫数normal shock wave. 正激波the perfect gas, 理想气体Prandtl-Meyer waves. 普朗特－麦耶膨胀波shock waves. 激波specific-heat ratio, 比热比speed of sound and,声速subsonic, 亚音速的supersonic,超音速的transonic, 跨音速的two-dimensional supersonic, 二维超音速的Compressible gas flow correction factor, 可压缩气流校正因数Compressors, 压缩机Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 计算流体力学pump simulations, 泵模拟viscous flow. 粘流Concentric annulus, viscous flows in, 同心环Cone flows, 锥体绕流Conformal mapping, 保角映射[变换] Conservation of energy, 能量守恒定律Conservation of mass. 质量守恒定律Consistent units, 相容单元Constants, 常量dimensional, 空间的pure, 纯粹的Constant velocity, fluid flow at, 常速度, 等速度Constructs, 结构Contact angle, 交会角Continuity, 连续性，equation of ,方程nondimensionalization and, 无量纲的Continuum, fluid as, 连续流体Contraction flow, 收缩流动Control Point, channel, 控制点，管道Control volume analysis,控制体分析angular momentum theorem. 角动量定理，arbitrarily moving/deformable CV,任意运动/可变形控制体arbitrarily fixed control volume, 任意固定控制体conservation of mass, 质量守恒定律control volume moving at constant velocity, 控制体以等速运动control volume of constant shape but variable velocity作变速运动的刚性控制体energy equation. 能量方程introductory definitions, 介绍性定义linear momentum equation. 线性动量方程，one-dimensional fixed control volume, 一维固定控制体，one-dimensional flux term approximations, 一维通量项近似Physical laws. 物理定律。
附录外文翻译APPLICATION OFBLASTING IN DRIVING TUNNEL1 FRAGMENTATIONFragmentation is the breaking of coal, ore,or rock by blasting so that the bulk of the material is small enough to load, handle and transport.Fragmentation would be at its best when the debris is not smaller than necessary for handling and not so large as to require hand breaking or secondary blasting .Energy must be supplied to rock by direct or indirect means to fragment that rock and the type of loading system.Fragmentation energy is consumed by the main mechanisms:(1) creation of new surface area (fracture energy),(2)friction (plasticity) and (3)elastic wave enegy dispersion.The loading method determines the relative proportions and the amount of energy consumed in fragmenting a given rock type.Unonfined tensile failure consumes the least energy with an increasing a,mount of energy required as the rock is more highly confined within a compressive stress field during fragmentation The way energy is applied by tools to cause rock or mineral fragmentation is important in determining fragmentation efficiency.To best design fragmentation tools and optimize fragmentation systems it would be desirable to know how rock properties influence breakage.The strength of rock is influenced by the environmental conditions imposed on the rock.Those of most importance in rock are (1)confining pressure ,(2)pore fluid pressure,(3)temperature and (4)rate of load application .Increase in confining pressure,as with increasing depth beneath th earth's surface or under the action of a fragmentation tool, causes an increase in rock strength .Apparent rock strength decreases as porc fluid pressure increases,since it decreases the effect of confining pressure.Although chemical effects of pore fluids influence rock strength,they generally are small compared to the confining pressure effect,except for a small minority of rock types .Increase in rock temperature causes a decrease in rock strength.This effect is very small because of the small ambient temperature changesfound during mining.An increase in rate of load application causes an apparent increase in rock strength.Rock exhibits directional properties that in fluence the way it breaks.These are embodied in the concept of rock fabric ,which connotes the structure or configuration of the aggregate components as well as the physical or mechanical property manifestations.Rock fabric ont only relates to the preferred orientation of mineral constituents and their planes of weakness,but also to the configuration of discontinuities,microcracks and pores.Joints and bedding planes have great influence on fragmentation at field scale.Physical properties of rock (density,indentation,hardness,abrasivehardness and porosity ,)are frequently used in conjunction with mechanical properties to develop better empirical estimations of rock fragmentation.2 BLASTHOLE CHARGING METHODSDrill hole charging can be carried out in different ways depending on whether the explosive used is in cartridges or in the form of loose material.The oldest charging method implies the use of a tamping rod and this system is still used to a very great extent .During the last 20years,compressed air chargers have been used and these machines provide both good capacity and also an improved level of charge concentration so that the drill holes are utilized to a higher degree.During the last few years semi-automatic chargers have been taken into use, primarily in underground work. Compressed air chargers for blasting powder in the form of loose material have also come into use on a large scale.As far as slurry blasting is concerned,special pumping methods have been developed through which charging capacity in the case of large diameter drill holes is practically good.A tamping rod must be made of wood or plastic.It must not be too thick in relation to the drill hole diameter since this can crush and damage fuse or electric detonator cables during charging work.If a good degree of packing is to be obtained during charging with a tamping rod then only one cartridge at a time should be charged and tamped. The detonator must be correctly fed into the drill hole during charging work.Compressed air chargers have been in use is Sweden for about 20 years.The firsttype consisted of aluminum pipes connected together and the cartridges were blown into the hole with an air pressure of 42 pounds per square inch .since that time the charging tube has been replaced by anti-static treated plastic hose of a special design.A charger includes a foot-operated valve, reduction vavle with air hose, breech,connecting tube and charging hose.The semi-automatic charger permits the continuous insertion of explosive cartridge at the same rate as they are charged in the hole by the hose .Instead of a valve being used ,the cartridges pass through an air lock between two flaps.The air pressure in the charging hose is retained while cartridges are pressure in the charging hose is retained while cartridges are beins inserted .The semi-automatic charger permits considerably higher charging capacity than the normal type of charger.Explosives in the form of the form of loose material,usually ammonium nitrate explosives(ANFO),require special chargers. Two types can be differentiated:pressrure vessel machines and ejector units.Pressure vessel machines are particularly suitable for crystalline An explosives with good charging capacity.Ejector units are operate by an ejector sucking up explosive from a container through a charging hose.The explosive is then blown through the charging hose into the drill hole .There are, also combined pressure ejector machines.The charging hose used for ANFO charging operations must conduct electricity and have a resistance of at least 1KΏ/m and max.30KΏ/M.Nitro Nobel has developed a special pumping procedure which consists of a tanker vehicle which is used to pump explosive directly the drill holes.The charging capacity is very high in the case of large diameter drill holes.3 CONTROLLED BLASTING TECHNIQUTESControlled blasting is used to reduce overbreak and minimize fracturing of the rock at the boundary of an excavation. The four basic controlled blasting techniques are: line drilling, presplitting,cushion blasting and smooth blasting.Line drilling, the earliest controlled blasting technique,involves drilling a row of closely spaced holes along the final excavation line,providing a plane of weakness to which to break. Line drill holes,2or 4 diameters apart and contain no explosive.Theblastholes adjacent to the line drillholes normally are loaded lighter and are on closer spacing than the other blastholes.The maximum depth for line drilling is about 30 ft .Line drilling involves no blasting in the final row of holes,and thus minimizes damage to the final wall.Presplitting,sometimes called preshearing ,involves a single row of boreholes ,usually 2 to 4 in .in diameter ,drilled along the final excavation at a spacing of 6 to 12 borehole diameters .Dynamite cartridges 1to 1.5 in . in size on 1 to 2 ft .centers usually are string-loadde on detonating cord ,although special small-diameter cartridges with special couplers are available for total column loading .In unconsolidated formations ,closer spacings with lighter powder loads are required .The bottom 2 to 3 ft .of borehole usually is loaded somewhat heavier than the remainder .Stemming between and around the individual charges is optional .The top 2 to 3 ft . of borehole is not loaded ,but is stemmed. The depth that can bu presplit is limited by hole alignment ,with 50 ft .being about maximum .The presplit holes are fired before before the adjacent primary holes to provide a fracture plane to which the primary blast can break .In presplitting it is difficult to determine the results until the adjacent primary blast is shot .For this reason ,presplitting too far in advance is not recommended .Presplitting seldom is done underground.Cushion blasting involves drilling a row of 2 – to 6-in .diameter boreholes along the final excavation line ,loading with a light well-distributed charge ,completely stemmed and firing after the main excavation is removed rather than before ,as in presplitting. The burden on the holes is slightly larger than the spacing .Wedges may be used to abut the charges to the excavation side of the borehole and minimize damage to the final wall .Eeplosive loading is similar to that in presplitting .Cushion blasting has been done to depths near 100 ft .in a single lift with the larger-diameter boreholes because alignment is more easily retained .Cushion blasting seldom is done underground.Smooth blasting is the underground counterpart of cushion blasting .At the perimeter of the tunnel or drift ,closely spaced holes with a burden-to-spacing ratio near 1.5:1 are loaded with light well-distributed charges .Smooth blasting differs fromcushion blasting in that (1) except at the collar ,the charges are not stemmed and (2) the perimeter holes are fired on the last delay in the same round as the primary blast .Total column loading is most common ,although spacers may be used .The holes are stemmed to prevent the charges from being pulled out by the detonation of the previous delayed holes .Smooth blasting reduces overbreak in a drift and also provides a more competent back requiring less support .It involves more perimeter holes than does normal blasting.Combinations of controlled blasting techniques are used .In unconsolidated rock,line drilling sometimes is desirable between presplit or cushion boreholes . Corners sometimes are presplit when cushion blasting is used.4 TUNNEL BLASTINGThe most common methed of driving a mining tunnel is a cyclic operation in three sequences:(1)Drilling shot holes ;charging them with explosives and blasting.(2)Removing the resulting muck pile.(3)Inserting the tunnel linings into the newly excaved area; and advancing the ralls.ventilation arrangements,and power supplies ready for the next cycle of operations.The basic principle of tunnelblasting ,in its simplest term, is to loosen a volume of the virgin rock in such a way that when it is removed the line of the tunnel has advance in the correct direction with as nearly as possible the correct cross-section.The dilling pattern in which the holes to receive the explosives are drilled into the working face is designed so that :the holes are easy to drill; the minimurd total quantity of explosive is required ;and the periphery of the space left after the blast conforms as nearly as possible to the required tunnel section.A blast round consists of cut ,relief, breast and trim holes . The cut portion is the most important . The objective of the cut is to provide a free face to which the remainder of the round may break.The two general types of cuts are the angled cut and the burn .These can be used in combinations to form various other cuts .Angled cuts are more advantageous thanburn in wide headings ,due to the fewer boles and less explosive required per foot .A disadvangtage is the possibility of large pieces of rock being thrown from the “V”.The wedge or V-cut consists of two holes angled to meet or nearly meet at the bottom . The cut can consist of one or several Vs, either verticao or horizontal .For deeper rounds or hard-breaking rock ,doubleVs can be used .The smaller is called the baby cut . It is useful in small rge-diameter burn holes provide excellent relief in big headings .Burn cuts permit deeper rounds than angled cuts and , due to the increased advance per round ,may prove more economical .In burn cuts ,the holes must be drilled parallel , with proper spacing ,and 0.5 : 1 ft deeper than the remainder of the round .Usually ,one or more holes (large-diameter) are left unloaded to provide relief for the loaded holes . Various combinations of spacing ,alignment and holes loaded are possible.Innumerable typesofblastingrounds are used in underground headings .Even in the same heading the round may have to be altered as different rock charateristicsdevelop.An important factor in any round is the firing sequence .In general ,the holes are fired so that each hole or series of holes is blasted to the free face provided by the preceding holes .The depth of drift rounds depends on the complete drifting cycle and drift size.A general rule is that a round will not break much deeper than the least cross-sectional dimension of the drift . Rounds can be arranged that provide certain muck-pile shapes and positions for more efficient loading and cycles . In drifts requiring close support , rounds can be arranged to prevent damage.爆破在岩巷掘进中的应用1 破岩理论破岩是用爆破的方法把煤、矿石或岩石破碎，以便于大部分物料的块度小到便于装载、处理和运输。
洁净厂房词汇中英文对照,大家补充.更衣室Changing Room一更First Changing Room手消室Hands Disinfection Room气闸室Airlock Room洁具室Cleaning Tools Room清洗室Cleaning Room模具室Dies Room内包装室Immediate Package Room安全门Emergency Door外包清室Outer Package Removing Room存料间Storage Room of Raw Materials粉碎室Pulverizing Room备料室Materials Preparing Room硬胶室Hard Capsules Filling Room 软胶室Soft Capsules Room制粒干燥室Granulating and Drying Room总混间Blending Room中间站Intermediate Station压片室Tablets Room Compression Room包衣室Coating Room配浆间Coating Mixture Preparing Room 铝塑包装间Packing Room传递窗Transferring Window外包装室Outer Packing Room蒸馏水室Water Purifying Room质检室Quality Control Room浓配室Concentrated Solution Room稀配室Diluted Solution Room灌封室Filling and Sealing Room存瓶室Ampul Storage Room洗瓶室Ampul Cleaning Room灭菌间Sterilizing Room灯检室Light Inspection Room粉针室Lyophilized Sterile Powder Room 冷冻干燥机Lyophilizer项目管理翻译词汇GMP英语PIC/S的全称为：Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention/Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme, PIC/S(制药检查草案), 药品检查协会(PIC/S) ,也有人称PIC/S为医药审查会议/合作计划（PIC/S）PIC的权威翻译：药品生产检查相互承认公约API(Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) 原料药又称：活性药物组分Air Lock 气闸Authorized Person 授权人Batch/Lot 批次Batch Number/Lot-Number 批号；Batch Numbering System 批次编码系统；Batch Records 批记录；Bulk Product 待包装品；Calibration 校正；Clean area 洁净区；Consignment（Delivery）托销药品。
Multi Function TribometerTribology and Mechanical Tester withIntegrated 3D ProfilometerMultiple ASTM, DIN, ISO Standards CompliantMFT-50003D Imaging Mechanical Tests Industry Standard PlatformHigh precision multiple Z stages tomove load cell, profilometer, etc., each independently in Z axis.Tribometer ConfigurationInterchangeable load cell across a wide range from mN to 12,000N Interchangeable test modules to perform several tests on the same platform (rotary, reciprocating,block on ring, fretting, scratch, etc.). The modules are mounted using fast-exchange with automatic recog-nition on top of the xy stage.Closed-loop multi-channel tempera-ture and humidity controller. For -120 to 1200°C temperature control.Enclosure to reduce acousticinterference and fumes. Acts as an additional safety guard during test.In-line universal 3D Profilometer to image test area automatically with nm resolution. The Lambda pro-filometer has four imaging modes on same head (confocal + interfer-ometer + dark field + bright field).The 130 x 270mm high precision XY stage moves test modules between test and image positions. The stage can also be used for slow speed reciprocating tests, scratch test, custom motion test, etc.Advanced high speed, low noise, fast feedback, high data acquisi-tion rate controllers up to 200 kHz, and up to 64 channel expandable capabilities.Upper Z StageForce SensorInterchangeable Test ModulesOn top of XY StageTemperature,Humidity ControllerEnvironmental IsolationIn-line ProfilometerXY StageData Acquisition,Motion ControllerA B C DEFG HHDGCF BAETribology And Mechanical Tester With Integrated Profilometer 05Open Platform U channel design, high Zaccess provides large working area.Tribology And Mechanical TesterWith Integrated 3D Profilometer04Steep SlopesPatented In-line Profilometer With Automatic Stitching Technology Optimized for Tribology Testing(US 20180024035 A1)Auto Stitch Entire SamplesRough, Dark, Smooth SurfacesImage with LiquidsUniversal profilometer capable of imaging wear tracks with steep slopesHigh precision XY stage that allows to scan and stitch entire wear track automatically.The universal profilometer can scan any mate-rial (transparent, dark, corroded, flat, curved).Confocal microscopy can image samples under liquid media.Sub nm 3D Image of Wear Mark Progression During TestTest Results100 Cycle120 Cycle300 Cycle400 CycleTribology And Mechanical Tester With Integrated Profilometer 070 Minutes10 Minutes20 Minutes30 Minutes40 Minutes50 Minutes60 Minutes70 Minutes80 Minutes90 Minutes100 Minutes110 Minutes120 Minutes 130 Minutes 140 Minutes 150 MinutesA Tribometer ThatComprehensively Characterizes Surface Change vs Time Interferometer Bright Field Dark Field 06Rtec instruments Universal Tribometer + In-line ImagingWide Range Of Sensors With Patented TechnologyThe tester can mount various interchange force sensors easily. 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Using interchangeable chambers, a wide range of -120 to 1200°C, controlled humidity, and vacuum up to 10-7 torr are achievable. Some setups also allow the MFT-5000 to heat both upper and lower sample separately to simulate real life situations.The advanced control system allows temperature measure-ment at multiple points simultaneously. All the chambers are closed-loop controlled, and the requested conditions are con-trolled using the software automatically. The PID for different ranges of chambers are automatically loaded once an options is mounted.Environmental Chambers-120°C to 1200°C Tribo-Corrosion,Vacuum,High Pressure,and More• Automatic Recognition • Ease of Use • Same Software • Future Field Add-ons •Cost EffectiveMFT-5000 runs tests across a wide range of forces and applications using its modular concept. Various interchangeable modules can be added on the same platform based on the intended application. The modular na-ture of this tester allows it to test coatings, bulk materials, lubricants, real components, etc.Modular Drives With Fast ExchangeThe test modules are quickly swapped. The testing modules, load cells, and lower test drives come with a fast exchange mechanism that allows the user to easily change test configurations.The software and hardware automatically recognize the test module and runs each test with ease.Modular DesignFor MaximumVersatilitySturdy Design• Lubricant Recirculation • High Speed Containers• Temperature Control • All Regimes • Automatic Stribeck• Up to 12,000 N Force • Real Components• Low FrictionMeasurement at High Loads • Ultra High Torque Motors• Certified Reference Calibration Oil, SamplesThe Universal Tribometer is ideally suited for Industrial Tribology involving lubricants, additives, oils, metal working fluids, and many more. The sturdy design includes various lubricant dispensing systems, speeds rang-ing from 0.001 RPM to 30,000 RPM, and temperature control. This allows the MFT-5000 to precisely develop, characterise, and quality control. Few of the common tribology tests and features are described below.The High Frequency Reciprocating module HFRR is used for evaluating diesel fuel lubricity. The ball slides against a disk with a 1mm stroke at a frequency of 50 Hz. ASTM D6079, D7688, CEC F-06-A-96, ISO 12156-1, IP450, BS-EC590HFRRThe standard test determines extreme pressure, friction wear properties of greases, solid bonded films, gear/hydraulic fluids, and lubricant oils. All tests are done in oscillation mode under controlled environmental conditions. ASTM G119, G174, G133, G203, G204, G206, D5706, D5707, D6425,D7217, D7420, D7594, D7421, DIN 51834 and more.Linear Oscillating/Fast Reciprocating Test, SRV TestThe block on ring module istypically used to evaluate friction, wear of materials or lubricant/grease where a ring/bearing/shaft is rotated under axialload. ASTM G77, D2509, D2714, D2782, D2981, D3704 and more.Block on Ring, Timken EP4 ball wear module is used to mea-sure wear-preventing properties of lubricants and greases in sliding and rolling applications; 4 Ball EP is to measure lubricant extreme pres-sure properties. The test involves rotating one ball on three station-ary balls at controlled environmen-tal conditions. ASTM D-2266,D-4172,D-5183D-2596, D-2783 and DIN 51350, IP 239,300.4 Ball Wear, 4 Ball EP, KRL Shear TestTapping Torque, Twist CompressionTapping torque module characterizes friction, wear, torque, etc., during form-ing and machining. The test involves tapping/drilling using taps of various standard sizes on materials of choice. Twist compression is designed to measure friction and adhesion in metal forming. Test involves slowly rotating a ring on top of material of choice.Piston Ring/Cylinder LinerThis test evaluates friction and wear parameters of piston ring and cylinder liner mate-rial in presence of engine oils. ASTM G181, G206 etc.Thrust WasherThis test assess friction and wear parameters of self-lubricated materials in thrust washers, ASTM D3702 etc.Pin, Ball on DiskThe module measures fric-tion during sliding using pin/ball on disk setup. ASTM G99, G132, DIN 50324 and more.Stribeck CurveStribeck curve displays the evolution of the coefficient of friction as a function of load, velocity and viscosity, users can change the load and velocity to automatically plot Stribeck Curves with ease in all modulesOil, Lubricant Tests, and More• Multiple ASTM, DIN, ISO •Stribeck CurvesIndustrial TribologyHFRRCryogenicBlock on RingRotary Torque Tapping TorquePiston Ring Cylinder Liner Bearings 4 BallBrake Testing Timken, Ok, Grease Tribo CorrosionSRV Low COF, Superlubricity Variable Rolling SlidingReciprocating Scratch Test High TemperatureCutting Tools Fretting 1200°C Hot HardnessScratch, Hot Hardness, Adhesion• ASTM• ISO• DIN Compliant The tribometer measures and monitors forces and displacement in all axis. The multi-axis force measurement allows it to run several standard mechanical tests such as hardness, 3-4 point bending, tensile, compres-sion, fatigue, torsion, fretting, etc., tests with ease. All these tests can be done using any of the environmental chambers.Mechanical Tests - Hot Hardness, 3-4 Point BendingThe scratch test requires applying a load on the sample that needs to be tested with a spherical or custom tip. During the process of applying the load the sample is moved at a constant velocity and several parameters such as Friction (Fx), Down force (Fz), Coefficient of friction (COF), dis-placement (Z), acoustic emission (AE), temperature, etc., are measuredin-situ.Scratch Module Spherical Indents Vicker’s IndentWear Mark Hydrogels - Contact AreaChange vs ForceThe scratch test quantifies adhesion and scratch hardness of coatings. With the advent of new deposition methods and technologies, thinner coatings are finding their way in every aspect of our life. Coatings are present on LCD displays, phones, cutting tools, gems, glass, automobiles, medical devices, etc. The quantitative coating adhesion scratch test is a simple practical test that has been around for a long time. But reliable, reproducible, and comprehensive tests require precise control of the test system configuration and its testing parameters.Coatings Adhesion, Scratch, and Mar ResistanceScratch nm to mmThick CoatingsHigh Temperature• Hard Coatings• Polymer Coatings• Paints• Soft Coatings• Optical Lenses• Decorative Coatings• Real Components• 2D Materials•Thermal Spray CoatingsCoatings and MaterialsFrettingUnmatched PerformancePrecision At BestThe tribometer uses decoupled capacitive load cells to measure friction at a COF 0.001 level even at high down forces (1N, 10N etc.). The unique design, controlled en-vironmental condition, and high resolution sensors measure friction for 2D materials, and superlubricity with ease.SuperlubricityIn-situ Confocal Raman SpectroscopyTouch Screen, Display, and GlassContact Area vs ForceIn-line confocal Raman spectrosco-py can be added to the tribometer. The confocal mode allows to image the chemical property of locations within the wear mark with high resolutions. The XY stage allows stitching of the Raman maps across the entire wear track. The test can be performed in air, inert gas, or in a vacuum chamber.The tribometer uses a 6D sensor and closed-loop XY stage to cre-ate customized motions, such as butterfly, circular, and zig-zag that simulate any kind of profile. The test is used to simulate finger mo-tion on touch screens accurately to quantify perception.The surface adhesion module can be added to the tribometer to ana-lyze real time contact area vs force using and imaging system that is placed under the sample. This cal-culates surface adhesion and alsoobserves the interface in real time.Ball on disk setup for nano tribology agglomerated particles on a coating.Vacuum chamber with in-line Raman and profiler Raman spectrometer data on a wear mark.A test showing hydrogel against a coated glass slide. Real time contact area analysis vs force.Nano Tribology• 2D Materials • Polymers • Soft Coatings • Paints • Lens• Optical Coatings • DisplaysThe nano tribometer modules allows for a comprehensive friction, wear, adhesion, etc. characterization over nano to micro scale. Ultra sensitive capacitive load cells, combined with low floor noise, and a robust design provide quantita-tive tribology characterization of interfaces, thin films, 2D materials, superlubricity, and much more. The tests can be done in air, vacuum chamber, or in a controlled inert gas atmosphere. The wear mark can be easily imaged using in-line profilometer and Raman spectrometer to characterise roughness, wear and chemical property across the track au-tomatically.Ultra Low Friction,nm to Micron Films, CoatingsSoftwareThe tester comes with a powerful operation, statistical and image analysis software. All software is Win-dows based and is very easy to learn and operate. The software runs the tool in advanced mode for ex-perienced users, or simple mode for new users or operators. The data can be saved in proprietary format or in ASCII format.XY Stage• Floor standing- Micro, Macro • Bench top- Nano, Micro • Data Acquisition 200 kHz• Range: 130x270mm• Motion resolution: 0.1µm • Maximum speed: 50mm/sMultiple Z StagesComputer ConsoleFacilities RequirementEnvironmental Chambers (Optional)Various Imaging ModulesAdditional SensorsVarious Mechanical HeadsLower DrivesRotary DriveFast Reciprocating DriveLong StrokeFast ReciprocatingFretting DriveBlock On Ring Drive• Max speed: 10mm/s, 500um/s• Motion resolution: 0.25um, 10nm• Latest Windows OS • LCD monitor• Power Requirements:110 VAC/ 240 VAC /480VAC• -120°C up to 1200°C • 5 to 90% RH • Vacuum • Liquid • Inert gas • Corrosion • Salt Spray •High Pressure• White light interferometer • 3D Confocal microscope • Variable Focus• Raman spectrometer • High mag. microscope •Atomic force microscope• Potentiostats • Acoustic emission • Electrical resistance •pH probes• Tribometer • Indentation • Scratch •MechanicalAll drives are in addition to drives mentioned in platform specification• Range 360°• Max speed up to 30000 RPM • Min speed 0.001 RPM (low speed drive)• Speed up to 80Hz• Stroke 0.1mm to 30mm• Speed 35Hz• Stroke 40mm at 40Hz• Speed up to 500Hz • Stroke 5 µm to 4mm • Range 360°• Speed up to 7000 RPMPlatform SpecificationSurface InspectionTest ModulesWide ApplicationsThe versatility of tester allows the tribometer to play an important role for several applications. It canbe used for thin or thick films, lubricants, materials, soft materials, hydrogels, bio materials, smooth or rough surfaces, flat or rough surfaces, transparent or opaque surfaces, nano or macro scale, coating or bulk materials, and more.High Temperature• Hot hardness Tester (up to 1200°C)• High Temperature Tribology (up to 1200°C)Lubricants, Grease• Block on Ring, Timken OK • 4-Ball EP and Wear • HFRR• Twist Compression • SRV• Tapping Torque, Cutting, Drilling •Piston Ring Cylinder LinerMechanical• Hot Hardness • 3, 4 Point Bending • AdhesionCryogenic• Low temperature Tribology (from -120°C)Corrosion Testing• Tribo Corrosion • Salt SprayFriction Wear• Rotary Pin on Disk Tribometer, Ball on Disk • Reciprocating• Brake Materials Tribology • Fretting• Low Friction, Nano Tribology •Bio TribologyCoatings• Scratch Test, Adhesion, Hardness • 2D Materials, Low Friction Coatings • Fretting• Pin on Disk, Ball on Disk • Reciprocating• Fracture Toughness• High Temperature Tribology up to 1200°C •Scratch and Mar ResistanceIndustrial• Brake Materials Screening • Optical lens• Cutting Tools, Hard Coatings • Piston Ring Cylinder Liner • High Pressure Chamber • Aerospace Tribology • Textile • Bearings•Additive ManufacturingHigh Pressure• CompressorAbout usRtec-Instruments develops and manufactures advanced imaging and surface mechanical property measurement solutions for research and industrial applications. Based in Silicon Valley, we are the leading provider of testing instrumentation such as tribometer, optical profilometer, 3D scratch tester and micro/nano hardness tester.We share a philosophy that embraces collaboration and partnership with customers, leaders in academia and industry, to ensure that our prod u cts answer real needs with innovative solutions.2020 Rtec Instruments Product Catalogue. All rights reserved.All specifications are typical and subject to change without notice.Rtec Instruments, US1810 Oakland Road, Ste B San Jose, CA, 95131, USA Phone: +1 408 708 9226Rtec Instruments, SA Rue Galilée 6,1400 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland Phone: +41 24 552 0260Rtec Instruments, CNRoom 1002-2, Building 1, #69 Olympic St Jianye District, Nanjing, China, 210019Phone:+862583210072,+86180****2749。
Preparing your paperStructureYour paper should be compiled in the following order: title page with author information; abstract; keywords; main text introduction, theory and/or experiment, results, discussion, conclusions; acknowledgments; declaration of interest statement; references; appendices (as appropriate); nomenclature, if needed; table(s) with caption(s) (on individual pages); figures; figure captions (as a list).你的论文应该按照以下顺序进行编辑：标题页和作者信息；摘要；关键词；主要文本介绍、理论和/或实验、结果、讨论、结论；确认；利益声明；参考文献；附录（视情况而定）；术语（如有需要）；带标题的表（个人）所有页面；数字；数字标题（作为列表）。
Formatting and templatesPapers may be submitted in any standard file format, including Word and LaTeX. Figures should be saved separately from the text. The main document should be double-spaced, with one-inch margins on all sides, and all pages should be numbered consecutively. Text should appear in 12-point Times New Roman or other common 12-point font. Do not use line justification - let the right hand margin float. Leave a line between paragraphs. Pages must be numbered, centered in the footer. Manuscripts are typically 4 to 12 pages in length. As a guide for converting manuscript size to paper size, add together:the column length required for your figures (see Figures section below) an estimate of column length for your tables (print out in 8-font and measure)·0.4 inches (1 cm) per figure or table for its caption·0.4 inches (1 cm) for each one-line equation·0.4 inches (1 cm) for each section or sub-section heading · 6 inches (17.5 cm) for the title block·the number of words divided by 60 per inch (24 per cm) Divide the total by 19 inches (48 cm) to estimate the number of published pages. If the answer is greater than 12 pages, consider shortening or splitting into parts.格式化和模板论文可以以任何标准文件格式提交，包括Word和LaTeX。
如何在fluent中设置多相流3 设置⼀般的多相流问题（Setting Up a General Multiphase Problem）3.1使⽤⼀般多相流模型的步骤（Steps for Using the General Multiphase Models）设置和求解⼀般多相流问题的步骤的要点如下，各个⼦部分详细的讲述在随后的章节中。
记住这⾥给出的仅是与⼀般多相流计算相关的步骤。
有关你使⽤的其它模型和相关的多相流模型的输⼊的详细信息，将在这些模型中合适的部分给出。
1)选中你想要使⽤的多相流模型（VOF, mixture, or Eulerian）并指定相数。
Define Models Multiphase...2)从材料库中复制描述每相的材料。
Define Materials...如果你使⽤的材料在库中没有，应创建⼀种新材料。
!!如果你的模型中含有微粒（granular）相，你必须在fluid materials category中为它创建新材料（not the solid materials category.）3)定义相，指定相间的相互作⽤（interaction）(例如，使⽤欧拉模型时的drag functions)Define Phases...4)(仅对欧拉模型)如果流动是紊流，定义多相紊流模型。
Define Models Viscous...5)如果体积⼒存在，turn on gravity and specify the gravitational acceleration.Define Operating Conditions...6)指定边界条件，包括第⼆相体积份额在流动边界和壁⾯上的接触⾓。
Define Boundary Conditions...7)设置模拟具体的解参数Solve Controls Solution...8)初始化解和为第⼆相设定初始体积份额。
Solve Initialize Patch...9)计算求解和检查结果*欧拉多相流模拟的附加指南（Additional Guidelines for Eulerian Multiphase Simulations）⼀旦你决定了欧拉多相流模型适合你的问题，你应当考虑求解你的多相流问题的需求计算能⼒。
